写作题1

写作题Writing Task 1 Directions: You applied to a professor at an American university for a postdoctoral position. You were asked by him to write an introduction of your research plan. 1. The title can be An Introduction of My Research Plan. 2. You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. 3. Do not sign your own name at the end of the introduction. Use "Li Ming" instead. 4. Do not write the address.

写作题未来医学发展趋势 根据现代医学的发展轨迹和社会的发展趋势，未来 20 或 30 年，医学将发生很大的变化

写作题Directions: Write an essay of no less than 150 words about your viewpoints to~opinion on the writing class for the PH.D students. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.

写作题Writing Task 2 Directions: In this part, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on The Basic Purpose of College Education. The essay should be based on the outline below: 1. Some people believe that colleges and universities are primarily vehicles for the preservation, development and transmission of our intellectual culture; 2. Others argue that colleges and universities should give students what they need to find well-paid jobs; 3. Your opinions.

问答题Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 科学家说，在第一批艾滋病例被发现以后的20年里，他们对这种病毒性疾病的了解已超过其他任何一种病毒性疾病。但是，联合国艾滋病规划署的负责人彼得·皮奥和国际艾滋病学会会长罗马的斯特凡诺·韦拉及其他一些专家都认为，全面考察那些尚未解决的问题，可能对艾滋病和其他疾病治疗的进展是一项有益的举措。 这些较广泛的重要科学问题包括： 为什么艾滋病使患者容易感染某些癌症和传染病? 一种传统的说法是，癌细胞在人体内不断繁殖，但受到健康免疫系统的控制。艾滋病的情况却不是这样。艾滋病人很容易患非何杰金氏淋巴瘤和卡波西氏肉瘤，但不易患美国最常见的乳腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌等。这说明，受损的免疫系统(至少是艾滋病患者的免疫系统)可以抑制普通癌细胞的发展。 艾滋病病毒侵入人体后通过什么途径摧毁免疫系统? 当艾滋病病毒通过性接触传播时，病毒必须穿过组织屏障进入人体。这个过程目前尚不清楚。病毒可能直接侵入，或许由一系列不同种类的细胞带入。最终，艾滋病病毒穿过淋巴管到淋巴结和淋巴系统的其他部分。但病毒是如何摧毁人体内负责打击入侵传染体的CD-4细胞的，目前还无法确定。 艾滋病病毒是怎样破坏免疫系统的? 艾滋病病毒能杀死对付自己的免疫细胞，但艾滋病病毒携带者患艾滋病的快陧却大不相同。因此科学家提出问题：免疫系统中那些使人患艾滋病时间出现差异的因素能否被识别出来?如果能，它们能否用于制止艾滋病患者病情的恶化，甚至在最初就可能防止人们感染艾滋病病毒? 最有效的艾滋病疗法是什么? 从理论上来说，尽早治疗可以提供维护免疫功能的最佳时机。但是新药物无法彻底清除体内的艾滋病病毒，因此患者不得不终身服用这些具有危险副作用的药物，而且还可能在产生抗药性时改服别的药物。因此新的方法可能建议在免疫系统出现衰退迹象时才开始治疗。 可能研制出疫苗吗? 毫无疑问，一种有效的疫苗是控制这种瘟疫的关键。但是目前只有一种疫苗进入了全面检验的阶段，而对其会有多大的保护功能，却有着很大的争议。世界各地流行的艾滋病在遗传类型上各不相同，目前还不清楚的是，从某种艾滋病病毒获得的疫苗能否防止其他类型的艾滋病。 如果没有疫苗，能否阻止艾滋病病毒的传播? 如果没有深入集中的行为研究，仅靠宣传是无法阻止这种全球性瘟疫的。 注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。

