填空题The improbable chain of events that leads Alexander Fleming 1. ______ to discover penicillin in 1928 is the stuff which scientific myths 2. ______ are made. It was a discovery that would change the course of the history. The active ingredient in that mold, which Fleming named penicillin, turned to be an infection-fighting agent of 3. ______ enormous potency. When it was finally recognized as what it was--the efficacious life-saving drug in the world--penicillin 4. ______ would alter forever the treatment of bacterial infections. By the middle of the century, Fleming's discovery spawned a huge phar- 5. ______ maceutical industry, churning out synthetic penicillin that would conquer some of man-kind's most ancient scourges, including syphilis, gangrene, and tuberculosis. When he died a heart attack in 1955, he was mourned by 6. ______ the world and buried as a national hero in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral in London. Although Fleming's scientific work in and of itself may not have reached great, his singular contribution 7. ______ changed the practice of medicine. He deserves our utmost recog- nition. At the same time, we must bear on mind that the 8. ______ "Fleming Myth", as he called it, embodies the accomplishments of many giants of anti-biotic development. Fleming is but a cho- sen representative for the likes of Florey, Chain, Domagk, and Waksman, many of who remain, sadly, virtual unknowns. 9. ______ Their achievements have made the world a better, healthier place. In commemorating Fleming, and we commemorate them 10. ______ all. How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well? When we compare with adults learning a foreign 11. ______ language, we often find this interesting fact. A little child without knowledge or experience often succeeds to a complete 12. ______ master of the language. A grown-up person with fully developed 13. ______ mental powers, in most cases, may end up in a faulty and inex- 14. ______ act command. What accounts of this difference? 15. ______ Despite other explanations, the real answer in my opinion lies partly with the child himself, partly in the behavior of the 16. ______ people surround him. In the first place, the time of learning the 17. ______ mother tongue is the most favorably of all, namely, the first 18. ______ years of life. A child hears it speak from morning till night and, 19. ______ what is more important, always in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure. He drinks all the words and expressions which come to 20. ______ him in a fresh，ever-bubbling spring．There is no resistance： there is perfect assimilation．

填空题Old people are always saying that the young people are not (51) they were. The same comment is (52) from generation to generation and it is always (53) . It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy (54) freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so (55) on their parents. Events which the older generation remember vividly are (56) more than past history, This is as it should be. Every new generation is (57) from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple (58) that they have been (59) a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the (60) are doing. They are questioning the (61) of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to (62) that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than (63) is conformity. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and (64) ? And what (65) the clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should (66) drab grey suits? If we turn our (67) to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used (68) to solve their problems? Why are they are so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more (69) possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost (70) with all that is important in life?

填空题His success was obtained mainly through his good business sense.(owe) ____________________.

填空题One model of library service is that collections are used so extensively that many books from heavy use. (integrate)

填空题Like other blacks in the western hemisphere, the ______ majority of African Americans were brought to North America as slaves between the 1700s and the early 1800s. (overwhelm)

填空题Negotiation is not limited to the corporate boardroom or to high-stakes business settings. By becoming familiar with simple negotiating skills, you can help solve a wide variety of workplace problems, both large and small. When you are discussing a need or problem with your coworkers, Whichever of the following techniques will help bring your discussion to a positive close. Learn about the other's needs. What does the other person need? How can you help meet these needs? Negotiation often involves exchanges, and your willingness to discover resources you can "swap" with each other can make your negotiation successful. Listen. (1) Negotiate with the right person. (2) Ask questions. In the course of a typical negotiation, your coworker will say things you disagree with. He might even make an ultimatum or two. Don't respond in kind. Probe his position by asking open-ended questions and posing hypothetical scenarios. You will likely discover additional negotiating room as a result. Know your strengths but don't let on. (3) Don't be afraid to give in, but do it point by point. A good rule of thumb: make a concession only when your coworker makes a concession. Think of negotiating as a selling. Imagine you are a salesperson who must convince your customer of the merits of your product. A sales mindset will help you maintain a positive and persuasive attitude. Anticipate shock tactics. Good negotiators know that "shock tactics" are a normal part of serious negotiation discussions. (4) Look at the big picture. If you and your coworker agree on the big picture, you can agree "in principle" to your mutual objective—and pursue the details later. An agreement in principle often removes a major stumbling block to successful negotiations, since it may put you and the other person on the same side. Look for "yes" opportunities. (5) When you hear a "yes", thank your coworker and reaffirm your desire to conclude an agreement. Remember that winning is not everything. In a productive negotiation, both sides give away something in order to gain something of greater value. Do not enter a negotiation with the intention of browbeating your opponent or "winning" the deal. Instead, seek to arrive at a win-win outcome that leaves both you and your coworker enthusiastic about the result and eager to negotiate again. A. Always maintain a sense of decorum, ever when others appear angry, frustrated or disgusted. Your decorum signals your willingness to continue the discussion—but on civil terms. B. Remain on the lookout for points you and the other person agree on. When negotiations are not going well—even when they seem doomed—agreement on a relatively minor point can often change the tone of the discussion. C. Let your coworker talk about her problem first. Try to understand her position before you argue your point of view. D. Don't let your coworker know fully what you can offer in the negotiation until the discussion progresses further. Save your best negotiating points and concessions for later. E. Nothing is more frustrating than approaching an individual to help you solve a problem, only to discover that he cannot. Figure out who can help meet your needs, and then decide how best to approach that individual.

