阅读理解阅读下面这篇短文，完成第16～20题。自然与人生贺麟自然在表面上似乎与人生相反，在本质上却正与人生相成。人若不接近自然，就难于真正了解人生。通常一般人总以为只要在社会上多酬酢，接触各式各样的人，就可以了解人生。他们不知道超出人生，回到自然，也足以帮助了解人生的意义。我曾说，要想真正了解人生，必须“深入无人之境”。所谓“无人之镜”，是很可以耐人寻味的境界。其含义之一，应是自然。德国诗人席勒有一句话：“人生反而把人生掩蔽住了。”成天在人群中忙来忙去的人，反而不能认识人生的真面目。所以我们这里讨论自然与人生的关系，主旨虽在教人回到自然，但也未尝不是归根于认识人生。自然与人生同这一种相辅相成的关系，稍微了解辩证法原则的人，想来不难领悟。所谓人类回到自然的“自然”，是指具体的、有机的、美化的、神圣的外界而言。这个意义的自然，可以发人兴会，欣人耳目，启人心智，慰人灵魂，是与人类精神相通的。这是有生命有灵魂的自然。人生需要自然来作育，人生需要自然供给力量。自然是人生的“净化教育”，自然是人生力量的源泉。人类对于自然感到有这样伟大的意义，乃是近代精神的特征，崇拜自然，回到自然，认自然是神圣，皆是代表近代精神的看法。对传统的精神，多少有着革命的意味。因为中古时代的人受神学观念的支起，仰望天国，悬想来世，反对世界，蔑视自然；同时受礼教法律的束缚，颇有矫揉造作，违反人性，不近人情的趋势。所以回到自然的运动，也就是一种摆脱传统的宗教和礼法的拘束，选择人性自然发展的运动，在人的精神上颇有解放革新的力量。接近自然，对于人类的身心有许多好处。这一些好处可以概括为两层意思，第一层意思是使人新鲜、活泼，加强活动、康复健康等。因此接近自然可以治疗文明社会里的好些病态，如像自杀、疯狂、狡诈，在常常接近自然的农夫、渔人、樵子，就不会多有。第二层意思是使人强健、壮旺，增加生命力量等。这一种结果，也只有在接近自然中才能找得到。就语言来说，可以分为两种：一种是矫揉造作的语言，这种语言是外交辞令，每每言不由衷，是在文明社会里摆绅士架子的装饰品，根本是没有力量的语言。另外一种语言，是发乎本心，出乎真情，基于机体的真实需要而生产的语言，虽出言未必雅驯，但坦白率真，特别有支配行为和感动他人的力量，就一个民族来说，例如一个民族，还能够保持朴厚的天真，便是有元气、有精神、有生命的民族。反之，假如一个民族，已经丧失掉纯朴的天真，只有虚伪的形式，没有诚朴的素质，专门注意仪式礼节方面的繁文缛节，这种民族，表面也许文明，实际上就是生命力枯竭的民族。(节选自《文化与人生》，商务印书馆，1996年)
阅读理解阅读下面的诗歌，回答问题德祜二年岁旦(其二)郑思肖有怀长不释，一语一酸辛。此地暂胡马，终身只宋民。读书成底事，报国是何人?耻见干戈里，荒城梅又春!【注】郑思肖，南宋遗民。本诗作于元军占领下的苏州，此时南宋已濒于灭亡。
阅读理解阅读下列这篇短文，完成21～25小题。去私《吕氏春秋》天无私覆也，地无私载也，日月无其私烛也，四时无私行也。行其德而万物得遂长焉。尧有子十人，不与其子而授舜；舜有子九人，不与其子而授禹。至公也。晋平公问于祁黄羊曰：“南阳无令，其谁可而为之?”祁黄羊对曰：“解狐可。”平公曰：“解狐非子之仇邪?”对曰：“君问可，非问臣之仇也。”平公曰：“善。”遂用之。国人称善焉。居有间。平公又问祁黄羊曰：“国无尉，其谁可而为之?”对曰：“午可。”平公曰：“午非子之子邪?”对曰：“君问可，非问臣之子也。”平公曰：“善。”又遂用之。国人称善焉。孔子闻之曰：“善哉!祁黄羊之论也，外举不避仇，内举不避子。祁黄羊可谓公矣。”墨者有巨子，居秦，其子杀人，秦惠王曰：“先生之年长矣，非有他子也，寡人已令吏弗诛矣，先生之以此听寡人也。”对曰：“墨者之法曰：‘杀人者死，伤人者刑。’此所以禁杀伤人也。夫禁杀伤人者，天下之大义也。王虽为之赐，而令吏弗诛，不可不行墨者之法。”不许惠王，而遂杀之。子，人之户斤私也。忍所私以行大义，钜子可谓公矣。庖人调和而弗敢食，故可以为庖。若使庖人调和而食之，则不可以为庖矣。王伯之君亦然。诛暴而不私，以封天下之贤者，故可以为王伯。若使王伯之君诛暴而私之，则亦不可以为王伯矣。
阅读理解既而大叔命西鄙、北鄙贰于己。公子吕日：“国不堪贰，君将若之何?欲与大叔，臣请事之；若弗与，则请除之，无生民心。”公日：“无庸，将自及。”大叔又收贰以为己邑，至于廪延。子封日：“可矣，厚将得众。”公日：“不义不昵，厚将崩。”这是《郑伯克段于鄢》中的一段文字，然后回答问题。(2011年真题)
