单选题The town planning commission said that their financial ______ for the next fiscal year was optimistic; they expect increased tax revenues.(2010年北京航空航天大学考博试题)

单选题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage—spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. The last revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com. Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former pplitical science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff with twenty in Austin. Several of his staff members have military- intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.

单选题These experiments all ______ that a liquid exerts an upward force on any object placed in it.

单选题Peter Sellers wouldn't be allowed his career today. All those funny radial stereotypes— the caricatured frogs, wops, yids and goodness-gracious-me Pakis—are in clear breach of the codes of political correctness. His lewd disguises and overdone accents belong with black-and-white minstrel shows and clog-dancing—it's the comedy of yesterday. Have you tried listening to The Goon Show lately? It is a reworking of The Gang Show, excruciatingly bad and dated, and full of explosions, gunfire and jokes about Hitler and the War. Nonetheless, Sellers continues to obsess people. He's already been the subject of biographies galore, including, back in 1994, a 1,200-page magnum opus by myself, which is now being turned into a biopic starring Geoffrey Rush. The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers' story. He had everything and it wasn't enough. He was a comedian with a tragic inability to enjoy life. He was world-famous and desperately-lonely. A the height of his fame, as Inspector Clouseau, his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity. He was a basket case. This is irresistible material. Sellers' subversive and immoderate behavior puts him in a class of his own. Picture my disappointment with Ed Skiov's tome, therefore. Here's a thick cook that tells us nothing new. For newcomers to Sellers, however, Mr. Strangelove is a perfect digest of the man's life and work, briskly told. Sellers was descended from a family of bare-knuckle East End prize-fighters, although his parents were music hall entertainers. His clinging, whining mother, Peg, was a quick-change artiste and his father, Bill, was a ukulele player and soft-shoe-shuffle merchant. The young Peter was raised in the ghostly, twilight world of shabby theatres and end-of-the-pier revues: dog acts, acrobatic midgets, incompetent conjurors and gypsy violinists. To'go from these origins and become as big as The Beatles, as he was in the Sixties, is an amazing feat. Sellers spent the Second World War in the Air Force, impersonating officers and playing the drums to entertain the troops. When he was demobbed he worked in holiday camps and began getting spots on radio, culminating in The Goon Show. He dubbed the voices of Churchill and Humphrey Bogart on film soundtracks, and it was while hanging about the studios that he was offered walk-on roles. His breakthrough came with the part of a teddy boy in The Ladykillers, a film that improves with each viewing. This led to the role of Fred Kite, the shaven-headed, belligerent shop steward in I'm All Right, Jack which won him British Academy Best Actor statuette. When Peter Ustinov dropped out of The Pink Panther on a Friday, Sellers flew to the set in Rome on Monday to replace him. The rest is history. Or notoriety. Sellers' descent into madness was swift. He got rid of his wife and children and chased after Britt Ekland, whom he pounced on in The Dorchester and married ten days later. He took drugs to enhance his potency and this precipitated a heart attack. Having worked on Dr. Strangelove during the day, each evening he locked himself in the bathroom and threatened to commit suicide. Bryan Forbes and Nanette Newman had to come over and talk to him through the door. He then decided he wanted to marry Nanette. He also wanted to marry Sophia Loren, Princess Margaret and Liza Minnelli. His misbehavior and unprofessionalism cost film studios millions of dollars. Sets had to be repainted and costumes remade if they were purple or green—colors of which he was morbidly superstitious. He enjoyed messing about during filming and blowing his lines; he pulled guns on people. He walked off Casino Royale and was discovered in Britt Ekland's mother's house in Sweden. Meanwhile, Orson Welles and the rest of the cast were in full make-up and on full pay back at Pinewood, waiting for him to reappear. Sellers were happy only in the company of his gadgets, cameras and fast cars, which he'd replace or abandon with manic frequency. Alone of his weddings, the maids of honor were the bride's dogs. He was also selfish in the extreme; when his relationships broke up, he'd send his henchmen round to retrieve his gifts.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Our theory and practice in the area of sentencing have undergone a gradual but dramatic metamorphosis through the years. Primitive man believed that a crime created an imbalance, which could be rectified only by punishing the wrongdoer. Thus, sentencing was initially vengeance-oriented. Gradually, emphasis began to be placed on the deterrent value of a sentence upon future wrongdoing. Though deterrence is still an important consideration, increased emphasis on the possibility of reforming the offender--of returning him to the community a useful citizen--bars the harsh penalties once imposed and brings into play a new set of sentencing criteria. Today, each offender is viewed as a unique individual, and the sentencing judge seeks to know why he has committed the crime and what are the chances of a repetition of the offense. The judge's prime objective is not to punish but to treat. This emphasis on treatment of the individual has created a host of new problems. In seeking to arrive at the best treatment for individual prisoners, judges must weigh an imposing array of factors. I believe that the primary aim of every sentence is the prevention of future crime. Little can be done to correct past damage, and a sentence will achieve its objective to the extent that it upholds general respect for the law, discourages those tempted to commit similar crimes, and leads to the rehabilitation of the offender, so that he will not run afoul of the law again. Where the offender is so hardened that rehabilitation is plainly impossible, the sentence may be designed to segregate the offender from society so that he will be unable to do any future harm. The balancing of these interacting, and often mutually antagonistic, factors requires more than a good heart and a sense of fair play on the judge's part, although these are certainly prerequisites. It requires the judge to know as much as he can about the prisoner before him. He should know the probable effects of sentences upon those who might commit similar crimes and how the prisoner is likely to react to imprisonment or probation. Because evaluation of these various factors may differ from judge to judge, the same offense will be treated differently by different judges. The task of improving our sentencing techniques is so important to the nation's moral health that it deserves far more careful attention than it now receives from the bar and many civic-minded individuals who usually lead even the judges in the fight for legal reform approach this subject with apathy or with erroneous preconceptions. For example, I have observed the sentiment shared by many that, after a judge has sentenced several hundred defendants, the whole process becomes one of callous routine. I have heard this feeling expressed even by attorneys who should know better.

