问答题Outline: (1) 网络经济被誉为新经济的代表。 (2) 网络经济与传统经济的区别。 Your essay should be above 200 words. Remember to write this essay clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题回顾过去一年，我们清醒地看到，在前进道路上还有许多困难和问题，政府工作还有不少缺点，群众还有一些不满意的地方，多年积累的深层次矛盾从根本上解决还需要相当长时间。

问答题Culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour. Culture thus defined consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components; and the development of culture depends upon man's capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to succeeding generations. Every human society has its own particular culture, or sociocultural system, which overlaps to some extent with other systems. Variation among sociocultural systems is attributable to physical habitats and resources; to the range of possibilities inherent in various areas of activity, such as language, rituals and customs, and the manufacture and use of tools, and to the degree of social development. Adaptation and change take place within and among cultures by means of ecological and environmental changes.

问答题Many people in industry and the services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science. What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers; the study was known as Project Anehin. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it. That does not prove that it does not exist.

问答题Directions: Suppose you're read in an essay that states: "The computer is playing an increasingly important role in education so that some scholars get the idea that there will be no need for schools someday... " Write an article entitled Will Computers Replace Schools? You should write no less than 200 words.

问答题71.As a romantic teenager, I believed that my future life as a scientist would be justified if I could discover a single new fact and add a brick to the bright temple of human knowledge. The conviction was noble enough; the metaphor was simply silly. Yet that metaphor still governs the attitude of many scientists toward their subject. 72.In the conventional model of scientific "progress ", we begin in superstitious ignorance and move toward final truth by the successive accumulation of facts. In this smug perspective, the history of science contains little more than anecdotal interest--for it can only chronicle past errors and credit the bricklayers for discerning glimpses of final truth. It is as transparenta.s an old-fashioned melodrama: truth (as we perceive it today) is the only arbiter and the world of past scientists is divided into good guys who were right and bad guys who were wrong. 73. Historians of science have utterly discredited this model during the past decade. Science is not a heartless pursuit of objective information. It is a creative activity, its geniuses acting more as artists than as information processors. Changes in theory are not simply the derivative results of new discoveries but the work of creative imagination influenced by contemporary social and political forces. We should not judge the past through anachronistic spectacles of our own convictions--designating as heroes the scientists whom we judge to be right by criteria that had nothing to do with their own concerns. We are simply foolish if we call Anaximander (sixth centuryB.C.) an evolutionist because, in advocating a primary role for water among the four elements, he held that life first inhabited the sea; yet most textbooks so credit him.

问答题The British government has decided to wipe out the obesity epidemic through a novel strategy by offering fat people cash incentives. 【T4】 According to the latest measure, employers will be urged to set up competitions with money, vouchers and other rewards for people who renounce junk food in favor of healthy eating and living. And those who will shed the maximum amount of pounds will earn the biggest prizes, reports the Telegraph. One competition, called The Biggest Loser, has a 130-pounds gift in store for the participant who loses the most weight in eight weeks. 【T5】 The announcement comes after experts estimated that most of the population in Britain would be obese by 2050 unless urgent action is taken and the related rise in ill health would cost the National Health Service 50 billion pounds a year. According to ministers, giving people incentives to fight the flab will help avoid larger costs associated with treating cancer, heart disease and diabetes caused by obesity. The government said that it wants to make Britain the first major nation to quash the rising tide of obesity. And the milestone strategy — Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives — is their solution to the problem. The strategy will feature a series of projects run through a Well@work scheme led by British Heart Foundation, which will offer rewards to workers who lose weight. 【T6】 There will also be a "Walking into Health" campaign, aiming to get a third of the population in England walking an extra thousand steps — around a kilometer—every day by 2012. "We will look at using financial incentives, such as payments, vouchers and other rewards, to encourage individuals to lose weight and sustain that weight loss, to eat more healthily, or to be consistently more physically active, " officials said.

问答题As a common citizen, you write a letter to call on all people in Beijing to do more work for the coming 2008 Olympic Games.

问答题What is the implication of the term "rogue nations" from your point of view?

