单选题Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that. Unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be accepted to deal with the more general case. Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves. Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom.... far from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.

单选题When hummingbirds fly, their wingbeats are so rapid that the wings seem Ublurred/U.

单选题Directions: These are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through.Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Acid rain leads to fish mortality. Many species of fish cannot survive in aquatic environments there the pH is below 5.0. If the water is too acid, the gill systems of many kinds of fish can be damaged.{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}, the acid alters the blood chemistry of all fish. As a result,the fish population in an acidic environment decreases{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}becomes extinct. Approximately 20 percent of the lakes in Scandinavia are without fish. Moreover, in Nova Scotia the{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}salmon industry may be threatened by the decrease of salmon in rivers and streams. The impact is also{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the waters of Ontario and Quebec, where fish populations are{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}the decline. What potential remedies exist for the acid rain{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}? The experts disagree. Some say new environmental laws should be{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}to control the emission of pollutants in the atmosphere. Some say that if we had known how serious acid rain was, we would have planned{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}to prevent it.{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}, all agree that if the consumption of fossil fuel were reduced, we would have less of a problem. Another{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}is that special scrubbers could be installed in smokestacks to remove a good{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}of the pollutants before they get into the atmosphere. Other ideas even include breeding more{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}fish. And research suggests that spreading lime into lakes may be effective in{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}acidity. In conclusion, it is clear that if we truly want to reduce the impact of acid rain, a{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}of remedies and international cooperation must be explored. It is a sad fact that acid rain probably could have been avoided if we{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}what we know now.

单选题The company that Joan works for is ______ with an automotive company, so she can get a discount on a new car.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

单选题Some people ______ in part the defeat of the revolution in France and Germany to the English diplomacy, do you agree? A. contributed B. attributed C. distributed D. owned

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单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sport to business to fashion to science, and the range of comment and special features (特写) as well, from editorial page to feature articles and interviews to criticism of books, art, theatre and music. A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it: never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece, reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next. A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in. What brings this variety together in one place is its topicality (时事性), its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient (短暂的) value. For all these reasons, no two people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together out of the pages of that day's paper, his own selection and sequence, his own newspaper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.

单选题Eighteenth-century statesmen were totally convinced that war could be used as ______ settling disputes.

单选题Expected noises are usually more ______ than unexpected ones of like magnitude.

单选题In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe ______ Europe into a bloody war.

单选题The way people spend their leisure time is what makes people ______and reveals who they are.

单选题From the passage we can infer that the city-dwellers should ______.

单选题There is probably no sound in (1) more chilling than the " hiss " of a diamondback rattlesnake. There is good reason: the western diamondback has killed more humans than (2) snake. It is easily excitable, very aggressive, frequently hungry, and deadly poisonous. Yet it doesn't really hiss. Rather, it (3) its tail. A mature rattler can move its tail up and down between fifty and a hundred times a second! The hollow rattles (4) the tail, beating against each other, create the "hissing" sound. Why does this creature (5) rattles? Rattlesnakes molt three times a year, shedding their outer layer of skin each time. But the molting skin near the tail is not discarded. (6) it hardens and hollows out, becoming another rattle. If a snake had never lost any rattles, you could (7) its age by counting them and dividing by three. Do the snakes need their rattles? The rattles cannot be used in a mating call, (8) rattlesnakes are deaf. They are not a sign of hunger, for snakes with full stomachs rattle as often as hungry (9) . And in the wild, the rattling scares prey. It does not (10) them. Therefore, scientists believe that snakes use rattles merely to warn larger animals not to step on (11) . They have studied them extensively and found that it was a function more important in ages past when the rattlers shared the plains (12) 60 million buffalo! Rattlesnakes are one of the (13) advanced forms of " pit " vipers—animals who possess an organ for an extra sense. The pit organ is like an infrared radar sensor. (14) in the snake's head, the pit organ can sense differences in temperature between inside and outside itself—differences as small as 1% of a degree. Not only can rattlesnakes (15) sense the presence of another animal—or a human—but they apparently can (16) determine its direction and range. These animals don't feed on (17) , of course. Their poison, however, may kill humans. But this happens only in (18) they think is self-defense. Rattlesnakes are really quite (19) Their principal diet of mice and rats makes them valuable to the ecology of the West. So rather than fear them, we should respect the (20) they play in containing the population of these harmful pests.

单选题She's beginning to recover now and taking a little ______. [A] nourishment [B] diet [C] nourishing [D] feeding

单选题It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather. A. inclination B. exposure C. flux D. correlation

单选题In the north of the country, the sun always shines ______ the vast prairie land in summer.