单选题The word "infringement" in the first paragraph means______.

单选题As did his______ Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World.

单选题The influence of Aristotle's philosophy has been ______ it has even helped to shape modem language and common sense. A. occurrent B. provocative C. pervasive D. persevering

单选题Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriage. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises. Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife"s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising a family"s standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family"s financial and emotional stability. Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union. Also, a major part of women"s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within the family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.

单选题It is important that novelists meet the demands of the people in general, but they should not ______ to vulgar and unhealthy taste of some people.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)

单选题If the existing rules are retained, the 20 per cent of decisions that now require ______ agreement will prove far harder to reach.

单选题Kelly fought depression, her sister struggled against violent tendencies, and their only physical touches they'd ever known from their parents were abusive .

单选题{{B}}Section B {{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Medical consumerism-like all sorts of consumerism, only more menadngly is designed to be unsatisfying. (51) {{U}}The prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness) are inherently self-defeating{{/U}}. The law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. You can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. But, as any geriatric ward shows, that is not the same as to comer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy. (52) {{U}}Extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched and politics turn mean{{/U}}. What an ignominious destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of besowing meager increments of unenjoyed life! It would mirror the fate of athletics, in which disproportionate energies and resources-not least medical ones, like illegal steroids-are now invested to shave records by milliseconds. And, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevity-the "abolition" of death-would not be a solution but only an exacerbation. (53) {{U}}To air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen-a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories{{/U}}-but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but with dissolving goals.(54) {{U}}Hence medicine's finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas.{{/U}} For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. From the Greeks to the Great War, its job was simple: to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. It performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicine's triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. (55) {{U}}Medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed{{/U}}. Yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. The task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities.

单选题There are, two opinions as to the production of light Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature, and therefore when we read. In the beginning God created heaven and earth, a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven, and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth. And spiritual nature was formed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal The forming, therefore, of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light That is to say, the light in question is a spiritual light For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God. Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses, and give various reasons. Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things; but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over, as having been created beforehand. Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people, to whom material things alone appealed, and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols. It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures;for they would have paid them divine worship, since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun, moon, and stars, which was forbidden them (Deut iv. 19) But Scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen. i. 2). One is where we read that the earth was void and empty, and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep. Now it was necessary, for two reasons, that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light In the first place because light is a quality of the first body, as was stated, and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light The second reason is because light is a common quality. For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies. But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles, so do we in work of every kind. For the living thing is generated before the animal, and the animal before man, as is shown in De Gener Anim. It was fitting, then, as an evidence of the divine wisdom, that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place, since light is a form of the primary body, and because it is a more common quality. Basil, furthermore, adds a third reason;that all other things are made manifest by light And there is yet a fourth, already touched upon in the objections, namely, that day cannot be unless light exists. It had to be made, therefore, on the first day.

单选题The Winfields are a quite Uconventional/U family.

单选题Recently the car factory had to carry out personnel ______ because of financial trouble.

单选题Unfortunately, the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake, so they had to do the whole thing again Ufrom scratch/U.

单选题The new military junto Usuppressed/U dissent.

单选题People's behavior patterns must be ______ with their goals.

单选题One key question for the next century is how we will provide energy in an environmentally sound way. As living standards rise in the developing world, energy consumption will increase. As a result, many countries are now opening the door for private investment in a sector that used to be solely the preserve of government. In the developed world too, the move is towards the deregulation end privatization of electricity generation and distribution. There is also a trend towards locally-generated energy, particularly in the developing world. Factories and shopping centers may one day have their own power sources. Progress is also being made in minimising the environmental impact of energy production and consumption. A motor car today puts out perhaps 5 percent of the pollution a new car did in 1970. We can produce clean power too— but it costs, so to some extent, in the new millennium(一千年) we're going to have the environment we can afford. The spectre of scarce or impossibly expensive energy is no longer with us. thanks to a combination of opening up new regions of the world and new technologies. Shortage is very unlikely. Environmental considerations mean there is a seriousness too about alternative energy sources that wasn't there ten years ago. Right now the fuel cell is at the top of the list of alternative technologies. Advances in turbine transportation mean that natural gas is going to have an ever-increasing role. Nuclear power may prove competitive enough to have a much longer life than many expect, but until there's a major change in public sentiment, I don't expect m see much new nuclear construction. Will the grip of oil on personal transportation continue? Sport-utility vehicles like Land Rovers and Jeeps are hardly the perfect means of urban transport. But people have become very attached to their automobiles. So until we get around to technology where we beam ourselves around. I suspect we'll continue to have them. One area which is certainly not clear is the impact of the Internet on transportation. On the one hand, you will be able to accomplish by sitting in front of a screen what you used to have to go to the airport for: on the other, increased knowledge may well fuel a rising demand for travel. We are only at the beginning of a revolution that is already being called a bigger revolution than the internal combustion engine (内燃机).

单选题He was trained as a doctor but ______ to diplomacy. A. converted B. reverted C. diverted D. averted

单选题The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a "group selection" argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930. This "genetic" argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced, by an individual carrying the genes. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females: then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an "evolutionarily stable strategy." Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game-that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing. Since Fisher's time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromosome, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher's argument, it 'should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host--the larva of another insect--and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.

单选题Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a ______ event.

单选题The ______ friend was exposed in the end to be hidden rival who had been plotting against the company's marketing in Hong Kong.

单选题3 Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and opera- tion. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist. This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty store house of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or independently of any course—simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scien tists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the rela tionship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scien tific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture. We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientif ic community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contribu tions. In discussing these changes and contributions, however, we are faced with a lan guage that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to un specified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the in adequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally. We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn't take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.