阅读理解阅读下面的文章，回答问题柳侯祠余秋雨①客寓柳州，住舍离柳侯祠仅一箭之遥。夜半失眠，迷迷顿顿，听风声雨声，床边似长出齐膝荒草、柳宗元跨过千年飘然孑立，青衫灰黯，神色孤伤。第二天一早，我便向祠中走去。②柳宗元到此地，是公元八一五年夏天。当时这里是远未开化的南荒之地，进行贬放罪人的所在，一听地名就叫人惊栗，就像后来俄国的西伯利亚。西伯利亚还有那分开阔和银亮，这里却整个被原始野林笼罩着，潮湿蒸郁，暗无天日，人烟稀少，瘴疫猖獗。去西伯利亚的罪人，还能让雪撬划下两道长长的生命曲线，这里没有，投下多少具文人的躯体，也消蚀得无影无踪。面南而坐的帝王时不时阴惨一笑，御笔一划，笔尖遥指这座宏大无比的天然监狱。③柳宗元是赶了长路来到这里的。他的被贬，还在十年之前，贬放地是湖南永州。他在永州待了十年，日子过得孤寂而荒凉。亲族朋友不来理睬，地方官员时时监视。灾难使他十分狼狈，一度蓬头垢面，丧魂落魄。但是，灾难也给了他一分宁静，使他有足够的时间与自然相晤，与自我对话。于是，他进入了最佳写作状态，中国文化史拥有了《永州八记》和其他篇什，华夏文学又一次凝聚出了高峰性的构建。④照理，他可以心满意足，不再顾虑仕途枯荣。但是，他是中国人，他是中国文人，他是封建时代的中国文人。他已实现了自己的价值，却又迷惘着自己的价值。永州归还给他一颗比较完整的灵魂，但灵魂的薄壳外还隐伏着无数诱惑。这年年初，一纸诏书命他返回长安，他还是按捺不住，欣喜万状，急急赶去。⑤结果，他又一次被一纸诏书发送到比永州更远的柳州。⑥屈原自没于汩罗江，而柳宗元则走过汩罗江了。幸好回来，柳州、永州无所谓，总比在长安强，什么也不怕，就怕文化人格的失落。中国，太寂寞。⑦在这里，他已不是朝廷棋盘中一枚无生命的棋子，而是凭着自己的文化人格，营业着一个可人的小天地。在当时的中国，这种有着浓郁文化气息的小天地，如果多一些，该多好。时间增益了柳宗元的魅力。他死后，一代又一代，许多文人带着崇敬和疑问仰望着这位客死南荒的文豪，重蹈他的覆辙的贬官，在南下的路途中，一想到柳宗元，心情就会平适一点。柳州的历代官吏，也会因他而重新检点自己的行止。柳宗元不断地引发着后人苦苦思索。我在排排石碑间踽踽独行。中国文人的命运，在这里裸裎。⑧但是，日近中天了，这里还是那样宁静。游人看是一个祠堂，不大愿意进来。几个少年抬起头看了一会石碑，他们读不懂那些碑文。石碑固执地怆然肃立，少年们放轻脚步，离它们而去。⑨静一点也好，从柳宗元开始，这里历来宁静。京都太嘈杂了，面壁十年的九州学子，都曾向往过这种嘈杂。结果，满腹经纶被车轮马蹄捣碎，脆亮的吆喝填满了疏朗的胸襟。唯有在这里，文采华章才从朝报奏摺_中抽出，重新凝入心灵，并蔚成方圆。它们突然变得清醒，浑然构成张力，生气勃勃，与殿阙对峙，与史官争辩，为普天下皇土留下一脉异音。世代文人，由此而增添一成傲气，三分自信。华夏文明，才不至全然黯喑。朝廷万万未曾想到，正是发配南荒的御批，点化了民族的精灵。⑩好吧，你们就这么固执地肃立着吧。明天，或许后天，会有一些游人，一些少年，指指点点，来破读这些碑文。(录自《文化苦旅》，有删节)
阅读理解Manymammalslivethroughthewinterbyhibernating(冬眠).Thereisaniceproblemofdefinitionhere.Mostexpertsnowagreethatamammalcanbesaidtohibernateonlyifbodytemperaturedropsgreatlyanditswholemetabolism—includingrespirationandheartrate—ismuchreduced.Thisisthecasewithanimalslikethewoodchucks,hamsters,andhedgehogs,whichhibernateintheirburrows,andbats,whichgatherincaves.Bears,however,arenotclassedashibernators.Theypassmostofthewintersleeping,buttheirbodytemperaturedropsonlyafewdegrees,andtheycanbecomeactivewithoutgoingthroughaslowprocessofwarmingup.Bears,relyingonfatreservestokeepthemgoing,evenproducetheiryoungduringthisperiod.Mammalsarewarm-blooded,thatis,theyhaveameansofkeepingthetemperatureoftheirbodiesquiteconstantdespitethenormaltemperaturechangesoftheoutsideworld.Cold-bloodedanimals,fish,reptiles,insects,amphibians,alsohaveacertainamountofcontrolovertheirbodytemperature.Theycanwarmup,iftheyaretoocold,bysunningthemselves,orcooloffbygettingintotheshade.