问答题In the past few years, several plagiarism (抄袭，剽窃) cases have been exposed in China; some involve professors and famous scholars while some others involve graduate students who are working as researchers. Please write a composition of no less than 200 words on your attitude towards plagiarism. You may also illustrate your opinion on academic integrity (正直) and give suggestions on how to preserve it in the academic world.

问答题The method of scientific investigation is nothing but tile expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in 'the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

问答题This understanding has fueled the rapid-fire pace of his actions and his obsession with “What's nest?” in products, which may have also fed his often harsh, dictatorial, and somehow still-inspiring management style.

问答题(81)(81) The agreement is overseen by the Committee on Agriculture which reviews progress in the implementation of commitments, and is required to monitor the follow-up on the Ministerial decision relating to the least-developed countries and net-food importing developing countries. "Peace" provisions within the agreement aim to reduce the likelihood of serious disputes or challenges on agricultural subsidies over a period of nine years. (82) The agreement was conceived as part of a continuing process with the long-term objective of securing substantial progressive reductions in support and protection in agriculture. It calls for further negotiations to be initiated before the end of the fifth year of implementation. (83) The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and phytosanitary(植物检疫的)Measures concerns the application of food safety and animal and plant health regulations. It recognizes governments' rights to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures but stipulates that they must be based on science, should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between members where identical or similar conditions prevail. Members are encouraged to base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist. (84)However, members may maintain or introduce measures which result in higher standards if there is scientific justification or as a consequence of consistent risk decisions based on an appropriate risk assessment. (85) It is expected that members will accept the sanitary and phytosanitary measures of others as equivalent if the exporting country demonstrates to the importing country that its measures achieve the importing country's appropriate level of health protection.

问答题A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by means of which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Once the monopoly period comes to an end, all those details of the invention pass into the public domain. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.

问答题 {{U}}The potential of computers for increasing the control of organizations or society over their members and for invading the privacy of those members has caused considerable concern.{{/U}} The privacy issue has been raised most insistently with respect to the creation and maintenance of data files that assemble information about persons from a multitude of sources. Files of this kind would be highly valuable for many kinds of economic and social research, but they are bought at too high a price if they endanger human freedom or seriously enhance the opportunities of blackmailers. (2) {{U}}While such dangers should not be ignored, it should be noted that the lack of comprehensive data files has never before been the limiting barrier to the suppression of human freedom{{/U}}. Making the computer the villain in the invasion of privacy or encroachment on civil liberties simply diverts attention from the real dangers. Computer data banks can and must be given the highest degree of protection from abuse. (3) {{U}}But we must be careful, also, that we do not employ such crude methods of protection as to deprive our society of important data it needs to understand its own social processes and to analyze its problems{{/U}}. Perhaps the most important question of all about the computer is what it has done and will do to man's view of himself and his place in the universe. (4) {{U}}The most heated attacks on the computer are not focused on its possible economic effects, its presumed destruction of job satisfaction, or its threat to privacy and liberty, but upon the claim that it causes people to be viewed, and to view themselves, as 'machines'{{/U}}. What the computer and the progress in artificial intelligence challenge is an ethic that rests on man's apartness from the rest of nature. An alternative ethic, of course, views man as a part of nature, governed by natural law, subject to the forces of gravity and the demands of his body. (5) {{U}}The debate about artificial intelligence and the simulation of man's thinking is, in considerable part, a confrontation of these two views of man's place in the universe{{/U}}.

问答题我一直认为，真正的哲学应该是创造性的。一个哲人有时可能会写一点笔记，不时还要编些史料，但其根本必须是说出别人没有想到或想到而说不出来的东西。所以，衡量哲学家的唯一尺度，只能是看他是否向人类思想宝库提供了什么有价值的论见。此乃学术正果。 2．在先秦时期的百家争鸣中，道家虽没有儒家和墨家那样众多的徒属，以及显学的地位，但这个学派对宇宙、社会和人生的独特领悟，却是其他各家所不能取代的。正因为如此，在历史的发展中，道家才呈现出永恒的价值与生命力。 3．你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们自己的理论。 4．语言是人类社会所特有的一种信息系统，它的传递与接受总是在现实环境中发生的，并受到现实环境的影响和支配，这种现实环境是人们进行社会交际的基础，社会中凡是使用语言的人每次都是在特定的环境中实现交际的。具体地说，它就是说话或写作的社会环境、自然环境、作品的上下文、说话的前言后语等等。我们称之为语言环境，简称语境。 5．他是现代语言学的奠基人，是他重新组织起对语言和语言本质的系统研究，并提出语言研究的新视角、新方法和新方向；是他使20世纪的语言学取得了如此伟大的成就，他也因此成为举世公认的了不起的现代思想家。让我们记住他的名字——索绪尔 (Saussure)。

