问答题"The Child is Father of the Man," wrote the English poet William Wordsworth. Adults today are as aware as Wordsworth of the importance of childhood experiences that a cherished and well-behaved child has a better chance of growing into a balanced, loving and law-abiding adult than an unloved one. The Children Act of 1989, created to give children much-needed protection against abuse, in the process legalized the ideology, the child comes first. But while the nurturing of self-esteem in children is now accepted as a requisite of their development, the social and economic demands on overworked, harassed parents often prevent them from putting this theory into practice where it matters most—in the home. Indeed, much of the time it seems that parents themselves are suffering a crisis of self-esteem. Reports show that teenagers are increasingly obese and slothful. They watch on average between four and six hours of television a day. No longer subject to the discipline of the evening family meal—the cradle of manners and civil behavior—one in three people eats his or her dinner in front of the television. The fashion industry is increasingly targeting guilty parents and their demanding children; it is not uncommon to see children wearing designer jeans and the latest trainers that they will soon grow out of. Pre-Christmas toy advertising is designed to strike terror into the hearts of parents and make their children even more demanding and greedy. Every office in the land harbors parents who are exasperated especially by boys who are arrogant, rude, boastful and undisciplined. Many parents are too guilt-ridden or too bewildered by conflicting child- rearing advice to do anything other than writing their hands with worry. The language of civil rights has entered childhood. Children as young as six are now so keenly aware of their "rights" that they freely complain of "unfair" treatment by their elders.

问答题Some people simply see education as going to schools or colleges, or as a means to secure good jobs; most people view education as a lifelong process. In your opinion, how important is education to modem man? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Education As A Lifelong Process In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

问答题(111) The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods hurricanes and early snowstorms also deserves credit for encouraging plant growth and helping to control the pollutant linked to global warming, a new study shows. El Nino—the periodic warming of eastern Pacific Ocean waters—causes a burst of plant growth throughout the world, and this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, researchers have found. (112) The new study shows that natural weather events such as the brief warming caused by El Nino, have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and how much of the gas is expelled by the soil. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, or CO2, has been increasing steadily for decades. This is thought to be caused by an expanded use of fossil fuels and by toppling of tropical forests. Scientists have linked the CO2 rise to global warming, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. (113) Alarmed nations of the world now are drawing up new conservation policies to reduce fossil fuel burning, in hopes of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But David Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, a co-author of the new study, says that before determining how much to reduce fossil fuel burning we should consider the effects of natural climate variations on the ability of plants to absorb CO2. Schimel said satellite measurements of CO2, plant growth and temperature show that natural warming events such as El Nifio at first cause more CO2 to be released into the atmosphere, probably as the result of accelerated decay of dead plant matter in the soil. But later, within two years, there is an explosion of growth-in forests and grasslands, which means plants suck more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. "We think that there is a delayed response in vegetation and soil to the warming effects of such phenomena as El Nifio, and this leads to increased plant growth," said Schimel. (114) However, be said, it is not clear whether the warming by El Nino causes a net decrease in the buildup of CO2 over the long haul. "We don't really know that yet," said Schimel. What the study does show, however, is that the rise and fall of CO2 in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by natural changes in global temperature, said B. H. Braswell of the University of New Hampshire, another co-author of the study. Braswell said that in years when the global weather is cooler than normal, there is a decrease in both the decay of dead plants and in new plant growth. This causes an effect that is the opposite of El Nino warming: CO2 atmosphere levels first decline and later increase. (115) "I think we have demonstrated that the ecosystem has a lot more to do with climate change than was previously believed," said Braswell, "Focusing on the role of human activity in climate change is important, but man made factors are not the only factors./

问答题Describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning2.Givesomecountermeasures

问答题 1 Ever since its creation over 40 years ago, the Internet has remained a predominantly unrestricted place. It is a place where anyone can present themselves in any form they choose, but what happens when your digital identity begins to merge with your real-world identity? Are those who choose to hide their real names in danger of losing anonymity online? 2 Such is the power of anonymity on the web that it has made it possible for people—some of whom might normally be restricted from communicating with the outside world—to speak out without fearing the repercussions of their actions. Actions that could put them in danger if carried out using their real names. Concealing one"s true identity online has made it possible for free speech to break through the physical barriers enforced by governments and dictatorships across the world. 3 Being anonymous on the web also makes it possible for people to discuss sensitive subjects, such as medical conditions, physical abuse and sexual orientation, without these actions affecting their everyday lives in a negative or potentially harmful way. There are many positive ways to use anonymity on the web, but there can sometimes be very destructive side effects too, such as bullying, racism, impersonation of an individual or individuals who believe they are unidentifiable. 4 When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world? 5 A lot of the time they simply cannot be identified and therefore cannot be held accountable, the offending individual hides behind a pseudonym, masking his or her true identity and protecting themselves from the repercussions of their actions. This all sounds very complicated to achieve, but in reality it"s as simple as setting up an email address, creating an online profile under a false name and carrying out malicious acts from a random, nondescript location.