Butitishardforcold-bloodedanimalstokeepwarminthewinter.Foranyanimaltobeactive,itsbodytemperaturemustbeabovefreezing.Thisisbecausethechemistryoflifedependsonwaterinaliquidstate.Ifthebodyactuallyfreezes,thewholesystemisdisruptedandtheanimaldies.Socold-bloodedanimalsinthenorthmusteitherfindsomeplacetospendthewinterwheretemperaturesdonotreachthefreezingpoints,ordevelopaspecialrestingstageinwhichthewatercontentoftheprotoplasm(原生质)ismuchreduced.Thiswillmakeitsfreezingpointmuchlowerthanusual.Thusanimalsabouttohibernateoftendigdownintothesoil.
阅读理解WhenIfirstmetNina,Idislikedheratonce.Shewaswearingskintightpedalpushers,aflashy,floppytop,andsneakerswithnosocks-bizarrelyinappropriateevenatourveryinformalcompany.Soon,NinawasdoggedlypumpingmeforinformationaboutthenewdepartmentIwasrunning,whereshehopedtogetapermanentjob.Notachance,Ithought.NotifIhaveanythingtosayaboutit.However,Ididn't.Withinafewdaysshewas'tryingout'forme.Igaveheramoderatelydifficult,uninteresting,andunimportantprojectthatIdidn'tneedformonths.Ittookthatlongforhersuccessortoputinorderthemessshehadmadeoutofit.AlthoughIcouldn'thavepredictionexactlywhatNinawoulddo,inthreeminutesIhadassessedherassomeonewhocouldnotbereliedontogetajobdone.Weallmakequickjudgmentsaboutstrangers.Withinsecondsafterwemeetsomeone,wetakeinahostofdetailsanddrawratherlargeconclusionsfromthem.Wemaydecideinaminutewhetheritissomeone'snaturetobewarmorcold,friendlyorhostile,anxiousorcalm,happyortroubled.Unconsciously,weoftenaskandquicklyanswercertainquestions:Will1enjoytalkingtohimatthisparty?Willshemakeaninterestingfriend?Willhe/shemakeagoodboss/salesmanager/secretaryforme?Ifwegettoknowthepersonbetter,wemaychangeourminds.Butwemaynothavethechance.FromNina'sinappropriatedressandaggressivebehaviortowardme.I'ddecidedshewaspushy,stupid,andhadpoorjudgment.IalsohadalotofvagueimpressionsIcouldn'texplain.Itwasasifawarningbellwentoffinmyhead.Itsmessage:thispersonwasnottobetrusted:herbehaviorwouldbeunpredictable:shewasmotivatedbyapeculiaragendaofherownthatIwouldneverunderstand.Iwasusingacombinationofobservation,inferenceandintuition.
