阅读理解 Have you switched off your computer? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off, not just pressed the button on some control panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command? Because if you haven't, you are one of the guilty people who are helping to pollute the planet. It doesn't matter if you've joined the neighborhood recycling scheme, conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work. You still can't sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark. The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy, even though they are doing absolutely nothing. Some electronic products—such as CD players—can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running. Others may use a lot less, but as your video player spends far more hours on stand-by than playing anything, the wastage soon adds up. In the US alone, idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London—costing consumers around $1 billion a year. Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing. Thoughtless design is partly responsible for the waste. But manufacturers only get away with designing products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue indeed, while recycling has caught the public imagination, reducing waste has attached much less attention. But 'source reduction', as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don't need to use, offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds. With a little intelligent shopping, you can cut waste long before you reach the recycling end of the chain. Packaging remains the big villain. One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world, rather than produced locally, is the huge amount of packaging needed to transport them safely. In the US, a third of the solid waste collected from city homes is packaging. To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light packaging. The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives, thin-walled aluminum cans, and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package. There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up, naturally, your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup. But you don't need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents. There are limits to source correctness.

阅读理解 Our understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time. This is the easiest way to begin, for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time, and, in any case, our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting. Even where physical change is very rapid, this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequently, after years away. Most of our urban theory, whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering is structured around the notion that spatial and social structures change slowly and are sufficiently inert for us to infer resonable explanations from cross-sectional studies. In recent years, these assumptions have come to be challenged and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to theories and models, where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change. Even these views, however, imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization, where the functions determining such change are very largely routine, accomplished over months or years, rather than any lesser cycle of time. There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-by-hour basis, which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around. Transportation modeling, for example, is fashioned from this standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study, its explanation being central to the notion that spatial structures are inert and long lasting.

阅读理解 Publishing in scientific journals is the most common and powerful means to disseminate new research findings. Visibility and credibility in the scientific world require publishing in journals that are included in global indexing databases such as those of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Most scientists in developing countries remain at the periphery of this critical communication process, exacerbating the low international recognition and impact of their accomplishments. For science to become maximally influential and productive across the globe, this needs to change. The economy of electronic publication, open access, and property rights fuel current academic and policy debates about scientific publishing in the industrialized world. The concerns in the developing world (with few ISI-indexed journals) focus on more fundamental questions, such as sustaining local research activity and achieving the appropriate global reach of its science activities. The essence of the African situation is captured by R.J.W. Tijssen's analysis of publications by African authors, which was based not only on data from ISI indexing databases, but also on publications not indexed in this system. Surprisingly, half of the South African citations in the indexed ISI literature are to articles in nonindexed, locally published journals. Also, several nonindexed local journals are cited in the ISI system at about the same rate as are indexed journals. The share of indexed articles with at least one author with an African address remains steady at about 1%. About half of the ISI-indexed papers with at least one author with an African address have non-African partners outside of the continent. These figures vary, country by country, sometimes in surprising ways. For example, 85% of the papers published from Mali or Gabon involve collaborations on other continents, versus 39% and 29%, respectively, for South African and Egypt, the continent's leading research producers. Thus, much of the Africa research system is now highly dependent on collaborations. How can the global reach and potential impact of scientific research in Africa and other developing countries be optimized? Of primary importance is boosting the quality and quantity of work that is locally published, through measures including review of submissions by peers research opportunities. A proliferation of journals, short-lived publications, print-only journals, and poor distribution constitutes a picture that must change. A nationally organized project can probably make the biggest difference, with investment by government and research-support agencies, as well as wide participation by local and regional scientific communities.

阅读理解 Everyone has seen it happen. A colleague who has been excited involved, and productive slowly begins to pull back, lose energy and interest, and becomes a shadow of his or her former self. Or, a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism. What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there? Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy, lack of commitment and involvement, and continual frustration, often accompanied at work by physical symptoms, disability claims and performance problem. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization's most valuable resource—the energy, dedication, and creativity of its employees is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available. Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work. The burned-out manager comes to work, but he brings a shell rather than a person. He experiences little satisfaction, and feels uninvolved, detached, and uncommitted to his work and co-workers. While he may be effective by external standards, he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level, and the whole community begins to suffer. Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire. It's especially scary and consequential because it strikes some of the most talented. If they can't maintain their fire, others ask, who can? Are these people lost forever, or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually, the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit, and, more important, there are ways for organization to change conditions that lead to burnout.

