问答题71. Not so long ago it was assumed that the dangers man would meet in space would be terrible, the main ones being radiation and. the danger of being hit by meteors. It is perhaps worth remembering that less than two centuries ago, the dangers of train travel seemed similarly terrible. A man would certainly die, it was thought, if carried along at a Speed of 30 miles per hour. There are two sorts of radiation man must fear in space. The first is radiation from the sun, and this is particularly dangerous when the sun is very active and explosions are occurring on its surface. The second, less harmful form comes from the so-called Van Allen Belts. These are two areas of radiation about 1 ,500 miles away from the earth. 72. Neither of these forms of radiation are a danger to us on the earth, since we are protected by our atmosphere. Specifically, it is that part of our atmosphere known as the ozonosphere which protects us. This is a belt of the chemical ozone between 12 and 21 miles from the ground which absorbs all the radiation. Once outside the atmosphere, however, man is no longer protected, and radiation can be harmful in a number of ways. 73. A distinction must be drawn between the short-and long-term effects of radiation. The former are merely unpleasant, but just because an astronaut returning from a journey in space does not seem to have been greatly harmed, we cannot assume that he is safe. The long-term effects can be extremely serious, even leading to death. One solution to the dangers of radiation is to protect the spaceship by putting some kind of shield around it. This was in fact done on the Apollo spaceships which landed on the moon. But this solution is not possible for longer journeys—to Mars for example—because the shield would need to be very large, and could not be carried. Another solution, not in fact possible at present, would be to surround the spaceship with a magnetic field to deflect the radiation. In all, we have to conclude that there is at present no complete solution to the problem of radiation.

问答题{{B}}1{{/B}} Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the re- sources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of "scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination." The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, ma- chine tools, and machine parts. Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 61. {{U}}Criticism is a study by which men grow important and formidable at very small expense. The power of invention has been conferred by nature upon few, and the labor of learning those sciences which may, by mere labor be obtained, is too great to be willingly endured; but every man can exert such judgment as be has upon the works of others; and he whom nature has made weak, and idleness keeps ignorant, may yet support his vanity by the name of a critic.{{/U}} 62. {{U}}I hope it will give comfort to great numbers who are passing through the world in obscurity, when I inform them how easily distinction may be obtained. All the other powers of literature are coy and haughty; they must be long courted and at last are not always gained; but Criticism is a goddess easy of access and forward of advance, who will meet the slow and encourage the timorous; the want of meaning she supplies with words, and the want of spirit she recompenses with malignity.{{/U}} 63. {{U}}This profession has one recommendation peculiar to itself, that it gives vent to malignity without real mischief. No genius was ever blasted by the breath of critics. Tire poison which, if confined, would have burst the heart fumes away in empty hisses, and malice is set at ease with very little danger to merit. The critic is the only man whose triumph is without another's pain and whose greatness does not rise upon another's ruin.{{/U}} 64. {{U}}To a study at once so easy and so reputable, so malicious and so harmless, it cannot be necessary to invite my readers by a long or labored exhortation; it is sufficient, since all would be critics if they could, to show by one eminent example that all can be critics if they will.{{/U}}

问答题Before the Industrial Revolution, there could have been few family reunions as we know this ceremony at the present time, with its assembling of infrequently-encountered but still familiar figures and the consequent going up to day with the events in other people' s lives. Present-day impressions of this important occasion are of a strange blending of formalities, plain speaking, with a general lack of natural warmth.

问答题The impact of decentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawling development patterns are destabilizing many of the suburbs that surround cities in this country. Older suburbs are experiencing the same challenges as cities: failing schools, persistent crime, and the loss of jobs and businesses to other, further out suburbs. Even suburban areas that are developing rapidly are finding that explosive growth has its drawbacks, especially in the form of overcrowded schools, but also in long commutes and the inability of local governments to pay for new roads, sewers, and other infrastructure. In the wake of decentralizing economies, central cities remain the residence of "choice" for low-and moderate-income families. While poverty has declined in central cities, urban poverty rates are still twice as high as suburban poverty rates, 18. 8 percent as against 9. 0 percent in 2011 Cities and older suburbs are also disproportionately home to families whose earnings are above the poverty level, but below median income(national median income is $ 37, 000 a yeas and 200 percent of the poverty for a family of three is $ 27, 000 a year). The implications of concentrated poverty are severe. People in these neighborhoods often face a triple whammy: poor schools, weak job information networks, and scarce jobs. They are more likely to live in female-headed households and have less formal educations than residents of other neighborhoods.

问答题Outlines: 1) What is culture shock? 2) What are the symptoms of culture shock? 3) What should we do when confronted with culture shock?

问答题The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen---is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

问答题We live in an ascending scale when we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series. There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life. To be truly happy is a question of how we begin and not of how we end, of what we want and not of what we have.