填空题If one does not pick up {{U}}his{{/U}} dry-cleaning {{U}}within{{/U}} thirty days, the management is not {{U}}obligated{{/U}} to return it {{U}}back{{/U}}. A. his B. within C. obligated D. back

填空题The armor, infantry and (other military forces) (were held up) by (the enemy counter attack), thus (caused) the delay in the advance.A. other military forcesB. were held upC. the enemy counter attackD. caused

填空题Old people are always saying that the young people are not (51) they were. The same comment is (52) from generation to generation and it is always (53) . It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy (54) freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so (55) on their par ents. Events which the older generation remember vividly are (56) more than past histo ry. This is as it should be. Every new generation is (57) from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple (58) that they have been (59) a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threat- ened. And this is precisely what the (60) are doing. They are questioning the (61) of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to (62) that the older gen eration has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than (63) is conformity. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and (64) ? And what (65) the clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should 66 drab grey suits? If we turn our (67) to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used (68) to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more (69) posses sions? Can anything be right with the retrace? Haven't the old lost (70) with all that is important in life?

填空题{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Between 5,000 million and 4,000 million years ago the Earth was formed, By 3,000 million years ago life had arisen and we have fossils of microscopic bacteria-like creatures to prove it. {{U}} (66) {{/U}}Nobody knows what happened, but theorists agree that the key was the spontaneous arising of self-replicating entities, i. e. something equivalent to "genes" in the general sense. The atmosphere of the early Earth probably contained gases still abundant today on other planets in the solar system. Chemists have experimentally reconstructed these ancient conditions in the laboratory. If plausible gases are mixed in a flask with water, and energy is added by an electric discharge (simulated lightning), organic sub-stances are spontaneously synthesized. These include the building blocks of RNA and DNA. It seems probable that something like this happened on the early Earth. Consequently, the sea would have become a "soup" of prebiological organic compounds.{{U}} (67) {{/U}} Today the most famous self-replicating molecule is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), but it is widely thought that DNA itself could not have been present at the origin of life because its replication is too dependent on support from specialized machinery, which could not have been available before evolution itself began. DNA has been described as a" high-tech" molecule which probably arose some time after the origin of life itself. Perhaps the related molecule RNA, which still plays various vital roles in living cells, was the original self-replicating molecule. Or perhaps the primordial replicator was a different kind of molecule altogether.{{U}} (68) {{/U}}Variants that were particularly good at replication would automatically have come to predominate in the primeval soup. Varieties that did not replicate, or that did so inaccurately, would have become relatively less numerous. This led to ever-increasing efficiency among replicating molecules. As the competition between replicating molecules warmed up, success must have gone to the ones: hat happened to hit upon special tricks or devices for their own self-preservation and their own rapid replication. The rest of evolution may be regarded as a continuation of the natural selection of replicator molecules, now called genes, by virtue of their capacity to build for themselves efficient devices (cells and multicellular bodies) for their own preservation and reproduction.{{U}} (69) {{/U}} Fossils were not laid down on more than a small scale until the Cambrian era, nearly 600 million years ago. The first vertebrates may date back 530 million years, according to fossil evidence--primitive, lawless fishes with fins, gills, and fish-like muscle patterns--found in China in 1999. Vertebrates appear abundantly in fossil beds between 300 and 400 million years ago.{{U}} (70) {{/U}} Mammals and, later, birds, arose from two different branches of reptiles. The rapid divergence of mammals into the rich variety of types that we see today, from opossums to elephants, from anteaters to monkeys, seems to have been unleashed into the vacuum left by the catastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago. A. Among vertebrates, the land was first colonized by lobe-finned and lung-bearing fish about 250 million years ago, then by amphibians and, in more thoroughgoing fashion, by various kinds of animals that we loosely lump together as reptiles. B. Once self-replicating molecules had been formed by chance, something like Darwinian natural selection could have begun: variation would have come into the population because of random errors in copying. C. It is not enough, of course, that organic molecules appeared in the primeval soup. The crucial step, as noted above, was the origin of self-replicating molecules, molecules capable of copying themselves. D. Although we naturally emphasize the evolution of our own kind--the vertebrates, the mammals, and the primates--these constitute only a small branch of the great tree of life. E. Three thousand million years is a long time, and it seems to have been long enough to have produced such astonishingly complex contrivances as the vertebrate body and the insect body. F. Some time between these two dates--independent molecular evidence suggests about 4,000 million years ago--that mysterious event, the origin of life, must have occurred.