阅读理解 You can have too much of a good thing, it seems—at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery: exercising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain 'rewire' itself and replace neural connections destroyed by a clot in the brain. But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. 'It's something that clinicians are not aware of,' says Timothy Schallert of the University of Texas at Austin, who led the research. In some trials, stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling—to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb—had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes. Earlier intervention, Schallert reasoned, should lead to even more dramatic improvements. To test this theory, Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb. Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surrounding the original injury had also died. 'The size of the injury doubled. It's a very dramatic effect.' says Schallert. Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage, and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage, In subsequent experiments, the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury. The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schallert's team was probably caused by the release of glutamate, a neurotransmitter, from brain cells stimulated during Limb movement. At high doses, glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells. And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter's toxic effects. Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, who studies brain injury in primates, agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit. In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage. Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury. Although the treatment was beneficial in the long run, Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise. Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins. He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes, like brain injured rats, could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously, too soon. Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy with a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke, says David Hovda, director of brain injury research at the University of California, Los Angeles. But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rats, he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.

阅读理解 Today this dangerous situation has been largely alleviated. Henry, a 77-year-old pensioner from East London, still lives alone and happily practices golf swings in his back garden safe in the knowledge that his body is able to cope with the extra exertion. What has altered Henry's life is not some wonder drug but a simple change in the way his illness is managed. Every day Henry hooks himself up to monitoring devices whose results are helped him to understand it and overcome its more debilitating effects. 'Telehealth has given me confidence in myself because I know my own body now,' he says. He adjusts what he does according to what his daily readings tell him about his condition. Henry is just one of a growing number of pioneering patients who are trusting their futures to telehealth. Large trials are under way around the world to evaluate the idea. With elderly populations and the incidence of age-related illnesses growing telechealth promises to give people the independence they need to remain in their own homes. It could also reduce the burden of healthcare costs. The disorder that makes Henry's life so difficult is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (DOPD), a condition that affects some 800,000 people in England. The airways in his lungs have narrowed, leaving him with severe shortness of breath and blood oxygen levels that can fall dangerously low. With his new equipment, Henry can keep a close eye on how his body is doing. He received for measuring his blood oxygen level and pulse rate, a blood pressure monitor and a set of speaking scales. Each connects wirelessly to a unit collates the readings and sends them to a team of medical specialists, who watch for suspicious changes. If the readings look bad, they call him to discuss appropriate action. Henry too can see the readings on his television, where they are displayed with the help of a special set-top box. Whether a day is good or bad depends largely on Henry's blood oxygen level. Before joining the telehealth program, he could only guess at that. Now he knows if the reading is low, he can take action. When the reading is high, he can go about his business confident that his oxygen level will see him through. 'Telehealth is a good thing for me,' says Henry. 'I know that on the other end of the telephone there's a little angel and if anything goes wrong it shows up on the television and she's on the phone within five minutes.'

