单选题Her remarks ______ a complete disregard for human rights.

单选题Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being over harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days, the magnitude of the problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didn't understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse had we, and others, not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it. During our campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium available——personal appearances, the printed word, and television. Now there is a new medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them, exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates. I am tremendously impressed with the personalization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed. For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels, I'm swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find I'm not alone. We are all learning together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world: We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean Michel Cousteau's World: Cities Under the Sea—Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented Our Cities Under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process, thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers. I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action. I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future—it is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians.

单选题Which of the following is NOT the result of laboratory experiments?

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单选题While there is no agency with a mission to depress the economy or ______ inflation, many government actions—especially taxation, spending, and regulation—have those undesirable effects.

单选题{{U}}Probably{{/U}} there's a good reason for her absence, as she doesn't usually stay away from work.

单选题It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. The Americans divide these areas somewhat rigidly into spirit and flesh, the two being in opposition in the life of a human being. Ideally, spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh that does prevail. The Japanese make no such division, at least between one as good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has two souls, each necessary. One is the "gentle" soul, the other is the "rough" soul. Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul, sometimes he must use his rough soul.He does not favor his gentle soul, neither does he fight his rough soul. Human nature in itself is good, Japanese philosophers insist, and a human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists in fulfilling one's obligations to others. Happy endings, either in life or in fiction, are neither necessary nor expected, since the fulfillment of duty provides the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty includes a person's obligations to those who have conferred benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor.He develops through this double sense of duty a self-discipline which is at once permissive and rigid, depending upon the area in which it is functioning. The process of acquiring this self-discipline begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birth--how early the Japanese child is given his own identity! If I were to define in a word the attitude of the Japanese toward their children I would put it in one succinct word. Love? Yes, abundance of love, warmly expressed from the moment he is put to his mother's breast. For a mother this nursing of her child is important psychologically. Rewards are frequent, a bit of candy bestowed at the right moment, an inexpensive toy. As time comes to enter school, however, discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is the greatest shame for the child. What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It lies, I think, in the fact that the aim of all teaching is the establishment of habit. Rules are repeated over and over, and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders.They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first and tempered to the child's tender age. It is no gentle as time goes on, but certainly it is increasingly inexorable. Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect upon what I learned there. What, I wonder, will take the place of the web of love and discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and thinking of the people of Japan?

单选题 Passage 3 Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of these -justice - is appropriate to the narrower definition of government as the power to punish. It is punishment, which is administered with justice, and a government, which is successful in balancing aversive consequences, is said to "maximize justice." Our practical support of such a government is probably not due to any such principle, however, but rather to the fact that a just government, in comparison with other governments, is more likely to reinforce the behavior of supporting it. Another principle commonly appealed to a freedom. That government is said to be best which governs least. The freedom, which is, maximized by a good government is not, however, the freedom, which is at issue in a science of behavior. Under a government, which controls through positive reinforcement the citizen feels free, though he is no less controlled. Freedom from government is freedom from aversive consequences. We choose a form of government, which maximizes freedom for a very simple reason: aversive events are aversive. A government, which makes the least use of its power to punish, is most likely to reinforce our behavior in supporting it. Another principle currently in fashion is security. Security against aversive governmental control raises the same issue as freedom. So does security from wants, which means security from aversive events which are not specifically arranged by the governing agency - from hunger, cold, or hardship in general, particularly in illness or old age. A government increases security by arranging an environment in which many common aversive consequences do not occur, in which positive Consequences are easily achieved, and in which extreme states of deprivation are avoided. Such a government naturally reinforces the behavior of supporting it. The "right" of a ruler was an ancient device for explaining his power to rule. "Human rights" such as justice, freedom and security are devices for explaining the counter-control exercised by the governed. A man has his rights in the sense that the governing agency is restricted in its power to control him. He asserts these rights along with other citizens when he resists control. "Human rights" are ways of representing certain effects of governing practices - effects which are in general positively reinforcing and which we therefore call good. To "justify" a government in such terms is simply an indirect way of pointing to the effect of the government in reinforcing the behavior of the supporting group. It is commonly believed that justice, freedom, security, and so on refer to certain more remote' consequences in terms of which a form of government may be evaluated. We shall return to this point in section VI, where we shall see that an additional principle is needed to explain why these principles are chosen as a basis for evaluation.Comprehension Questions:

单选题Scientists have developed a slimming drug that successfully suppresses appetite and results in a dramatic loss of weight without any apparent ill effects. The drug interferes with appetite control and prevents the build-up of fatty tissue. More importantly, the drug appears to prevent a serious decline in metabolic rate—causing tiredness and lethargy—which is typically associated with living on a starvation diet. As a result, mice taking the drug lost 45 percent more weight than mice fed the same amount of food, which compensate for the lack of food by becoming more sluggish. The scientists, from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, said that C 75 is likely to produce a similar effect on humans because appetite control in the brain is thought to be based largely on the same chemical pathways as those in mice. "We are not claiming to have found the fabled weight-loss drug. What we have found, using C 75, is a major pathway in the brain that the body uses naturally in regulating appetite, at least in mice," said Francis Kuhajda, a pathologist and senior team member. "We badly need effective drugs for weight loss. Obesity is a huge problem. We"re hoping to explore the possibilities of this new pathway," he said. Discovering a biochemical pathway in the brain that controls appetite raises new prospects for developing slimming aids. Research on leptin, a hormone produced in fatty tissue for controlling fat deposits, has so far failed to produce the expected slimming drug breakthrough. The latest study, published in the journal Science, showed that even moderate doses of C 75 produced a significant loss of appetite, which returned to normal after a few months. The scientists believe that C 75, which they produced synthetically in the laboratory, binds to an enzyme called fatty acid sythase, which is involved in storing excess food intake as fat. Inhibiting the enzyme causes a build-up of a chemical in the liver which acts as a precursor to fat deposition. This precursor is thought to have an indirect effect on the brain, causing appetite suppression. Normally, when animals fast, a hormone called neuropeptide Y increases sharply in the appetitecontrol centers of the brain, stimulating the desire for food. However, when animals are given C 75, levels of this hormone fall, leading to a loss of interest in food. Dr. Kuhajda said discovering that C 75 has no effect on metabolic rate is one of the most significant findings of the study. "If you try to lose weight by starving, your metabolism slows down after a few days," he said. "It"s a survival mechanism that sabotages many diets. We see this in fasting mice. Yet metabolic rate in the C 75-treated mice doesn"t slow at all." Further animals studies will be needed before C 75 could be tested on humans.

单选题Question 26-30 are based on the following passage：

单选题 Much has been written about poverty but none of the accounts seem to get at the root of the problem. It must be noted that the weakening effects of poverty are not only the result of lack of money but are also the result of powerlessness. The poor are subject to their social situation instead of being able to affect it through action, that is, through behavior that flows from an individual's decisions and plans, in other words, when social scientists have reported on the psychological consequences of poverty, it seems reasonable to believe that they have described the psychological consequences or powerlessness. The solution to poverty most frequently suggested is to help the poor secure more money without otherwise changing the present power relationship. This appears to implement the idea of equality while avoiding any unnecessary threat to the established centers of power. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a large supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accomplished by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society. In order to reduce poverty-related psychological and social problems in the United States, the major community will have to change its relationship to neighborhoods of poverty in such a fashion that families in the neighborhoods have a greater interest in the broader society and can more successfully participate in the decision-making process of the surrounding community. Social action to help the poor should have the following characteristics: the poor should see themselves as the source of the action. The action should affect in major ways the preconceptions of institutions and persons who define the poor. The action should demand much in effect or skill. The action should be successful and the successful self-originated important action should increase the feeling of potential worth and individual power of individuals who are poor. The only initial resource which a community should provide to neighborhoods of poverty should be on a temporary basis and should consist of organizers who will enable the neighborhoods quickly to create powerful independent democratic organizations of the poor. Through such organizations, the poor will then negotiate with the outsiders for resources and opportuities without having to submit to concurrent control from outside.

单选题The ______ feature in Ted"s character was pride; he couldn"t ever think of depending on anyone but himself.

单选题The last guests to reach the hotel ______ at 12 o'clock at night. A. checked out B. checked up C. checked in D. check on

单选题Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.

单选题At that time the earnings of the boxers were ______ and they could make money for their followers as well.

单选题The loss of lusitania and so many of its passengers, including 128 U.S. citizens, aroused a wave of Uindignation/U in the United States.

单选题According to the article, what does the word "concurrently"(Par

单选题In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence. Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologists, geologists and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from diseases that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them. Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, diseases such as polio, measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these diseases may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease. In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine our world could exist, but the conveniences brought into life by the computer are unparalleled. Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society, however, they were not present until scientists discovered them. Because of the contribution of scientists, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprises our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.