问答题Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 人类的健康一直取决于人类与环境的关系。人类，像其他动物一样，不断被环境中对其起作用的自然力量改变着，而人类又不断地改变着环境。与其他生命形式——从鲸鱼到微小的病毒——为伴的人类只是动态系统中的一部分。在这个动态系统中，人类不断地同周围世界交换着物质与能量。例如，人类从环境中摄取固体、液体及气体物质，并向环境中排放固体、液体及气体废物。除此之外，我们甚至发明了同样与周围环境交换物质与能量的机器。在生命过程中，生物体可以进入我们的机体，有些对我们的生理功能是有益的，而另一些则可引起疾病。另外，我仰既可以获益于，也可以受难于世界上的非生物力量。所有这些与环境的相互作用都与我们和总环境的关系相关。对于那些负责保护环境和美化环境的人来说，广义的人类环境是至关重要的。绝对不能忽视的是，分析证明人民大众的健康是保护环境最关键的原因。但是在为保护环境而保护环境的压力下，这一点常常被忽视。另一方面，公共卫生工作者本身必须尽力避免制定或采取一些狭隘的、尚欠考虑的或过时的措施、计划和行动，因为对人类健康造成危害的现在和潜在的外部因素绝不是仅与水、空气和垃圾中的某一特定功能因素相关的、固定不变的孤立现象。不能否认，过去人们面临那些大规模流行的、表面上看存在着简单的、特定的因果关系的疾病时所采取的一些方法曾取得过很大成果。不幸的是，这种观点对于多因素疾病来说是极不恰当的。因为疾病主要起因于越来越复杂的环境变化。这种做法忽视了整个人类和整个环境之间关系的极端复杂性。 正如动物一样，人类除身体和智力方面比较发达以外，并无特别之处。我们的现实环境是一个囊括物质和生命的王国，以及由我们非凡的智力所造就的文化环境的多因素体系。因此人类机体既可被看做是环境的生物物理学的组成部分，同时也是社会文化的组成部分。整个人体和整个环境之间的这些关系是动态的。任何一方均可侵犯另一方，反过来每一方又可对对方的侵犯作出反应。为满足我们的生物、文化及独一无二的技术需要，我们大胆地、不断地改变着自然形成的环境，并创造出崭新的环境。人类对环境的这种改变常常是不协调的，没有考虑全面，其最终产生的结果也多有负面效应。 注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled On Sustainable Development in China in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline: 1. The definition of sustainable development. 2. Your suggestions as to how to achieve sustainable development in China.

问答题由于消费支出占国家总产出的大约三分之二，所以恢复消费者信心是格林斯潘和国会的当务之急。

问答题2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。北京、上海、南京等相继沦陷为雾霾重灾区，湖北、浙江、湖南、江苏、安徽等地雾霾天创下历史纪录。国家气象局数据显示，今年以来中国平均雾霾天数已经创出52年来之最。 虽然政府部门采取了工业企业关停减产的措施应对雾霾肆虐，但收效甚微，雾霾正在对人们的生活产生越来越多的负面效应：学校停课、汽车限行、高速封闭。而更让有关部门尴尬的是，制造出雾霾的空气污染物来源，目前仍然是一个迷。 自京津冀频繁发生雾霾起，几年过去了，对于其形成的具体原因暂无定论。大多数的专家给出答案，重污染天气形成的主要原因有二：污染物排放总量过大和不利气象条件。具体看来，长三角周边更多为化工、水泥等企业，其工业废气组成更为复杂。 当然，问题的复杂性从来不是延缓解决方案的借口。在历经了京津冀地区的雾霾恐慌后，今年9月国务院出台了《大气污染防止行动计划》，涉及包括京津冀、长三角和珠三角在内的重点控制区的水泥、化工等六大重污染行业以及燃煤工业锅炉的新建项目。 从目前学界的研究来看，PM2.5的治理绝非易事。这样的长期计划要先布局，再行动，最后是对企业发力。 类比国外相关案例，上个世纪四五十年，无论是代洛杉矶雾霾爆还是伦敦雾霾事件，最后都是在政府和企业合力后，达成协议，最后以《清洁空气法》等法案的形式完成监督。