作文题 Directions: In this part there is a passage in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage. 艾滋病是全社会的威胁 什么是艾滋病(AIDS)? 艾滋病是一种由艾滋病病毒，即人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus，简称HIV)侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。艾滋病的医学全称为“获得性免疫缺陷综合征”(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)。这个命名表达了艾滋病的完整概念，从中我们可以了解到艾滋病的三个明确定义：“获得性”表示在病因方面是后天获得而不是先天具有的。“免疫缺陷”表示在发病机理方面，主要是造成人体免疫系统的损伤而导致免疫系统的防护功能降低或丧失。免疫缺陷病的共同特点是对感染的易感性明显增加和易发生恶性肿瘤。“综合征”表示在临床症状方面，由于免疫缺陷导致的各个系统的感染而出现的复杂症状群。 艾滋病发源于非洲。1981年全球首例艾滋病病例在美国发现。1985年在中国发现了首例艾滋病例。全世界共有艾滋病病毒携带者和患者4990万，大多数在发展中国家，其中非洲约3700万。截至2002年，我国艾滋病病毒感染总人数已突破100万，所有省、自治区、直辖市都有艾滋病病例报道。 艾滋病的传播途径和发病过程 艾滋病病毒感染者虽然外表和正常人一样，但他们的血液、精液、阴道分泌物、皮肤黏膜破损或炎症溃疡的渗出液里都含有大量艾滋病病毒，具有很强的传染性。乳汁也含病毒，有传染性。唾液、泪水、汗液和尿液中也能发现病毒，但数量很少，传染性不大。已经证实的艾滋病传染途径主要有三条：性传播、血液传播和母婴传播，其核心是通过性传播和血液传播。 从感染艾滋病病毒发展成艾滋病病人一般可分为四个时期。第一期为急性期，是指从受到感染至血清中出现抗艾滋病病毒抗体这段时期。这个时期往往因症状轻微而被人们忽视。第二期为无症状期，也称潜伏期。除血清中抗艾滋病病毒抗体呈阳性外无任何临床症状。第三期为艾滋病前期，其主要表现是，持续性全身淋巴结肿大，而无其他临床症状。第四期为完全艾滋病期或艾滋病晚期。此期表现较为复杂，可出现各种各样的症状，如：不明原因的发热、腹泻、体重减轻、二重感染和继发肿瘤等。 艾滋病的治疗和预防 艾滋病是一种病死率极高的严重传染病，目前还没有治愈的药物和方法，但可预防。治疗药物可分为三大类：抗HIV病毒药物、免疫调节剂和抗感染药物。近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大的进展，有些新药将要上市，不久的将来一定能攻克治疗的难关，中国的一些中药亦有免疫功能的作用。目前有研究已发现即使同时使用3种甚至4种药物也不能完全清除人体内的艾滋病病毒。相反，在体内潜伏一段时间后，病毒数量还可能大规模上升。 艾滋病威胁着每一个人和每一个家庭，预防艾滋病是全社会的责任，绝大多数感染者要经过十年的时间才能发展成病人，一般在病发后的2～3年内死亡。与艾滋病人及艾滋病病毒感染者的日常生活和工作接触不会感染艾滋病，艾滋病不会经电话机、餐饮具、卧具、游泳池或浴室等公共设施传播，也不会经咳嗽、喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。遵守性道德是预防经性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施，共用注射器、吸毒是传播艾滋病的重要途径，因此要拒绝毒品，关爱生命。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒的器具进行拔牙和美容等，避免使用未经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。

作文题 Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 环境污染与肺癌 近几十年来，许多国家的流行病学(epidemiology)调查资料都表明，不少传染病的发病率和死亡率在不断下降，而癌症的发病率和死亡率却在不断上升。城市居民癌症和心血管疾病的发病率明显高于农村居民。大量的调查研究表明，癌症等疾病的发病率上升都与环境污染有关。由于环境污染对人体的作用一般具有剂量小、作用时间长等特点，所以容易被人们所忽视。往往病发之日，尚不知谁是元凶。环境污染就像邪恶的阴影，悄悄吞噬着人体的健康。 肺及呼吸道是一个开放器官，与外界直接接触，外界很多致癌因素都可以导致肺癌。环境污染就是导致肺癌的一个重要原因。 环境污染中最为重要的就是大气污染。大气污染的许多学者惊奇地发现，近50年来，随着工业和经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高，肺癌的发病率也显著提高，特别是世界经济发达地区的患者成倍地增加。例如，美国的病人在50年中，男性增加了18倍，女性增加了6倍。每4名癌症死亡病例中，就有1名是肺癌患者；每100名死亡病人中，有5名死于肺癌。就我国情况看，也有明显增加的趋势。上海市卢湾区1971年比1952年死亡率增长9.65倍；北京城区1975年比1958年死亡率增长2.5倍。从全国恶性肿瘤排列顺序来看，肺癌占第5位；每100名癌症病人中，大约有8名是肺癌。 肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，据WHO统计，每年全球估计有120万以上新发肺癌病例，死亡约110万人，平均每隔30s就有人死于肺癌。近年来，我国肺癌发病率及死亡率亦不断上升。国内外流行病学研究报告称，大气污染易诱发肺癌而使死亡率增高。 在公认的大气污染物中，颗粒物与人群健康效应终点的流行病学联系最为密切。把颗粒物对健康的危害做定量评价，近年来已成为WHO、欧盟等国际机构关注的热点之一。美国规定可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的日均值及年均值分别为0.15与0.05 mg/m3，我国1996年颁布的GB3095—1996规定PM10的二级标准为日均值为0.15 mg/m3，年均值为0.10mg/m3。1997年，美国国家环境保护局(EPA)率先推出PM2.5标准，严格规定日均值为0.065mg/m3，年均值为0.015mg/m3。 PM10与PM2.5都可增加患肺癌的危险。美国的研究表明，硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氢离子、元素碳、二次有机化合物及过渡金属都富集在细颗粒物上，而Ca、Al、Mg、Fe等元素则主要富集在粗颗粒物上，它们对人体的影响不同。PM2.5对人体的危害比PM10大，已成为环境空气控制政策的新目标。随着交通的发展、机动车辆的增加、环境的日益破坏，PM2.5污染越来越严重。研究发现，大气中PM2.5在总悬浮颗粒物中的比率逐年增加，沉积在下呼吸道的96%颗粒物是PM2.5。城市大气中PM2.5主要来自于交通废气排放(18%～54%)及气溶胶二次污染(30%～41%)。 综上，我们可以看出环境污染与我们的健康有着重要的关系。我们必须全力以赴保护环境，因为保护环境就是保护自己!