问答题Directions: Write an invitation letter to a professor, inviting him to the English singing contest to be held this January. Some necessary details must be included. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, using "Li Ming" instead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Write an essay of at least 250 words based on the following topic. Your writing should include your view and supporting details. Topic: My View on the Spring Festival

问答题Identify areas the author might have ignored or tried deliberately to avoid mentioning where clashes between the US. and Japan have arisen and will likely persist in the future.

问答题Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled My View on Happiness in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline.

问答题理智战胜冲动。说着容易，做着难。

问答题1．博士研究生入学面试是否必要?2．在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面?3．你将如何展示这个方面?

问答题You are to write a composition of no less than 250 words and do your composition neatly on the Answer Sheet. Your composition should be based on the following topic. My view on the Internet

问答题Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words. A simple idea underpins science; "trust, but verify". Results should always be subject to challenge from experiment. That simple but powerful idea has generated a vast body of knowledge. Since its birth in the 17th century, modern science has changed the world beyond recognition, and overwhelmingly for the better. But success can breed complacency. Modern scientists are doing too much trusting and not enough verifying—to the detriment of the whole of science, and of humanity. Too many of the findings that fill the academic ether are the result of shoddy experiments or poor analysis(see article). A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated. Even that may be optimistic. Last year researchers at one biotech firm, Amgen, found they could reproduce just six of 53 "landmark" studies in cancer research. Earlier, a group at Bayer, a drug company, managed to repeat just a quarter of 67 similarly important papers. A leading computer scientist frets that three-quarters of papers in his subfield are bunk. In 2000—2010 roughly 80, 000 patients took part in clinical trials based on research that was later retracted because of mistakes or improprieties. Even when flawed research does not put people's lives at risk—and much of it is too far from the market to do so—it squanders money and the efforts of some of the world's best minds. The opportunity costs of stymied progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast. And they could be rising. One reason is the competitiveness of science. In the 1950s, when modern academic research took shape after its successes in the Second World War, it was still a rarefied pastime. The entire club of scientists numbered a few hundred thousand. As their ranks have swelled, to 6m—7m active researchers on the latest reckoning, scientists have lost their taste for self-policing and quality control. The obligation to "publish or perish" has come to rule over academic life. Competition for jobs is cutthroat. Full professors in America earned on average $ 135, 000 in 2012—more than judges did. Every year six freshly minted PhDs vie for every academic post. Nowadays verification(the replication of other people's results)does little to advance a researcher's career. And without verification, dubious findings live on to mislead. Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results. In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates: in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts. The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page. Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results "based on a gut feeling". And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise. Such spurious correlations are often recorded in journals eager for startling papers. If they touch on drinking wine, going senile or letting children play video games, they may well command the front pages of newspapers, too. Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted. "Negative results" now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990. Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true. The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists. The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up to be, either. When a prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested. All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the truth about the world. What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be for all disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards. A start would be getting to grips with statistics, especially in the growing number of fields that sift through untold oodles of data looking for patterns. Geneticists have done this, and turned an early torrent of specious results from genome sequencing into a trickle of truly significant ones. Ideally, research protocols should be registered in advance and monitored in virtual notebooks. This would curb the temptation to fiddle with the experiment's design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are.(It is already meant to happen in clinical trials of drugs, but compliance is patchy.)Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test. The most enlightened journals are already becoming less averse to humdrum papers. Some government funding agencies, including America's National Institutes of Health, which dish out $30 billion on research each year, are working out how best to encourage replication. And growing numbers of scientists, especially young ones, understand statistics. But these trends need to go much further. Journals should allocate space for "uninteresting" work, and grant-givers should set aside money to pay for it. Peer review should be tightened—or perhaps dispensed with altogether, in favour of post-publication evaluation in the form of appended comments. That system has worked well in recent years in physics and mathematics. Lastly, policymakers should ensure that institutions using public money also respect the rules. Science still commands enormous—if sometimes bemused—respect. But its privileged status is founded on the capacity to be right most of the time and to correct its mistakes when it gets things wrong. And it is not as if the universe is short of genuine mysteries to keep generations of scientists hard at work. The false trails laid down by shoddy research are an unforgivable barrier to understanding.

问答题从法律上讲，合同是一种对签约双方都具有约束力的协议。合同的要点如下：1．双方同意：2．一种合法的补偿，在大多数情况下不一定是金钱；3．签约双方均具有合法的签约能力；4．不具有欺诈和威胁性；5．签约主题不得不具有非法性或违反公共准则。一般来说，合同既可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。不过，为了便于执行起见，有些合同必须采用书面形式，并需签字。