阅读理解Cultureshockistheresultoftheremovalofthefamiliar.Suddenlytheindividualisfacedwiththenecessityofworking,commuting,studying,eating,shopping,relaxing,evensleeping,inanunfamiliarenvironmentorganizedaccordingtounknownrules.Inmildform,cultureshockshowsitselfinsymptoms(症状)offatigue,irritability(易怒)andimpatience.Beingunabletointerpretthesituationsinwhichtheyfindthemselves,peopleoftenbelievetheyarebeingdeliberatelydeceivedorexploitedbyhost-countrynationals.Theytendtoperceive(感觉，觉察到)rudenesswherenoneisintended.Theirefficiencyandflexibilityisoftenimpairedandbothworkandfamilysuffer.Somepeoplemayrespondbydevelopingnegativestereotypes(老一套)ofthehostculture,byrefusingtolearnthelanguageandbymixingexclusively(排外地，专有地)withpeopleoftheirownculturalbackground.Inextremecases,rejectionmaybesocompletethattheindividualreturnsimmediatelytotheirownculture,regardlessofthecostinsocial,economicorpersonalterms.Alternatively,peoplemayretreatintotheirownprivateworld,eithermentallyorphysically.
阅读理解阅读下面的文章，回答问题母亲如竹黄时田①母亲八十三岁以后，食量甚少，行走艰难，嘴里常常念叨：我是不是快不行了?表现出一种对生命的强烈渴求。②我感到母亲已快走到生命的尽头。因为母亲从来都不曾畏惧艰难困苦，从来不会怀疑自己可以战胜一切，只有当她从心灵深处感受到自己已力不从心时，才会如此诚惶诚恐。③母亲生于上个世纪二十年代，三岁就失去娘亲，从小放牛、喂猪、打柴，下到淤泥齐腰的沉塌湖割芦苇，用稚嫩的肩膀扛起生活的重担。④我的父亲是地道的农民，他给母亲带来了情感的温暖，但贫穷的生活和偏远农村的艰苦条件，导致我的两个兄长和一个姐姐相继夭折。母亲从泪水中几死几生。一九七二年，四十三岁的父亲突然去世。那真是晴天霹雳!母亲哭得的声嘶力竭，没有几分钟就不省人事了。十一岁的我和弟弟妹妹只知道哭，完全乱了方寸，根本不知道安慰母亲。倒是母亲强打起精神把父亲安葬了。因为事情来得突然，我们十分害怕，晚上都挤到母亲的床上去，母亲用手摸我们的头，把我们搂在怀里，咬着牙齿说：宁可死做官的伢(方言“父亲”)，不可死叫花的娘，有我在，你们不要怕!她强忍着泪水始终不让它流出来。⑤有次早晨母亲突然放下了锅铲不炒菜了，我感到奇怪，紧跟到门外，看见母亲在用围裙死劲地擦眼泪。我也止不住抱着母亲大哭了一回。⑥但母亲更多的时候是露着笑容，整天忙里忙外，她学会了犁田、耙地、打糨，也兼做杂工。一句话，只要是抓得到“工分”的事她都抢着做。在这样贫穷的家境中，母亲送我们兄妹三人读书，让乡邻们不能理解。母亲有一个非常朴素的认识：人从书里乖。为了供我们读书，她一个人承受三四个人的劳动重荷，特别是在“双抢”时节，她整天在生产队里割谷、插秧，晚上还经常“抢雨”，全队几十号“劳力”，竟然只有她一个女人可以做到每次“抢雨”必到。⑦儿女长大成人后，母亲跟着来到城里。她依然勤劳，除了做饭洗衣之外，还到处开荒扩种。她种的菜从不一人享用，邻里谁都可以采摘。母亲出身寒苦，对物质生活只有最低的要求。进到城里，母亲不再为吃穿住行发愁，偶有余钱剩米，都尽力帮助生活拮据的亲友和邻居。而她自己继续保留了节俭的生活习惯。从小儿子家到大儿子家有四公里，母亲为了节约一块钱的车票宁可步行。八十岁以后，每年过生日，总有些晚辈来看望母亲。母亲把吃的收下和儿孙们一起享用，而衣物一概拒收，说是怕活不了多久，别浪费。⑧母亲待人厚道。有次在街上被一个骑自行车的中年人撞倒，人家要送她到医院检查，母亲说：“你忙，不用了。”不久，母亲发现脚已肿大，动弹不得，结果是小脚趾被压断，痛苦不堪。但母亲并不怪人，只是请人告知了在附近工作的小儿子，连大儿子也不告诉，她担心大儿子工作太忙，尽量不要打扰。后来母亲对我说：“只要把工作搞好就可以了。”一句很平常的话，但对儿女的体贴是那么真切!对痛苦的承受是那么大度!⑨这就是我的母亲!一位来自山里的目不识丁的老母亲。她今年八十五岁了，吃饭更少，难以入眠，行走吃力。她总嫌自己累赘，老要我们给她多吃点安眠药，说好解脱我们。我们说，您不能这样做，如果这样走了，别人会说我们儿女不孝，她又不再坚持，怕的是她的儿女们被人看不起。她仍顽强地吃点稀饭，坚持洗脸、洗脚、梳头，穿戴整洁，她想以最好的姿态走完自己最后的人生路程。⑩看到母亲的情形，回想母亲苦难的一生，我常常眼泪止不住流淌……一片竹林，浩瀚无边，母竹渐渐老去，满身斑点，皮色泛黄，而满园新竹欣逢甘露，茁壮成长。(选自《光明日报》)
