单选题There is little question that substantial labor-market differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories aroused to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limited geographical mobility of married women [Robert Frank, 1978]. Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled "tied-stayers," while secondary earners, who move for the benefit of the family are labeled "tied-movers" [Jacob ~Mincer, 1978]. The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nation-wide search. However, being a tied- stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife's wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills, As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage. This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood "of being overqualified" and SMSA size is termed "differential overqualification." Frank 1978 and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill [1994] provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that the male-female wage gap is grater in smaller SMSA's. While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualification, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down. Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets [ Robert Topel, 1986]. Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets, there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets, if the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualifieation exists, we consider an explicit form of overqualifieation based on education.
单选题The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example, in Egypt, the average is 55 persons per square mile, but 1,300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable. High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java. Low average population densities are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries. Low density of population is generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This generally results from poor-quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles, to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and forested land, to primitive methods that limit cultivation, to social obstacles, and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production. More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries.
单选题For such a tiny woman she had a(n) ______appetite.
单选题Offshore exploration below the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf has revealed the ______ of large resources of oil and gas.
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单选题The United States is often considered a young nation, but in fact it is next to the oldest continuous government in the world, and the reason is that its people have always been willing to accommodate themselves to change. It should be realized, however, that sharing benefits of our achievements was the result of trial and error. Unprincipled businessmen had first to be restrained by government before they came to learn that they must serve the general good in pursuing their economic interests. Thus, although early statesmen strongly believed in private enterprise, they chose to make the post office a government monopoly and to give the schools to public ownership. Since then, government has broadened its activities in many ways including preventing monopolies from taking over the economy. Increased growth by acquisition by our largest corporations has resulted in a situation where virtually independent economic giants will dominate the American economy. Growth of these vast corporate structures, even though accompanied by an increase in the number of much smaller and less powerful companies that operate under their control, foretells the creation of monopoly — like structures throughout American business. In general, the major acquisitions by the sample companies were corporate organizations that were profitable and successful before acquisition. The main effect of the merger or acquisition was to transfer control and management of an already successful enterprise to a new group. Profitability ratios indicate that, in most instances, the acquired companies operated less efficiently after acquisition. Americans hold with Lincoln that "the legitimate object of government is to do for a community of people whatever they need to have done but cannot do at all, or cannot do so well for themselves, in their separate and individual capacities." Clearly merger restriction is one example of legitimate government intervention.
单选题Although Asia has recently seen the strengthening of the monsoons in most parts of India and Pakistan, the present climatological trend seems to indicate that the monsoon pattern, which is quite complex, is being
disrupted
.
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Crossing Wesleyan University's campus
usually requires walking over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can
be as innocent as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of cases the
language is meant to shock. It's not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd
references to professors' sexual preferences scrawled across a path or the
mention of the word "Nig" that African-American students say make them feel
uncomfortable. In response, officials and students at schools
are now debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression
that offend or harass(侵扰). In the process, they're butting up against the
difficulties of regulating speech at institutions that pride themselves on
fostering open debate. Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had gotten
used to seeing occasional chalkings filled with four-letter words. Campus
tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential
billboard. But when chalkings began taking on a more threatening and lewd tone,
Bennet decided to act. "This is-not acceptable in a workplace and not acceptable
in an institution of higher learning," Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking
input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The
student assembly recently passed a resolution saying the "right to speech comes
with implicit responsibilities to respect community standards".
Other public universities have confronted problems this year while
considering various ways of regulating where students can express themselves. At
Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the academic
setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider
harassing speech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring.
At a meeting held by the "Committee on Healthy Diversity" last week, the
school's Black Law Students Association endorsed a policy targeting
discriminatory harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if
there were charges of "severe or pervasive conduct" by students or faculty. The
policy would cover harassment based on, but not limited to, factors such as
race, religion, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity
(种族划分). Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools
have adopted similar harassment policies that are actually speech codes,
punishing students for raising certain ideas. " Restricting students from saying
anything that would be. perceived as very unpleasant by another student
continues uninterrupted," says Silverglate. who attended the Harvard Law town
meeting last week.
单选题The large red ants can dig as deep as ten feet to establish nests and {{U}}retrieve{{/U}} soil for their mounds.
单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}}
Large, multinational corporations may
be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater
extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the
fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services arid factories.
Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ
nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of all new
jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened
their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an
additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own. Too
many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will
overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition.
Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success
requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit
the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea
of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least
for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business
Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to
have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years
from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new
study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National
Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years
after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most
credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already
were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service
in their last jobs. Thinking through an enterprise before the
launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm's health
in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must
tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small business owners often
ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability.
They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to
acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious
service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate
their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the
seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to
save. Frequent checks of your firm's vital signs will also guide
you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the
signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps
franchise your hot idea.
单选题She just had no faith in me. It was William ______ she still had her faith. A. that B. who C. whom D. in whom
单选题The rioters headed downtown,______.they attacked the city hall.
单选题The teacher was ______ both in his marking of homework and also in his treatment of offenders.
单选题Never before had he felt himself so powerfully______to the scientific ideal.
单选题Gentleness has been considered a ______ trait.
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单选题The______of a society, club, etc, are the records of its doings, especially as published each year.(2005年春季电子科技大学考博试题)
单选题They are {{U}}meticulous{{/U}} in work, Well aware a careless mistake will cost the company millions of pounds.
单选题The career I have chosen ______ opportunities yet it is fraught with heartbreak, despair and hardship.
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Parents of wailing (哀号) babies, take
comfort: You are not alone. Chimpanzee babies fuss. Sea gull chicks squawk.
Burying beetle larvae tap their parents' legs. Throughout the animal kingdom,
babies know how to get their parents' attention. Exactly why evolution has
produced all this fussing, squawking and tapping is a question many biologists
are trying to answer. Someday, that answer may shed some light
on the mystery of crying in human babies. "It may point researchers in the right
direction to find the cause of excessive crying," said Joseph Soltis, a
bioacoustics expert at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista. Florida.
Soltis published an article on the evolution of crying in the current issue of
Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Young animals vary in how much
they cry, squawk or otherwise communicate with their parents, and studies with
mice, beetles and monkeys show that this variation is partly based on genes.
Some level of crying in humans, of course, is based on gas pains and messy
diapers. But as for the genetic contribution, you might expect that natural
selection would favor genes for noisier children, since they would get more
attention. Before long, however, this sort of deception may be
ruinous. If the signals of offspring became totally unreliable, parents would no
longer benefit from paying attention. Some evolutionary biologists have proposed
that natural selection should therefore favor so-called honest advertisements.
Some biologists have speculated that these honest advertisements may not just
tell a parent which offspring are hungry. They might also show their parent that
they are healthy and vigorous and therefore worth some extra investment. The
babies of monkeys cry out to their mothers and tend to cry even more around the
time their mothers wean (断奶)them. The mothers, in response, begin to ignore most
of their babies' distress calls, since most turn out to be false
alarms. "Initially, mothers respond any time an infant cries,"
said Dado Maestripieri, a primatologist at the University of Chicago. "But as
the cries increase, they respond less and less. They become more skeptical. So
infants start crying less. So they go through these cycles, adjusting their
responses." Kim Bard, a primatologist at the University of
Plymouth in England, has spent more than a decade observing chimpanzee babies.
"Chimps can cry for a long time if something terrible is happening to them, but
when you pick them up, they stop," Bard said. "I've never seen any chimpanzees
in the first three months of life be inconsolable." Maestripieri
and other researchers say these evolutionary forces may have also shaped the
cries of human babies. "All primate infants cry." Maestripieri said. "It's a
very conserved behavior. It's not something humans have evolved on their
own."