单选题The whole program is well designed, but some details need further ______ by some experts.

单选题The view (which) elements of a culture are to be understood and judged (in terms of) their relationship to (the culture as a whole) led to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be (evaluated or graded as) higher and lower, superior or inferior.A. whichB. in terms ofC. the culture as a wholeD. evaluated or graded as

单选题The custom of the Christmas tree is believed to have begun by Martin Luther in Germany. A The sight of a evergreen tree on Christmas eve, with stars B blazing above , is said to have made a great impression C on him, and he put a similar tree, decorated with D lighted candles , in his home.

单选题The committee rejected his thesis because it was based mainly on conjecture rather than solid evidence and lacked______tested results.

单选题His presidential address in New York ______ on the importance of communication between science and industry. A. bore B. spoke C. dwelt D. threw

单选题Public works projects have not significantly ______ the unemployment situation. A. facilitated B. mollified C. softened D. alleviated

单选题The flashing red light served as a ______ of danger ahead. A. predictor B. caution C. precaution D. prevention

单选题I find it wholesome to be alone the greater part of the time, to be in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating, and I never found a companion so companionable as solitude. We are for the most part more lonely when we go abroad than when we stay in our chambers, for solitude is not measured by the space that intervenes between a man and his fellows. The farmer, who can work alone all day without feeling lonesome, but must recreate with others at night, wonders how the student can sit alone at night; he does not realize the student, though in the house, is actually at work in his field, chopping his wood as the farmer is in his. Society is commonly too cheap: we meet at very short intervals, not having had time to ac- quire any new value for each other; we meet at meats three times a day and try to give each other a new taste of that musty old cheese that we ate; we live thick and are in each other's way, and I think that we thus lose some respect for one another. We have now agreed on a certain set of rules, called etiquette and politeness, to make this frequent meeting tolerable; certainly less frequency would suffice for all important and hearty communications between men. It would be better if there were but one inhabitant to a square mile, as where I live, for as the value of a man is not in his skin, we need not touch him.

单选题The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends. A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted

单选题Economists think of the missing 10% of holiday spending a deadweight loss because ______.

单选题Scientific discoveries are often ______ to industrial production methods.