阅读理解Womenare,onthewhole,moreverbalthanmen.Theyaregoodatlanguageandverbalreasoning,whilementendtobeskilledattasksdemandingvisual-spatial(视空)abilities.Infact,alongwithaggression,thesearethemostcommonlyaccepteddifferencebetweenthesesexes.Wordsaretoolsforcommunicatingwithotherpeople,especiallyinformationaboutpeople.Theyaremainlysocialtools.Visualandspatialabilitiesaregoodforimaginingandmanipulatingobjectsandforcommunicatinginformationaboutthem.Arethesetalentsprogrammedintothebrain?Insomeofthenewestandmostcontroversialresearchinneurophysiology(神经生理学),ithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestothebrain,malesarespecialistswhilewomenaregeneralists.Butoneknowsthat,ifanything,thismeansintermsoftheabilitiesofthetwosexes.EngineeringisbothVisualandspatial,andit'struethattherearerelativelyfewwomenengineers.Butwomenbecomejustasskilledasmenatshootingarifleordrivingacar,taskthatinvolvevisual-spatialskills.Theyalsodoequallywellatprogrammingacomputer,whichisneithervisualnorspatial.Womendo,however,seemlesslikelytofallinlovewiththeobjectsthemselves.Weallknowmenforwhommachinesseemtobeextensionsoftheiridentity.Awomanismorelikelytoseehercar,rifle,orcomputerasausefultoolbutnotinitselffascinating.
阅读理解Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericanRevolution.Infact,evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwaswon,itbecameclearthatresolvingthedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessarytopreservetheUnionitself.AtthepeacenegotiationswithBritain,Americandemanded,andgot,awesternboundaryattheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.Butundertheircolonialcharters,sevenstatesMassachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,Virginia,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,andGeorgiaclaimedportionsofthewesternwilderness.Virginia'sclaimwasthelargest,stretchingnorthandtoencompassthelaterstatesofKentucky,Ohio,Indiana,Illinois,Michigan,andWisconsin.ThelanguageofthecharterswasvaguesponsoringColonelGeorgeRogerClark's1778expedition1oVincennesandKalkaska,whichstrengthenedAmerica'strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable.Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmittanceregiondoubtedwhetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobe,aunionofequals.AlreadyNewJersey,Delaware,RhodeIsland,andMarylandwereamongthesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.Whiletheyleviedheavytaxestorepaystateswardebts,theirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutoflandsaleproceeds.Drawnbyfreshlandsandlowtaxes,peoplewoulddesertthesmallstatesforthelarge,leavingtheformertofallintobankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewareffort,saidtheNewJerseylegislature;howthencouldhalfofthem"belefttosinkunderanenormousdebt,whileothersareenabled,inashortperiod,toreplacealltheirexpenditurefromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy?''Astherevolutionwasacommonendeavor,sooughtitsfruits,includingthewesternlands,tobeacommonproperty.