问答题Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translations on the ANSWER SHEET. {{U}}It has frequently been argued that freeing schools from the rigid rules, regulations, and statutes that have traditionally fettered them would have a revolutionary effect on academic achievement. For instance, it has been suggested that schools embodying this idea could develop more effective teaching methods that could then be replicated in other schools{{/U}}. Charter schools—public schools that operate under a contract, or "charter"—were given just such an opportunity beginning in 1991, when Minnesota passed the first school law. {{U}}At that time, many critics warned of deleterious rather than beneficial effects that such freewheeling schools could have on the academic achievement of students. Thus, while public opinion differed concerning the social desirability of charter schools, most agreed that there would be a pronounced effect{{/U}}. Surprisingly, educators who study educational reform now seriously question the degree to which charter schools have made an impact. They conclude that freedom from many of the policies and regulations affecting traditional public schools and the concomitant control over decisions that guide the day-to-day affairs of the school have not resulted in equally dramatic changes in students' academic performance. {{U}}In some states, charter schools are less likely to meet state performance standards than traditional public schools. It is, however, impossible to know whether this difference is due to the performance of the schools, the prior achievement of the students, or some other factor{{/U}}. Metrics for educational accountability have changed considerably in the past decade, moving increasingly to performance as measured by state mandated tests of individual student achievement. {{U}}Fundamentally, however, the challenging conditions under which schools operate, be they traditional or charter, have changed little: the struggle for resources, low pay for teachers, accountability to multiple stakeholders, and the difficulty of meeting the educational requirements of children with special needs ell persist{{/U}}.

问答题The basic mason for the existence of multi-national companies is the competitive advantage of a global network of production and distribution. This competitive advantage arises in part from vertical and horizontal integration with foreign affiliates. By vertical integration, most MNCs can ensure their supply of foreign raw materials and intermediate products and avoid the imperfections often found in foreign markets. They can also provide better distribution and service networks. By horizontal integration through foreign affiliates, MNCs can better protect and exploit their monopoly power, adapt their products to local conditions and tastes, and ensure consistent product quality.

问答题Essay Writing Directions: Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title "My Understanding of Globalization /

问答题 (1) {{U}}To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived;{{/U}} the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries. It is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper. The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. (2) {{U}}Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put out by the average London household each week{{/U}}. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and sources and messing up the environment. Little research is being carded out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging--20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day--but very little is salvaged. A machine has been developed that pulps paper then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. (3) {{U}}Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable{{/U}}. (4) {{U}}It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and re-use of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones{{/U}}. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. (5) {{U}}But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as using it sensibly{{/U}}. What is needed now is a more sophisticated approach to using scarce resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.

问答题3. to find out how to provide more talents is my goal.

问答题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ It is astonishing how little is known about the working of the mind. But however little or much is known, it is fairly clear that the model of the logic-machine is not only wrong but mischievous. There are people who profess to believe that man can live by logic alone.If only they say, men developed their reason, looked at all situations and dilemmas logically, and proceeded to devise rational solutions, all human problems would be solved. Be reasonable. Think logically. Act rationally. This line of thought is very persuasive, not to say seductive. 86．{{U}}It is astonishing, however, how frequently the people most fanatically devoted to logic and reason, to a cold review of the "facts" and a calculated construction of the truth, turn out not only to be terribly emotional in argumentation, but obstinate any"truth" is "proved" deeply committed to emotional positions that prove rock-resistible to the most massive accumulation of unsympathetic facts and proofs.{{/U}} 87．{{U}}If man's mind cannot be turned into a logic machine, neither can it function properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will.{{/U}} All of us have known people who gush as a general response to life—who gush in seeing a sunset, who gush in reading a book, who gush in meeting a friend. They may seem to live by emotion alone, but their constant gushing is a disguise for absence of genuine feeling, a torrent rushing to fill a vacuum. It is not uncommon to find beneath the gush a cold, analytic mind that is astonishing in its meticulousness and ruthless in its calculation. Somewhere between machine and sponge lies the reality of the mind—a blend of reason and emotion, of actuality and imagination, of fact and feeling. 88．{{U}}The entanglement is so complete, the mixture so thoroughly mixed, that it is probably impossible to achieve pure reason or pure emotion, at least for any sustained period of time.{{/U}} 89．{{U}}It is probably best to assume that all our reasoning is fused with our emotional commitments and beliefs, all our thoughts colored by feelings that lie deep within our psyches.{{/U}} Moreover, it is probably best to assume that this stream of emotion is not a poison,not even a taint, but is a positive life-source, a stream of psychic energy that animates and vitalizes our entire thought process. 90．{{U}}The roots of reason are embedded in feelings—feelings that have formed and accumulated and developed over a lifetime of personality-shaping.{{/U}} These feelings are not for occasional using but are inescapable. To know what we think, we must know how we feel. It is feeling that shapes belief and forms opinion. It is feeling that directs the strategy of argument. It is our feelings, then , with which we must come to honorable terms.

问答题TOPICWhat's your idea of the statement "Publish or Perish"?