填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will be read ONLY ONCE. As you listen to the passage, fill in the blanks with the words you hear. After the passage there will be a 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet. Now, please get ready. Crossing Wesleyan University's campus usually requires {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of cases the language is meant to shock. It's not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd references to professors' sexual preferences scrawled across a{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}or the mention of the word "Nig" that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable. In{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}, officials and students at schools are now debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass (侵扰). In the process, they're putting up against the {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of regulating speech at{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}that pride themselves on fostering open debate. Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}used to seeing occasional talkings filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential billboard. But when talkings began taking on a more threatening and lewd tone, Bennet decided to act. "This is not acceptable in a workplace and not{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}in an institution of higher learning," Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The student {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}recently passed a resolution saying the "right to speech comes with implicit{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}to respect community standards". Other public universities have confronted problems this year whiie {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}various ways of {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}where students can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing speech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring. At a meeting held by the "Committee on Healthy Diversity" last week, the school's Black Law Students Association {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}a policy targeting {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of "severe or pervasive conduct" by students or faculty. The policy would cover {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}based on, but not limited to, factors such as race, {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity (种族划分). Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies that are {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. "Restricting students from saying anything that would be {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}as very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted," says Silverglate, who {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}the Harvard Law town meeting last week.

填空题(A large collection) of contemporary photographs, (including) some taken by Mary (are) on display (at) the museum. A. A large collection B. including C. are D. at

填空题 Are you always sure you know what people mean when they try to describe their feelings to you? We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that these words and gestures can be interpreted in different ways. It is tree that a smile means the same things in any language. So{{U}} (31) {{/U}}laughter or crying. There are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}feeling. Does, tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably{{U}} (33) {{/U}}such behavior patterns are inherited rather than{{U}} (34) {{/U}}. Fear is another emotion that is shown in{{U}} (35) {{/U}}the same way all over the world. In Chinese and in English fiction, a phrase like 'he went pale and began to tremble' suggests that the man is{{U}} (36) {{/U}}very afraid or has just had a very nasty shock. However, 'he opened his eyes wide' is used. to suggested anger in Chinese{{U}} (37) {{/U}}in English it conveys surprise. In Chinese surprise can be described in a phrase like ' they stretched{{U}} (38) {{/U}}their tongues'. Sticking out your tongue in{{U}} (39) {{/U}}is an insulting gesture or expresses disgust. Even in the same{{U}} (40) {{/U}},people differ{{U}} (41) {{/U}}their ability to interpret and express feelings. Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men{{U}} (42) {{/U}}recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on people's faces. Disgust, contempt and suffering seem to{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the most difficult emotions for people everywhere either to recognize or to{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Other studies have{{U}} (45) {{/U}}that older people usually find{{U}} (46) {{/U}}easier to interpret body language (the way people stand or move etc. ) than younger people{{U}} (47) {{/U}}, and psychologists such as E.G.. Beier have also shown that some people frequently give completely the wrong impression of{{/U}} (48) {{/U}}they feel. For instance, they try to show affection but in fact actually communicate dislike. Or when they want to show interest, they give the impression that they don't care. This can happen even among close friends and members of the same family. In{{U}} (49) {{/U}}words, what we think we axe communicating through language, voice, face and body movements may be the exact{{U}} (50) {{/U}}of what other people understand.