阅读理解阅读下面的文字，回答问题。《牡丹亭·游园》(节选)汤显祖[步步娇](旦)袅晴丝吹来闲庭院，摇漾春如线。停半晌、整花钿。没揣菱花，偷人半面，迤逗的彩云偏。(行介)步香闺女怎便把全向现!(贴)今日穿插的好。[醉扶归](旦)你道翠生生出落的裙衫儿茜，艳晶晶花簪八宝填，可知我常一生儿爱好是天然。恰三春好处无人见。不提防沉鱼落雁乌惊喧，则怕的羞花闭月花愁颤。
阅读理解Thispastfallsemester,atDukeUniversity,thereweretwostudentswhoweretakingOrganicChemistry.Theydidprettywellonallofthetestsandthemidtermsandlabs,etc.,suchthatgoingintothefinaltheyhadasolid"A".Thesetwofriendsweresoconfidentgoingintothefinalthattheweekendbeforefinals'week,eventhoughtheChemistryfinalwasonMonday,theydecidedtogouptotheUniversityofVirginiaandhaveapartywithsomefriendsupthere.Sotheydidthisandhadagreattime.However,withtheaftereffectsofalcoholandeverything,theyoversleptalldaySundayanddidn'tmakeitbacktoDukeuntilearlyMondaymorning.Ratherthantakingthefinalthen,whattheydidwastofindProfessorAidricafterthefinalandexplaintohimwhytheymissedthefinal.TheytoldhimthattheywentuptoUVAfortheweekend,andhadplannedtocomebackintimetostudy,buttheyhadaflattire(爆胎)onthewaybackanddidn'thaveaspareandcouldn'tgethelpforalongtimeandsowere1ategettingbacktocampus.Aldricthoughtthisoverandthenagreedthattheycouldmakeupthefinalonthefollowingday.Thetwoguyswereoverjoyedandrelieved.So,theystudiedthatnightandwentinthenextdayatthetimethatAldrichadtoldthem.Heplacedtheminseparateroomsandhandedeachofthematestbookletandtoldthemtobegin.Theylookedatthefirstproblem,whichwassomethingsimpleaboutfreeradicalformationandwasworth5points."Cool,"theythought,"thisisgoingtobeeasy."Theydidthatproblemandthenturnedthepage.Theywereunprepared,however,forwhattheysawonthenextpage.Itsaid:(95points)Whichtirewasflat?
阅读理解阅读朱光潜《咬文嚼字》中的文字：咬文嚼字有时是一个坏习惯，所以这个成语的涵义通常不很好。但是在文学，无论阅读或写作，我们必须有一字不肯放松的严谨。文学借文字表现思想感情；文字上面有含糊，就显得思想还没有透彻，情感还没有凝练。咬文嚼字，在表面上像只是斟酌文字的分量，在实际上就是调整思想和情感。从来没有一句话换一个说法而意味仍完全不变。例如《史记》李广射虎一段：“李广见草中石，以为虎射之，中石没镞，视之，石也。因更复射，终不能入石矣。”这本是一段好文章，王若虚在《史记辨惑》里说它“凡多三石字”，当改为：“以为虎而射之，没镞，既知其为石，因更复射，终不能入。”或改为“尝见草中有虎，射之，没镞。视之，石也。”在表面上似乎改得简洁些，却实在远不如原文，“见草中石，以为虎”并非“见草中有虎”。原文“视之，石也”有发现错误而惊讶的意味，改为“既知其为石”便失去这意味。原文“终不能复入石矣”有失望而放弃得很斩截的意味，改为“终不能入”便觉索然无味。请回答：
阅读理解Itwasthesummerof1965.DeLuca,then17,visitedPeterBuck,afamilyfriend.BuckaskedDeLucaabouthisplansforthefuture."I'mgoingtocollege,butIneedawaytopayforit,"DeLucarecallssaying,"Bucksaid,'Youshouldopenasandwichshop.'"Thatafternoon,theyagreedtobepartners.Andtheysetagoal;toopen32storesintenyears.Afterdoingsomeresearch,Buckwroteacheckfor$1,000.DeLucarentedastorefront(店面)inConnecticut,andwhentheycouldn'tcovertheirstart-upcosts,Buckgaveanother$1,000.Butbusinessdidn'tgosmoothlyastheyexpected.DeLucasays,"Aftersixmonths,weweredoingpoorly,butwedidn'tknowhowbadly,becausewedidn'thaveanyfinancialcontrols."AllheandBuckknewwasthattheirsaleswerelowerthantheircosts.DeLucawasmanagingthestoreandgoingtotheUniversityofBridgeportatthesametime