问答题Despite the web, we watch more television than ever. In the chaos of today's media and technology brawl--iPod vs. Zune, Google vs. Yahoo, Windows vs. Linux, Intel vs. AMD--we can declare one unlikely winner. Standing tall in a field of new tech wonders, it's a geezer technology that are invented in the 1920s and commercialized in the 1940s, and it's still more powerful than any thing created since. 45. As you try to figure out where consumer infotech is going, and what it means for society, remember this big, central reality. People just want more television. If you doubt it, look at today's biggest news in tech. It continually centers on new ways to bring consumers the thing they crave above all else. 46. Sony flooded the recent Consumer Electronics Show with products that put Internet video on your TV set, as did almost every other consumer electronics company. At the simultaneous Macworld Expo, Apple chief Steve Jobs introduced Apple TV, which does the same thing. Verizon said it will soon offer live TV on cellphone screens. It will also sell full-length programs for viewing whenever you want. Put it all together, and we have achieved a nirvana that didn't exist even a year ago. unlimited television available 24/7 on every screen you own. It's no surprise, of course. 47. Ever since the basic facts of steadily multiplying processor power and bandwidth became apparent, seers have confidently predicted this day. They just as confidently predicted what it would mean. traditional television's demise. Once the World Wide Web appeared in the mid-1990s, the future looked very clear. Boring old TV, the scheduled programs that come to you through a coaxial cable or satellite dish or antenna, would fade away. 48. Which is exactly the opposite of what has happened. Despite many Net Age alternatives, we Americans today watch more boring old TV than ever, which is saying something. How can that be? My theory is the Two-Liter Coke Principle. The Coca-Cola company discovered long ago that if it could get people to bring home bigger bottles of Coke, those people would drink more than they used to. Just getting more Coke in front of them increased their consumption. It seems to be the same with TV. Put more of it in front of people--over 100 channels in many homes--and people will watch more. Seen from this perspective, the latest announcements of new TV-related technology look simply like additional ways to put more TV in front of American consumers. The supposed threat from the Internet was that we'd cut back on TV as we spent more time on MySpaee or in Second Life. We may well spend more time on such new Net attractions, but we're unlikely to take that time away from video viewing. We're more likely to cut back on things we consider less important, like sleep. 49. No one has evaluated TV better than the great New Yorker essayist E. B. White, who in 1938 wrote, "We shall stand or fall by television, of that I am sure. " We still don't know which it will be, but his assessment looks truer than ever.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 71.{{U}}As a romantic teenager, I believed that my future life as a scientist would be justified if I could discover a single new fact and add a brick to the bright temple of human knowledge. The conviction was noble enough; the metaphor was simply silly. Yet that metaphor still governs the attitude of many scientists toward their subject.{{/U}} 72.{{U}}In the conventional model of scientific "progress ", we begin in superstitious ignorance and move toward final truth by the successive accumulation of facts. In this smug perspective, the history of science contains little more than anecdotal interest--for it can only chronicle past errors and credit the bricklayers for discerning glimpses of final truth. It is as transparent a.s an old-fashioned melodrama: truth (as we perceive it today) is the only arbiter and the world of past scientists is divided into good guys who were right and bad guys who were wrong.{{/U}} 73. {{U}}Historians of science have utterly discredited this model during the past decade. Science is not a heartless pursuit of objective information. It is a creative activity, its geniuses acting more as artists than as information processors. Changes in theory are not simply the derivative results of new discoveries but the work of creative imagination influenced by contemporary social and political forces. We should not judge the past through anachronistic spectacles of our own convictions--designating as heroes the scientists whom we judge to be right by criteria that had nothing to do with their own concerns.{{/U}} We are simply foolish if we call Anaximander (sixth century B. C.) an evolutionist because, in advocating a primary role for water among the four elements, he held that life first inhabited the sea; yet most textbooks so credit him.

问答题爱情被认为是文学作品的永恒主题，中西方文化都产生了许多以爱情为主题的伟大作品。我国伟大的古典小说家曹雪芹所著的《红楼梦》和“英国文学之父”威廉·莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，都是以爱情为主题的文学作品。 曹雪芹于18世纪末期完成《红楼梦》，而莎士比亚的作品于20世纪初期才传人中国。因此，曹雪芹的《红楼梦》并未受到《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的影响。莎士比亚生活在16～17世纪的英格兰，他自然无缘见识《红楼梦》。可是，这两位生活于不同世纪、不同文化背景下的文坛巨人的作品中，却存在着许多共同之处。

问答题21. Next to Sir Andrew in the clubroom sits Captain Sentry, a gentleman of great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of those that deserve very well, but are very awkward at putting their talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them. He was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in several engagements and at several sieges, but having a small estate of his own, and being next heir to Sir Roger, he has quitted a way of life in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of a courtier as well as a soldier. 22. I have heard him often lament that in a profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence should get the better of modesty. When he had talked to this purpose, I never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he left the world because he was not fit for it. 23. A strict honesty, and an even regular behavior, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press through crowds, who endeavor at the same end with himself, the favor of a commander. 24. He will, however, in his way of talk excuse generals for not disposing according to men's deserts, or inquiring into it. For, says he, that the great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break through to come at me, as I have to come at him: therefore he will conclude that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own vindication. He says it is a civil cowardice to be backward in asserting what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow in attacking when it is your duty. With this candor does the gentleman speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the company, for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men in the utmost degree below him, nor ever too obsequious, from a habit of obeying men highly above him.