问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. 71. {{U}}Science is often hard to read. Most people assume that its difficulties are born out of necessity, out of the extreme complexity of scientific concepts, data and analysis. We argue here that complexity of thought need not lead to impenetrability of expression.{{/U}} We demonstrate a number of rhetorical principles that can produce clarity in communication without oversimplifying scientific issues. The results are substantive, not merely cosmetic. Improving the quality of writing actually improves the quality of thought. 72. {{U}}The fundamental purpose of scientific discourse is not the mere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actual communication. It does not matter how pleased an author might be to have converted all the right data into sentences and paragraphs, it matters only whether a large majority of the reading audience accurately perceives what the author had in mind.{{/U}} Therefore, in order to understand how best to improve writing, we would do well to understand better how readers go about reading. Such an understanding has recently become available through work done in the fields of rhetoric, linguistics and cognitive psychology. It has helped to produce a methodology based on the concept of reader expectations. 73. {{U}}Readers do not simply read, they interprent. Any piece of article, no matter how short, may "mean" in 10 ( or more) different ways to 10 different readers. This methodology of reader expectations is founded on the recognition that readers make many of their most important interpretive decisions about the substance of an article based on clues they receive from its structure.{{/U}} This interplay between substance and structure can be demonstrated by something as basic as a simple table. Let us say that in tracking the temperature of a liquid over a period of time, an investigator takes measurements every three minutes and records a list of temperatures. Those data could be presented by a number of written structures.

问答题 To the extent that membership in virtual communities proves less stable than that obtaining in other forms of democratic community, or that social relations prove less thick (i. e. less embedded in a context filled with shared meaning and history), there could be adverse consequences for individual psychological and moral development.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 71. {{U}}The international software market represents a significant business opportunity for U.S. microcomputer software companies, but illegal copying of programs is limiting the growth of sales abroad. If not dealt with quickly, international piracy of software could become one of the most serious trade problems faced by the United States.{{/U}} 72. {{U}}Software piracy is already the biggest barrier to U.S. software companies entering foreign markets. One reason is that software is extremely easy and inexpensive to duplicate compared to the cost of developing and marketing the software. The actual cost of duplicating a software program, which may have a retail value of $ 400 or more, can be as little as a dollar or two--the main component being the cost of the diskette.{{/U}} 73. {{U}}The cost of counterfeiting software is substantially less than the cost of duplicating watches, books, or blue jeans. Given that the difference between the true value of the original and the cost of the counterfeit is so great for software, international piracy has become big business. Unfortunately, many foreign governments view software piracy as an industry in and of itself and look the other way.{{/U}} U.S. firms stand to lose million of dollars in new business, and diminished U. S. sales not only harm individual firms but also adversely affect the entire U.S. economy.

问答题三名警官冒着大火的高温和浓烟救出了孩子们。

问答题Title: How to Meet the International Challenge after China's Entering into WTO? 1. China will enter into WTO in a few days. 2. The great challenge faced by our government as well as ordinary people. 3. I believe the following suggestions will be helpful in coping up with the future international challenges.

问答题Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. (111) But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein-targeted drags, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease. From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. (112) Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed, short term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma (外伤). Spending on nonacute (慢性病的) care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine's success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. (113) The extent of that increase is a highly, speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1960 and 1995, the U. S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. (114) There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago. U. S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37, 000 in 1990. (115) Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years. With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.

问答题支持在车上使用气袋的人声称，设计这些装置，让它们自动充气，以防撞车，它们能缓和撞车给乘客带来的冲击力，因而能挽救生命。他们说，就像每辆车上有安全带一样，车上也应该有气袋。反对者们争辩说，气袋会让每辆新车增加几百美元的费用，使国内的生产商处于不利的竞争地位，因为外国政府不要求生产商把气袋的安全特色包括在内。 2．如果地球上的人口以现有的速度继续增长下去，那么，最终将不会有足够的资源来维持生命。例如，如果现有的这种趋势继续下去到本世纪中叶，我们将会用完所有的汽车用油。即使科学家研究出维持人类生命的新途径，地球上的拥挤状况也将迫使我们去寻找另一个广阔的天地。但是，现在太阳系没有一个能维持人类生命的星球。不过，最近一位美国科学家卡尔·萨根(Carl Sasan)教授提出了有关可能解决这个问题的新方案。萨根认为，在地球上的资源完全耗尽以前，人类有可能改变金星(Venus)上的大气，从而开辟一个几乎像地球本身一样大的新世界。

