问答题Directions : You are to write a composition of no less than 200 words with the following information and do your composition on the ANSWER SHEET, You are to come up with the title for the essay. Now many people enjoy emails and other people prefer face-to-face conversations. Which is better and why?

问答题 Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management have a higher success rate than men, according to an employment survey. But of course far fewer or them apply for these positions. The study, by recruitment consultants NB Sections, shows that while one in six men who appear on interview shortlists get jobs, the figure rises to one in four for women. Reasons for higher success rates among women are difficult to isolate. One explanation suggested is that if a woman candidate manages to get on a shortlist, then she has probably already proved herself to be an exceptional candidate. Dr Marx said that when women apply for positions they tend to be better qualitied than their male counter- parts but are more selective and conservative in their job search. Women tend to re- search thoroughly before applying for positions or attending interviews. Men, in the other hand, seem to rely on their ability to sell themselves and to convince employers that any shortcomings they have will not prevent them from doing a good job. Managerial and executive progress made by women is confirmed by the annual survey of boards of directors carried out by Korn/Ferry/Carre/Orban International. This year the survey shows a doubling of the number of women serving as non-executive directors compared with the previous year. Howeyer, progress remains painfully slow and there were still only 18 posts filled by women out of a total of 345 non-executive positions surveyed. Hilary Sears, a partner with Korn/Ferry, said, Women have raised the level of grades we are employed in but we have still not broken through barriers to the top. In Europe a recent feature of corporate life in the recession has been the de-layering of management structures. Sears said that this has halted progress for women in as much as de-layering has taken place either where women are working in layers they aspire to. Sears also noted a positive trend from the recession, which has been the growing number of women who have stared up on their own. In business as a whole, there are a number of factors encouraging the prospect of greater equality in the workforce. Demographic trends suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing. In addition a far greater number of women are now passing through higher education, making them better qualified to move into management position. Organizations such as the European Women's Management Development Network provide a range of opportunities for women to enhance their skills and contacts. Through a series of both pan-European and national workshops and conferences the barriers to women in employment are being broken down. However, Ariane Berthoin Antal, director of the International Institute for Organizational Change of Archamps in France, said that there is only anecdotal evidence of changes in recruitment patterns. And she said. "it's still so hard for women to even get onto shortlists--there are so many hurdles and barriers." Antal agreed that there have been some positive signs but said, "Until there is a belief among employers, until they value the difference, nothing will change."

问答题Outlines: 1)人世以来中国企业的兴衰； 2)人世给我们带来机遇和挑战的原因； 3)人世之后前景的展望。

问答题Many advocates of a universal healthcare system in the United States look to Canada for their model. While the Canadian healthcare system has much to recommend it, there's another model that has been too long neglected. That is the healthcare system in France. (1) Although the French system faces many challenges, the World Health Organization rated it the best in the world in 2001 because of its universal coverage, responsive healthcare providers, patient and provider freedoms, and the health and longevity of the country's population. The United States ranked 37. The French system is also not inexpensive. At $3,500 per capita it is one of the most costly in Europe, yet that is still far less than the $6,100 per person in the United States. (2) The French share Americans' distaste for restrictions on patient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as "socialized medicine". Virtually all physicians in France participate in the nation's public health insurance, S~curit~ Sociale. Their freedoms of diagnosis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care-controlled US counterparts envious. However, the average American physician earns more than five times the average US wage while the average French physician makes only about two times the average earnings of his or her compatriots. (3) But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors. Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitive to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter their careers, with little if any debt and pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums. Nor do France's doctors face the high nonmedical personnel payroll expenses that burden American physicians. Securite Sociale has created a standardized and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using electronic funds. (4) It's not uncommon to visit a French medical office and see no nonmedical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers' arcane and constantly changing rules of payment. National health insurance in France stands upon two grand historical bargains--the first with doctors and a second with insurers. Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the law protected a patient's choice of practitioner and guaranteed physicians' resistance by permitting the nation's already existing insurers to administer its new hea!thcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expenses that are not paid for by Securite Sociale. In fact, in France, the sicker you are, the more coverage, care, and treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French confront ongoing problems. (5) Today French reformers' number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll and wage levies because they hamper employers' willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes on earned and unearned income alike to pay for healthcare.

问答题BTOPIC/B Discuss the positive and negative aspects of genetic-manipulated food.

