单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} For laymen ethnology is probably the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible dangers and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories. The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can't be, or the homing of animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, are they then not worth knowing about? The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals' voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other's observations right there in the field. Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or features which distinguish any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying "the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal's behavior." In abridged dictionaries ethnology is sometimes defined simply as "the objective study of animal behavior," and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题She crossed the enemy lines, disguised as a civilian, to bring medical ______ to the Resistance fighters.

单选题Despite his pleasant manner, I suspected he was______information about the decisions made at the Board meeting.

单选题Why does storytelling endure across time and cultures? Perhaps the answer lies in our evolutionary roots. A study of the way that people respond to Victorian literature hints that novels act as a social glue, reinforcing the types of behaviour that benefit society. Literature "could continually condition society so that we fight against base impulses and work in a cooperative way", says Jonathan Gottschall of Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania. He and co-author Joseph Carroll at the University of Missouri, St. Louis, study how Darwin"s theories of evolution apply to literature. Along with John Johnson, an evolutionary psychologist at Pennsylvania State University in DuBois, the researchers asked 500 people to fill in a questionnaire about 200 classic Victorian novels. The respondents were asked to define characters as protagonists or antagonists and then to describe their personality and motives, such as whether they were conscientious or power hungry. The team found that the characters fell into groups that mirrored the egalitarian dynamics of a society in which individual dominance is suppressed for the greater good (Evolutionary Psychology. vol 4, p 716). Protagonists, such as Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austen"s Pride and Prejudice, for example, scored highly on conscientiousness and nurturing, while antagonists like Bram Stoker"s Count Dracula scored highly on status-seeking and social dominance. In the novels, dominant behaviour is "powerfully stigmatized", says Gottschall "Bad guys and girls are just dominance machines; they are obsessed with getting ahead, they rarely have pro-social behaviours." While few in today"s world live in hunter-gatherer societies, "the political dynamic at work in these novels, the basic opposition between communitarianism and dominance behaviour, is a universal theme", says Carroll. Christopher Boehm, a cultural anthropologist whose work Carroll acknowledges was an important influence on the study, agrees. "Modem democracies, with their formal checks and balances, are carrying forward an egalitarian ideal". A few characters were judged to be both good and bad, such as Heathcliff in Emily Bronte"s Wuthering Heights or Austen"s Mr.Darcy. "They reveal the pressure being exercised on maintaining the total social order," says Carroll. Boehm and Carroll believe novels have the same effect as the cautionary tales told in older societies. "Novels have a function that continues to contribute to the quality and structure of group life," says Boehm. "Maybe storytelling--from TV to folk tales- actually serves some specific evolutionary adaptation," says Gottschall. They"re not just products of evolutionary adaptation.

单选题Radar is used to extend the ______ of man's senses for observing his environment, especially the sense of vision. A. validity B. liability C. capacity D. intensity

单选题The meeting was ______ over by the mayor of the city. A. presumed B. proposed C. presented D. presided

单选题Certainly no one could have predicted that a tiny worm would make possible such far-reaching______into the very nature of life.

单选题______ David loves his daughters, he is strict with them.

单选题After ______ on a merry-go-round, she started to feel dizzy and had to lie down.

单选题The new findings in archaeology have thrown ______ on the customs in the ancient tribe.

单选题There is scientific evidence to support our ______ that being surrounded by plants is good for health. A. instinct B. implication C. perception D. conception

单选题I must warn you that you may find parts of this article rather difficult to understand. Wait! The sentence you have just read is quite untrue. But that isn't why you were irritated by it. It was, of course, also insulting and few people enjoy being insulted. By reading this article you are making the claim that you are the sort of person who will understand it; my opening sentence questioned your claim, and that is what made it insulting. In other words, an insult occurs whenever one person denies some aspect of identity which another is claiming, explicitly or otherwise. When describing the course of a disease, pathologists often talk of the body organizing its defences in response to a biological insult. But in everyday life we use the term only when the rules which govern social encounters are breached in the manner described. For social interaction to work it is essential that the participants respect the "face" of all involved. "Face" refers to the public image which a person chooses to present in a particular situation. Its importance is obvious when two people are talking to each other, but it cannot be ignored by the writer who wishes to keep his readers. If I wish to insult you, I must not merely threaten your face, but do so deliberately. Without malicious intent, I am guilty of a social blunder but nothing worse. Some people are famous for dropping bricks, but they are considered socially unskilled or naive rather than insulting; this can be seen from the fact that their remarks elicit laughter, admittedly strained, rather than anger. What happens when face is lost? It is usually possible to avoid or overlook the insult ("I didn't hear that"/"she's only a child"). If it is not overlooked, the next move is conventionally a challenge in which the victim draws attention to the violation ("what do you mean, I've got the manners of a pig?"). This is an invitation to the offender to restore order by making a response which indicates that the conventions have not after all been violated. He may apologize ( "I don't know what came over me" ) or make compensation ( "I'm always throwing my food all over the place"). Alternatively, he can attempt to change the meaning of his remark ( "I was only joking" / "I can't stand people who eat delicately" ). Any of these ploys can repair the damage, so long as the wounded party accepts the explanation and the offender confirms his penitence by a display of suitable gratitude.

单选题Ronny's steps died away, and there was a moment of______silence.

单选题Direct adverting includes all forms of sales appeals, mailed, delivered, or exhibited directly to the prospective buyer of an advertised product or service, without use of any indirect medium, such as newspapers or television. Direct advertising logically may be divided into three broad classifications, namely, direct-mail advertising, mail order advertising, and unmailed direct advertising. All forms of sales appeals that are sent through the mails are considered direct-mail advertising. The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product's local distributors. The direct-mail appeal is designed also to support the sales activities of retailers by encouraging the continued patronage of both old and new customers. When no personal selling is involved, other methods are needed to persuade people to send in orders by mall. In addition to newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, other special devices order promotions are designed to accomplish a complete selling job without salespeople. Used for the same broad purposes as direct-mall advertising, unmailed direct-mail advertising, includes all forms of indoor advertising displays and all printed sales appeals distributed from door to door, handed to customers in retail stores or conveyed in some other manner directly to the recipient. With each medium competing keenly for its share of the business, advertising agencies continue to develop new techniques for displaying and selling wares and services. Among these techniques have been vastly improved printing and reproduction methods in the graphic field, adapted to magazine advertisements and to direct-mail enclosures; the use of color in newspaper advertisements and in television; and outdoor signboards more attractively designed and efficiently lighted. Many subtly effective improvements are suggested by advertising research.

单选题Will the pressure applied by environmentalists be enough to ______ the industrialized nations into using less fossil fuels?

单选题Boris Yeltsin, Russia's ______ present, died. His funeral in Moscow was attended by a bevy of world leaders past and present.(2009年北京大学考博试题)

单选题He always has a lot of______ideas in his mind, and sometimes we do not even know what he is thinking about.

单选题Directly he saw her, he fell ______ in love.