问答题Much of the excitement among investigators in the field of intelligence derives from their trying to determine exactly what intelligence is. Different investigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. For example, in a 1921 symposium on the definition of intelligence, the American psychologist Lewis M. Terman emphasized the ability to think abstractly, while another American psychologist, Edward L. Thorndike, emphasized learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. In a similar 1986 symposium, however, psychologists generally agreed on the importance of adaptation to the environment as the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a variety of environmental situations. For example, a student in school learns the material that is required to pass or do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with an unfamiliar disease adapts by learning about the diseases; an artist reworks a painting in order to make it convey a more harmonious impression. For the most part, adapting involves making a chancre in oneself in order to cope more effectively, but sometimes effective adaptation involves either changing the environment or finding a new environment altogether. Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main trend in defining intelligence, then, is that it is not itself a cognitive or mental process, but rather a selective combination of these processes purposively directed toward effective adaptation to the environment. For examples, the physician noted above learning about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering crucial aspects of it that are needed to treat the patient, and then reasoning to solve the problem of how to app]y the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in sum, has come to be regarded as not a single ability, but an effective drawing together of many abilities. This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however, and, indeed, much of the history of the field revolves around arguments, regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

问答题1. Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. 2. Access to so much information creates problems. 3. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples.

问答题新的一年才刚刚开始，你就发现很难坚持“告别垃圾食品、远离沙发、戒烟”这些新年决心了吧?我们很难改掉坏习惯是由于生物学的原因——这些坏习惯根植于我们的大脑中。 1． 这并不是让人放弃新年决心的借口。了解不健康的习惯怎样变得根深蒂固可以启发科学家研究出一些让好习惯代替坏习惯的“技巧”。 诺拉·沃尔夫博士说：“为什么坏习惯更加顽固?因为它能带来即时的犒赏，而这种即时犒赏的力量很强大。” 那么这一点快乐的感觉是怎样转化为一种习惯的呢?这与一种感知快乐的化学物质多巴胺有 关。多巴胺使大脑不断期望得到这种犒赏，从而不断加强快乐感与这种行为之间的联系，特别是当它能从周围环境中得到正确的暗示时。 2． 一项“为行为变化买单”的运动可能会对这种联系加以利用，在这项运动中，一些公司给雇员提“即时报酬”或是“保险回扣”，以激励他们形成更好的习惯。 不管这项运动结果如何，研究人员说我们的确可以采取某些行为来对抗坏习惯对大脑的吸引力。 3． 那就是，重复，重复，再重复你的新行为，使之成为每天固定时间的例行活动。下决心锻炼?那就每天早上固定时间锻炼，而不要随意找时间，这样会使大脑最终接受这个新习惯。 神经学家沃尔科夫也是一个热爱跑步的人，他说：“如果你哪天没锻炼，变会感觉很糟糕。” 运动本身能提升多巴胺的水平，这样尽管运动结束后你的肌肉感觉酸痛，但是你的大脑还是会感觉良好。

问答题Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper pace on your ANSWER SHEET. Topic: As a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

问答题 1 Against the backdrop of the relative decline of Britain, whose GDP has slipped to the seventh place in the world, London is doing very well, being first or second to New York in most of the rankings of great cities. 2 London"s success over the past quarter-century has been the consequence of historical accident and good policy, which attracted smart professionals and the rich from all around the world. 3 They are not only better-qualified, younger and harder-working, but also brought in the flow of foreign money to London. Therefore, the author claims that London lives off foreigners. However, Britain does not much like foreigners. 4 British people, especially those who are not Londoners are pressuring their government to cut immigration and restrict students" right to work, which the author thinks is going to mar London"s brilliance and speed London and Britain"s relative decline. 5 Though London"s moment will inevitably pass because of the emerging market elsewhere. There are still a lot of things that London can do to slow down the process, such as investing in transportation. The least that it should is to discourage foreigners from coming, the author concludes.

问答题Write 200~250 words to comment on the topic given below. Use the proper space on the ANSWER SHEET. Topic: The More I Learn, the More Ignorant I Find Myself to Be

问答题 6 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian"s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 7 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 8 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 9 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method", frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy". Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 10 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

问答题Thereisapicturebelow.Lookatitcarefullyandwriteacompositionofabout250wordsbasedonwhatitconveys.

问答题There is probably no limit to what science can do in the way of increasing positive ex cellence.