问答题I have always disliked being a man. 1. The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful, in my opinion. Even the expression "Be a man!" strikes me as insulting and abusive. It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient, soldierly and stop thinking. Man means "manly" -- how can one think about men without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man's life. It is a hideous and crippling lie; it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority, it is also by its very nature destructive -- emotionally damaging and socially harmful. In is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls -- let's say the treacherous years of thirteen to sixteen -- I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, and I was urged not to read so much, If you asked too many questions about sex you were sent to camp -- a boy's camp, of course: the nightmare. Nothing is more unnatural or prison-like than a boy's camp. 2. It ought to be clear by now that I have something of an obiection to the way we turn boys into men. It does not surprise me that when the President of the United States has his customary weekend off he dresses like a cowboy-it is both a measure of his insecurity and his willingness to please. In many ways, American culture does little more for a man than prepare him for modeling clothes in the L.L. Bean catalogue. There was a fear that writing was not a manly profession -- indeed, not a profession at all. The paradox in American letters is that it has always been easier for a woman to write and for a man to be published. 3. Writing is only manly when it produces wealth -- money is masculinity. So is drinking, particularly the ability to drink another man under the table. A man in America has to kill lions, hunt ducks, and carry_ enough knives and ~uns on his shoulders, to prove that he is just as much monster as the next man. Everything in stereotyped manliness goes against the life of the mind. 4. There would be no point in saying any of this if it were not generally accepted that to be a man is somehow -- even now in feminist-influenced America -- a privilege. It is on the contrary an unmerciful and punishing burden. Being a man is bad enough; being manly is appalling. It is the sinister silliness of man's fashions, and a clubby attitude in the arts. It is the subversion of good students. It is the so-called "Dress Code" of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Boston, and it is the institutionalized cheating in college sports. In is the most primitive insecurity.

问答题目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。作为一名未来的博士研究生，你如何看待这 些现象，你认为应该如何制止，以及你应该如何从自身做起。

问答题Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent's rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labor force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts--both naturally existing and man-made--which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas. Europe's economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with manure nom animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was ac- cumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labor created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The revolution began in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been practically deforested by this time and the incessant demand for more fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry. Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, The Netherlands southern Scandinavia and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia. During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent: but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multi- national character--which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating World wars--as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic, competition from overseas. Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market ( such as is found in the United States). In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area. Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This core-periphery problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.

问答题{{B}}TOPIC{{/B}} As a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

问答题如今，计算机在社会上起着重要的作用。它们明显地改变了我们工作、学习和购物的方式。但是，尽管计算机产业正给我们带来以往梦想不到的好处，它也造成一些严重问题。譬如说，人们越来越担心电子通讯方面不道德的行为。盗版、窃取数据以及病毒破坏活动十分猖獗。这些行为应视作犯罪吗?我们怎样才能制止这些行为?人们的另一个忧虑与过分依赖计算机有关。计算机不像人们想像的那样可靠，因特网上的信息有可能是虚假的。更糟的是，过度依赖计算机也许会削弱我们进行挑剔思维的能力，还会在人们之间造成障碍。

问答题(59) Three executives were convicted Wednesday of violating Italian privacy laws in a ruling that the company denounced as an "astonishing" attack at freedom of expression on the Internet. (60) The case involves online videos showing an autistic boy being bullied with byclassmates in Turin, which were posted in 2006 on Video, an online video-sharing service that the company ran before its acquisition of YouTube. (61) Prosecutors charred that the videos violated Italian personal private protections. (62) They said the clips were removing only after complaints from Vivi Down, an Italian organization representing people with Down syndrome. whose name was mentioned in the videos. (63) "We are definitely satisfied that someone has to take responsibility for this violating of privacy," said Guido Camera, a lawyer for Vivi Down. (64) The company said it planed to appeal, warned that the verdicts raised serious questions about the viability of user-generated content platforms like YouTube in Italy and potentially elsewhere in Europe. (65) "If company employee like me can be held criminally liable for any video on a hosting platform, (66) when they had absolute nothing to do with the video in question, (67)then our liability is limited," said one of the three executives, Peter Fleischer, the company"s chief privacy counsel. (68) "The decision today therefore raises broader questions as the continued operation of many lnternet platforms that are the essential foundations of freedom of expression in the digital age," he said in a statement. Video-sharing services like Video and YouTube generally rely on users to notify them of potentially problematic content, which is then taken down if it violates the terms of service.

问答题1．优秀的科研工作者需要具备什么素质? 2．举例说明这些素质的重要性。 3．如何培养这些素质。

问答题Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

问答题现在，我们的公共服务并不覆盖所有居民，而且缺乏多样化。不同地区也不平衡。最根本的原因之一是没有良好的实施公共服务的系统。

问答题TOPIC According to some statistics, by the end of 2009, the resident (常住人口) in Beijing has reached 17 million, not to mention the large floating population and the number is becoming bigger. Do you think the population in Beijing should be controlled? Why or why not?