问答题There is one last question I must deal with in this chapter. Why should human beings be moral? Another way of putting the problem is as follows; Is there any clear foundation or basis for morality? Can any reasons be found for human beings to be good and do right acts rather than be bad and do wrong acts? I have already pointed out the difficulties involved in founding morality on religion, and especially on religion as a safe factor.(1) However, if a person has religious faith, then he or she does have a foundation for a personal morality, even though this foundation is basically psychological rather than logical in nature. What disturbs me about the use of religion as the foundation of morality is the frequently-made assumption that if there is no supernatural or religious basis for morality, then there can be no basis at all. A related, and perhaps deeper, statement is that there can be no real meaning to human life: unless there is some sort of afterlife or some other extra-natural reason for living.(2) It is obvious that for many individuals this is psychologically true; that is, they feel that their existence has meaning and purpose and that they have a reason for being moral if and only if there is a God, an afterlife, or some sort of religion in their lives. I feel that we must respect this point of view and accept the conviction of the many people who hold it, because that is how they feel about life and morality. It is also obvious, however, that many people do not feel this way.(3) I think it is terribly presumptuous of religious believers to feel that if some people do not have a religious commitment, their lives are meaningless, or that such people have no reason for being moral in their actions. But if religion does not necessarily provide a "why" for morality, then what does? Let us assume for a moment that there is no supernatural morality and see if we can find any other reasons why people should be moral. Enlightened Self-interest One can certainly argue on a basis of enlightened self-interest, that it is, at the very least, generally better to be good rather than bad and to create a world and society that is good rather than one that is bad. As a matter of fact, self-interest is the sole basis of one ethical theory, ethical egoism. I am not, however, suggesting at this point that one ought to pursue one's own self-interest. I am merely presenting the argument that if everyone tried to do and be good and to avoid and prevent bad, it would be in everyone's self-interest. For example, if within a group of people no one killed, stole, lied, or cheated, then each member of the group would benefit.(4) An individual member of the group could say, "It's in my self-interest to do good rather than bad because I stand to benefit if I do and also because I could be ostracized or punished if I don't. " Therefore, even though it is not airtight, the argument from enlightened self-interest is a somewhat compelling one. Argument from Tradition and Law Related to the foregoing argument is the argument from tradition and law. This argument suggests that because traditions and laws, established over a long period of time, govern the behavior of human beings and because these traditions and laws urge human beings to be moral rather than immoral, there are good reasons for being so.(5) Self-interest is one reason, but another is respect for the human thought and effort that has gone into establishing such laws and traditions and transferring them from one historic period and one culture to another. This can be an attractive argument, even though it tends to suppress questioning of traditions and laws—a kind of questioning that is, I feel, the very touchstone of creative moral reasoning. It is interesting to note that most of us probably learned morality through being confronted with this argument, the religious argument, and the experiences surrounding them. Don't we all remember being told we should or should not do something because it was or was not in our own self-interest, because God said it was right or wrong, or because it was the way we were supposed to act in our family, school, society, and world?

问答题Directions: Some people say that the best preparation for life is learning to be cooperative. Others take the opposite view and say that learning to be competitive is the best preparation. Tell which one you agree with and explain why. Please write an essay of about 300 words on this issue. You should give specific reasons and derails to support your position. Write the essay on the Answer Sheet only.

问答题20世纪，人类创造的物质文明和精神财富，超过了以往任何一个时代。令人遗憾的是，人类在这100年中也经历了前所未有的苦难，特别是遭受了两次世界大战的浩劫。但是世界的历史从来是由世界人民创造和书写的，因而正义总会战胜邪恶，光明总会战胜黑暗，进步总会战胜落后，人类必然会不断地克服艰难险阻，向着美好的未来开拓前进。在21世纪，世界人民虽然仍面临着许多严峻的挑战，可人类也面临着巨大的发展机遇。只要世界人民同心协力，形成战胜一切挑战的巨大力量，人类文明进步的航船就必将乘风破浪地前进。 世界是丰富多彩的。各国人民走过了不同的历史发展道路，有着不同的文化背景、社会制度和价值观念，延续着不同的生活方式。这种多样性正是世界充满竞赛、活力和创新的根本原因。各国之间应该加强交流和了解，在相互尊重和平相待的基础上共同前进，而不应让这种多样性成为阻碍各国人民携手共进的隔阂，更不应人为地从中挑起对立和冲突。尊重和发展世界文明的多样性，并在这种多样性中找到共同利益之所在，是人类社会向前发展的伟大动力。