问答题Topic: Write in 250 ～ 300 words about your own academic ambition(s)

问答题很多移居城市的人虽然在报酬低、没有什么保障的非正式行业工作，但调查表明，迁移到城市确实改善了他们的生活境况，而且，他们对城市的经济发展起到了重要作用。

问答题一直以来，进口都帮助美国发泄通胀压力。但在将来，特别是假如美元突然走软，这个安全阀还能发挥多大的作用?

问答题 6 Against the backdrop of the relative decline of Britain, whose GDP has slipped to the seventh place in the world, London is doing very well, being first or second to New York in most of the rankings of great cities. 7 London"s success over the past quarter-century has been the consequence of historical accident and good policy, which attracted smart professionals and the rich from all around the world. 8 They are not only better-qualified, younger and harder-working, but also brought in the flow of foreign money to London. Therefore, the author claims that London lives off foreigners. However, Britain does not much like foreigners. 9 British people, especially those who are not Londoners are pressuring their government to cut immigration and restrict students"right to work, which the author thinks is going to mar London"s brilliance and speed London and Britain"s relative decline. 10 Though London"s moment will inevitably pass because of the emerging market elsewhere. There are still a lot of things that London can do to slow down the process, such as investing in transportation. The least that it should is to discourage foreigners from coming, the author concludes.

问答题Genius The greatest results in life are attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities. The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind; and 41. its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-improvement. 42. The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doing; and they who are the most persistent, and work in the truest: spirit, will usually be the most successful. Fortune has often been blamed for her blindness; but fortune is not so blind as men are. 43. Those who look into practical life will find that fortune is usually on the side of the industrious, as the winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators. In the pursuit of even the highest branches of human inquiry, the commoner qualities are found the most useful, such as common sense, attention, application, and perseverance. Genius may not be necessary, though even genius of the highest sort does not disdain the use of these ordinary qualities. 44. The very greatest men have been among the least believers in the power of genius, and as worldly wise and persevering as successful men of the commoner sort. 45. Some have even defined genius to be only common sense intensified. A distinguished teacher and president of a college spoke of it as the power of making efforts. John Foster held it to be the power of lighting one's own fire. Buffon said of genius "it is patience".

问答题为什么要实行男女同校的教育呢?想一下下面的这个问题你就会明白了：假如有人叫你在全部由同性组成的社会里生活十二年的时间，你会有什么样的反应呢?至少可以这样说：你不会太乐意，除非你有点不正常。

问答题In this part, you are asked to write a composition entitled "My View on an Admission Interview for Ph. D Candidates" in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.1．博士研究生入学面试是否必要?2．在博士研究生人学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面?3．你将如何展示这些方面?

问答题人与人之间的差别在于他们对待事物的不同态度。有人按照事物的颜色、大小、外形来区分事物，有人根据事物内在的特点、因果关系来区分事物。有人可能更关注事物之间的内在区别，而忽略了事物之间一些外在的差异。对待事物的不同态度决定了人们处理问题的不同方法。

问答题"All nature is meant to make us think of paradise," Thomas Merton observed. Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds. Even 15 billion years or so after the Big Bang, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation, only a few degrees above absolute zero. Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe. To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments; to measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses. Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower. You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird's wing, or the shiver of breath through a flute. For most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention. By paying attention, we learn to savor all sorts of patterns, from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts. This predilection brings with it a clear evolutionary advantage, for the ability to recognize patterns helped our ancestors to select mates, find food, avoid predators. But the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space.

问答题一直以来，哈佛大学要求在校本科生除了自己的主修专业课程之外，还要修习一系列课程，以确保他们受到的本科教育涵盖了宽泛的研究课题和研究方法。哈佛大学新的通识教育项目(general education program)大胆地致力于将学生在课堂上学到的知识与校园围墙外的生活，甚至毕业后的生活联系起来。通识教育课程的内容和其他课程内容具有相连性，但教学方式并不一样。通识教育课程的目的不是将学生带入一门学科，而是将一门学科融入学生的生活。通识教育项目把艺术和科学与学生们面临的21世纪的世界以及毕业后的生活联系起来，让学生了解哈佛大学所有的研究课题和研究技巧。 通识教育课程由本科生主修课程之外的一系列课程组成，从而取代了过去30多年来一直实行的核心课程体系(core system)。目前，有很多的通识教育课程是由较大的核心课程转化而来，其他诸如“生命的定义：从夸克(quark)到意识”这类课程就是全新的了。这些新课程将课堂学习和其更广泛的含义联系起来，不仅是跨学科的，还超越了课堂本身。其中有些课程还是由不同系别的教授联合授课的。 在新的课程体系中，学生必须在八大课程类别中各选择一门课程。这种新的体系鼓励教授们以校外教学、动手实验、客座演讲和其他新颖模式进行大胆创新，当然也同样鼓励学生去大胆创新。

问答题Many universities and colleges offer qualification: through some sort of distance learning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom. In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of learning in this way? You should write at least 250 words. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.