问答题on a cold and rainy day last February, Bruce Alberts wore a grim expression as he stepped up to the microphones to make his statement at the National Press Club in Washington, D. C. 1. {{U}}The final results of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) had just been released, and America's high school seniors had placed near the back of the pack.{{/U}} "There is no excuse for this, "President Bill Clinton had already chided." These results are entirely unacceptable, "admonished the secretary of education. The head of the National Education Association declared U. S. schools to be in a state of crisis. And now Alberts, president of the National Academy of Sciences, said that he, too, saw in this report "all the elements of an education tragedy". "Americans have always risen to a crisis," he added. "We see clearly that the future is threatened. {{U}}2. Let us act now to heed this important wake-up call." And so, with editorial writers and educators across the country, obligingly sounding the alarm, American education lurched yet again into crisis mode.{{/U}} It is a cyclical ritual, repeated in every decade since the 1940s, observes Gregory William of the University of Toledo. {{U}}3. The launch of Sputnik in 1957 set off an orgy of anxiety culminating in Admiral Hyman Rickover's 1963 book American Education, A National Failure, in which he famously predicted that "the Russians will bury us" thanks to their more rigorous science and math courses. {{/U}}4.{{U}} Beginning with the 1983 publication of A Nation at Risk, one blue-ribbon panel after another warned that massive educational failure had ceded the United State's technological lead to Japan and other competitors--a conclusion that proved premature. {{U}}5. Although the particulars vary from one education crisis to the next, the episodes are connected by common threads. Each has surged into public discourse on an unrelenting torrent of angst flowing from the educational research profession, William says.{{/U}} Combing through the education literature of the past 30 years, he recently turned up more than 4, 000 articles and books in which scholars declared some sort of crisis in the schools--but rarely bothered to spell out what cataclysm was imminent. Each episode has also eaten away at public confidence in schools, which fell 38 percent from 1973 to 1996, according to surveys by the National Opinion Research Center.{{/U}}

问答题The sound of the snakehead is soft and tempting and perfectly pitched to the ears of young Chinese who dream of a better life. 46. "One need never go wanting for anything in America," the snakehead says. "Color televisions. Shiny cars, Dollars by the millions. All is there, just waiting to be claimed." If the countless numbers of young Chinese who this moment are plotting their escape to America knew that the Land of Milk and Honey has proved sour for thousands of their people, they would not be so eager to make the risky journey. Since the first boatload of illegal Chinese aliens was seized by U. S. officials in 1991, some 50 Chinese crime groups have smuggled tens of thousands of Chinese into the U.S. each year. The routes vary, some by sea, others by air or by steady. In the southern coastal province of Fnjian, home goes up to about 80% of these immigrants. 47. Families band together to raise the funds, thinking they are making a down payment not only on a loved one's future but their own as well. For their effort they often bankrupt their savings only to sell the loved one into slavery. Those who wish to try their tuck abroad are encouraged by the snakeheads who then link them with underground networks. 48. Most of the arrangements are done by international crime Syndicates, which cut deals with desperate families, then draw up the escape plan, obtain the forged documents and furnish the transportation. Some observers say as many as 20 human smuggling Syndicates may operatein Fujian. These organized rings influence officials unfairly, change stolen passports, forge visas, keep safe houses and charter boats to pull off their daring operations. But falling into the hands of the gangs is a terrifying thing. Immigrants may face severe punishment if they fail to satisfy the demands of their contracts. 49. That, perhaps, explains the desperation of the Chinese illegals who sweat it out in restaurants, garment factories and dry-cleaning establishments for as little as $ 2 an hour. One garment clothes making district employee, for ex- ample, who worked 36 hours straight, was deprived of pay for taking a one hour nap. Non-payment of wages is widespread. "They are slaves, pure and simple," says a U. S. immigration official. "Many end up in bondage like slaves, forced to become gang enforcers or drug carriers./

问答题1. Some achievements China has made. 2. The reasons for such achievements. 3. Some of its problems to be solved.

问答题Marketing should begin with potential customer needs not with the production process. Marketing should try to anticipate needs. Then marketing , rather than production, should determine what goods and services are to be developed, including decisions about product design and packaging; prices or fees; credit and collection policies; use of middlemen; transporting and storing policies; and after the sale, installation, warranty, and perhaps even disposal policies. This does not mean that marketing should try to take over production, accounting, and financial activities. Rather, it means that marketing, by interpreting customers' needs, should provide direction for these activities and try to coordinate them.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 21. {{U}}We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together{{/U}}. What distinguishes the language of science from languages, as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. 22. {{U}}The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations{{/U}}. 23. {{U}}What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere. It would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding{{/U}}. 24. {{U}}Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem--in my opinion--to characterize our age. If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such gods, their superiority will prove itself in the long run{{/U}}.

问答题Directions: Write an essay of about 200 words on the topic: "China is not ready for E-education" (E-education: a type of education conducted in the environment of the Internet with the guidance of modern educational theories). Write your essay on your Answer Sheet II.

问答题As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race. Professional literatures have been regarded as "intangible assets" of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.