问答题中国家庭一向尊老爱幼。在大家庭里，老一辈人的意见受到尊重，小一辈的人得到全家的爱护。中国宪法规定赡养父母是成年子女义不容辞的责任。在城市里，不和家里老人一起住的年轻夫妇给老人生活费并帮助他们干家务活儿。在农村，尽管大家庭解体了，许多结了婚的儿子和他的家人还和父母住在同一个院子里。对他们来说，分家不过是分灶而已。结了婚的儿子往往把房子盖在父母家附近，这样父母和子女互相帮助、探望都和过去一样方便。

问答题What is it that brings about such an intimate connection between language and thinking? Is there no thinking without the use of language, namely in concepts and concept combinations for which words need not necessarily come to mind? Has not every one of us struggled for words although the connection between "things" was already clear? (111) We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete independence from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. IQ this sense thinking and language are linked together. What distinguishes the language of science from languages as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? (112) What science strives for is an outmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and Algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. (113) The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of an countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations. What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. (114) The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere, it would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem—in my opinion—to characterize our age. (115) If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.

问答题The connotations of the term "harmonious society". 2. The significance of building a harmonious society. 3. Make your suggestions as to how to build a harmonious society.

问答题Dealing with Depression

问答题从技术角度讲，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。许多人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅指某些药品或嗜毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有认识到像酒精、烟草这些熟悉的物质也是药物。这也就是为什么许多医生和心理学家现在使用了一个更为中性的词——物质，他们常用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。 在我们生活的社会里，物质(药物)被广泛地使用于社交和治疗：服阿斯匹林来缓解头痛，喝点儿酒来应酬，早晨喝咖啡来提神，吸支烟镇定一下情绪等。使用这些物质得到了社会认可，而且显然具有积极的一面，但什么时候变成滥用了呢?首先，大多数物质使用过量都会产生副作用，譬如中毒或反复使用一种物质可导致上瘾或对该物质(药物)的依赖。依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会出现不舒服的停药症状。 作用于中枢神经系统改变感觉、情绪和行为的药物(物质)被称为对神经系统起作用的物质。这类物质一般分为兴奋剂、镇静剂或幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或刺激中枢神经系统活动的作用，而镇静剂则相反：使其活动减慢。幻觉剂主要作用于人的感觉，以各种不同的方式对感觉加以扭曲和改变，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”(psychedelic一词源自希腊语，意思是“心灵显现”)。因为它们似乎能改变人的感觉状态。

问答题Like many concepts in social psychology, aggression has many definitions, even many evaluations. {{U}}(1)Some think of aggression as a great virtue(e, g. "the aggressive businessperson"), while others see aggression.{{/U}} The fact they we do keep the same word anyway suggests that there is a commonality: Both positive and negative aggression serve to enhance the self. {{U}}(2)The positive version, which we could call assertiveness, is acting in a way that enhances the self, without the implication that we are hurting someone else. The negative version, which we might call violence, focuses more on the" disenchantment of others as a means to the same end.{{/U}} Although the life of animals often seems rather bloody, we must take care not to confuse predation--the hunting and killing of other animals for food-with aggression. {{U}}(3)Predation in carnivorous species has more in common with grazing in vegetarian species than with aggression between members of the same species. Take a good look at your neighborhood cat hunting a mouse: He is cool, composed, not hot and crazed. In human terms, there is not the usual emotional correlate of aggression: anger. He is simply taking care of business.{{/U}} That taken care of, there remains remarkably little aggression in the animal world. But it does remain. We find it most often in circumstances of competition over a resource.{{U}}(4)This resource must be important for" fitness," that is, relevant to one's individual or reproductive success. Further, it must be restricted in abundance: Animals do not, for example, compete for air, but may for water, food, nesting areas, and mates.{{/U}} It is the last item-mates-that accounts for most aggression in mammals. And it is males that are most noted for this aggression. {{U}}(5) As we mentioned earlier, females have so much at stake in any act of copulation (求偶结合)-so many months gestation, the increased energy requirement, susceptibility to attack, the dangers of birth, the responsibility of lactation-that it serves their fitness to be" picky" when looking for a partner.{{/U}} If females are picky, males must be show-offs: The male must demonstrate that he has the qualities that serve the female's fitness, in order to serve his own fitness. Deer are a good example. Mind you, this need not be conscious or learned; in all likelihood, it is all quite instinctual in most mammals. It may possibly have some instinctual bases in us as well.