作文题 Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 全科医生培养及发展思路 随着医疗卫生事业的不断发展，人们对社区卫生服务的要求也越来越高。目前我国社区卫生服务发展还不平衡。高素质的全科医生(general practitioner)缺乏成为社区卫生发展滞后的主要原因。规范全科医生培养，大力发展全科医生培训工作势在必行。全科医生在社区卫生服务中的功能包括治疗、保健、预防、护理、健康调查、咨询及健康教育等。虽然我国全科医学(general family medicine)已经得到了普及和发展，但其教育与培训的总体水平还存在一些问题。本文就全科医生的培养和今后的发展做一浅析。 全科医生需具备的基本素质 全科医生需要较全面的知识。某些严重疾病的早期症状可能比较轻微，与一些常见、多发病表现并无太大区别。这就要求全科医生从众多的疾病中筛选可能的情况，因此要求全科医生临床学科知识面要广。社区卫生工作中，一名合格的全科医生，也应是一名出色的社会工作者。全科医生服务的对象是社区内的居民，而且有可能需要长期面对，因此要求全科医生要有良好的人际关系、协调能力和高度的工作热情，并与患者建立一种亲密而长期的友情，成为病人家庭的良师益友，而且要具有良好的职业道德。 目前全科医生存在的问题 全科医生工作热情不高。一方面与专业医生相比，收入与社会地位存在差距；另一方面工作环境较艰苦，医疗设备落后，导致全科医生的工作热情和人员稳定性不高。合格的全科医生人员不多。由于全科医学专业在我国发展历史较短，很多医学院校近年刚开设全科医学的专业。全科医生实际工作能力与居民的要求还有距离，同时社区工作也是在逐渐摸索、完善过程中，因此社区卫生服务的工作开展仍不太理想。 解决的方法与思考 制定全科医学相关领域的政策和规划、社区卫生服务发展策略和相关人力资源政策，特别是推动全科医学毕业生致力于社区群众服务的激励机制等，促使全科医疗得到健康持续的发展。以全科医生岗位培训为重点，低年资的全科医生要进行专科轮转，至少3年，掌握专科学校的基本理论和基本技能；高年资的全科医生可通过远程教育，参加各省、市中心培训机构组织临床技能培训，逐步提高技术水平。各省、市可以根据实际需要，增加一些社区工作急需的培训内容。对部分基础较好的医生进行重点培养，然后由这些合格的全科医生再去培养更多的全科医生，促进全科医生的全面提高，进而提高防治社区常见疾病、解决社区健康问题的能力，达到全科医生的岗位要求。

单选题 A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.

单选题 Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated, and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.

单选题 Likewise, soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.

单选题 All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be ______ before being used by others.