问答题科学与文化的其他方面关系长期紧张。想一想，17世纪的伽利略因其信念离经叛道，遭到天主教会的审判；诗人威廉·布莱克尖锐地批评了艾萨克·牛顿的机械论世界观。在本世纪如果说有区别的话，那就是科学与人文科学间的裂痕更深了。 前些年，科学界势力强大，对批评者可以置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少，科学家推出几本书来抨击“反科学”的倾向。其中，值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗R.格罗斯与拉特格斯大学教学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。科学捍卫者还在集会上表达他们的忧虑，比如，1995年在纽约城举行的“飞越科学与理性”大会和去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息(迷信)时代的科学”大会。 很明显，反科学对不同的人有着不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特针对那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家及其他学者，主要挑他们的毛病。萨根更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物及信奉其他与科学世界观相左的人。 1996年对新闻报道的调查披露反科学的标签也已贴在许多其他群体身上，从提倡消灭现在保存的全部天花病毒的官员到鼓吹削减基础研究的共和党人。 把该词用到反原子弹组织身上也不会引起多大争议。它在1995年公开发表声明藐视科学，渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会。但这当然不是说，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的，而去年五月份刊载在《美国新闻与世界报道》的一篇文章似乎有此种暗示。 环保主义者毫无疑问要对这种批评作出反应。处于环境研究前沿的斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正敌人是那些对工业增长使全球变暖、臭氧层日渐稀薄及其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。 的确，这些观察家担心反科学这个词语会变得毫无意义。哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在他1993年发表的《科学与反科学》的著作中写道：“‘反科学’一词可以涵盖太多的截然不同的东西，它们只有一个共同点就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更高明的人。”

问答题Desertification in the arid United States is flagrant. Groundwater supplies beneath vast stretches of land are dropping precipitously. Whole river systems have dried up; others are chocked with sediment washed from denuded land. 71. Hundreds of thousands of acres of previously irrigated cropland have been abandoned to wind or weeds. Several million acres of natural grassland are eroding at unnaturally high rates as a result of cultivation or overgrazing. All told, about 225 million acres of land are undergoing severe desertification. 72. Federal subsidies encourage the exploitation of arid land resources. Low-interest loans for irrigation and other water delivery systems encourage farmers, industry, and municipalities to mine groundwater. Federal disaster relief and commodity programs encourage arid-land farmers to plow up natural grassland to plant crops such as wheat and, especially cotton. Federal grazing fees that are well below the free market price encourage overgrazing of the commons. The market, too, provides powerful incentives to exploit arid land resources beyond their carrying capacity. 73. When commodity prices are high relative to the farmer's or rancher's operating costs, the return on a production-enhancing investment is invaribly greater than the return on a conservation investment. And when commodity prices are relatively low? arid land ranchers and farmers often have to use all their available financial resources to stay solvent. 74. If the United States is, as it appears, well on its way toward overdrawing the arid land resources? then the policy choice is simply to pay now for the appropriate remedies or pay far more later, when productive benefits from arid - land resources have been both realized and largely terminated.

问答题1．他是个极其自负的怪人。除非事情与自己有关，否则他从来不屑对世界或世人瞧上一眼。对他来说，他不仅是世界上最重要的人物，而且在他眼里，他是唯一活在世界上的人。他认为自己是世界上最伟大戏剧家之一、最伟大的思想家之一、最伟大的作曲家之一。听听他的谈话，仿佛他就是莎士比亚、贝多芬、柏拉图，集三人于一身。想要听到他的高论十分容易，他是世上最能使人精疲力竭的健谈者之一。同他度过一个夜晚，就是听他一个人滔滔不绝地讲一个晚上。有时，他才华横溢；有时，他又令人极其厌烦。但无论是妙趣横生还是枯燥无味，他的谈话只有一个主题：他自己，他的所思所为。 2．他狂妄地认为自己总是正确的。任何人在最无足轻重的问题上露出丝毫的异议，都会激起他的谴责。他可能会一连好几个小时滔滔不绝，千方百计地证明自己如何如何正确。有了这种使人耗尽心力的雄辩本事，听者最后都被他弄得头昏脑胀，耳朵发聋，为了图个清净，只好同意他的说法。

问答题Moreover, the Coleman report found that the gap between black and white children's achievement scores appeared as early as the first grade and--even more surprising in roughly equal settings--this gap became even larger the longer the children were in school. Later researchers found more and more evidence that school tend to increase rather than reduce inequalities of class and race.

问答题Part A Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that. " Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry trifling things at the weekend.