.BuckwasworkingathisdayjobasanuclearphysicistinNewYork.They'dmeetMondayeveningsandbrainstormideasforkeepingthebusinessrunning."Weconvincedourselvestoopenasecondstore.Wefiguredwecouldtellthepublic,'Wearesosuccessful;weareopeningasecondstore.'"Andtheydid—inthespringof1966.Still,itwasalotoflearningbytrialanderror.Butthepartners'learn-as-you-goapproachturnedouttobetheirgreateststrength.EveryFriday,DeLucawoulddrivearoundandhand-deliverthecheckstopaytheirsuppliers,"Idroveprobablytwoandahalfhoursanditwasn'tnecessary,butasaresult,thesuppliersgottoknowmeverywell,andthepersonalrelationshipsestablishedreallyhelpedout,"DeLucasays.Andhavingagoalwasalsoimportant."Therearesomanyproblemsthatcangetyoudown.Youjusthavetokeepworkingtowardyourgoal,"DeLucaadds.DeLucaendedupfoundingSubwaySandwich,themultimillion-dollarchainrestaurant.
阅读理解Veniceissuchastrangecity.ItisbuiltonanItalianlagoonintheAdriaticSea.Ithascanalsinsteadofroads,whichmeanstherearenocarsorbuses,notramsortrainsorbicyclesrunningpastus.Bestofall,youcouldwalkorjumporplayhide-and-seekonitscobbledstreetsoritscountlessbridgeswheneveryouchooseto.DailylifeinVeniceskimsoveritswaterways,especiallythesweepingdoublecurveoftheGrandCanalandthe180smallerwaterpassagesthatrunthroughthe118islandsthatmakeupthecity.Forgenerations,tinyboatyardshavebuilttheselopsidedboats,withonesidecurvingfurtheroutwardsthantheother.Why?Tobalancetheweightoftheoarsmanattheendoftheboat.ThisItaliancityisknownforitsfestivals,especiallythepopularten-dayCarnivalinApril.Children,teenagersandadultsdressinspecialcostumes,unusualstockingsandshoes,thendomasksbeforetheytakepartinthiscelebration.It'sdifficulttomakeoutwhoisbehindeachmask,butit'seasytomakefriendsduringthisconstantpartyinthestreets.Whatfun!Onotheroccasions,Venetianscelebratewitharegattaorboatrace.ThecitylovestheVogalonga,onthefirstSundayofMay,bestofall.That'swhenanyonewhocanrowwithoarsiswelcometojointheotherboatsonthegreatGrandCanal,especiallyinfancydress.Imaginethesight!Veniceisanunusualcity,butitisfacinganunusualthreat.It'ssinking.Sinceit'sbuiltonalagoon,theweightofthecityonthesiltbeneathitthreatensitslife."Venicetodayissinkingthreetimesasfastasbefore,at300mmpercentury,"explainsanenvironmentalist.WefeelsadaboutthethoughtthatbeautifulVenice,withitssplendidchurches,itscollectionsofartanditshappyspirit,maybeburiedundertheseasomeday.MaytheLionofSt.Mark,thesymbolofVenice,neverfacethatday.
阅读理解Thereisatalethatstraw(稻草)istheworstmaterialfromwhichtobuildahouse,particularlyifyouareapigwithahungrywolfaround.SothecardswerestackedagainstWarrenBrushwhenlocalofficialslearnedthathehadseveralbuildingsmadeofstrawbales(大捆)onhisland.Theyhavetriedtofinehimalot.Butthecaseisstillunresolved.TheproblemisthatCalifornia'sbuildingcodesmakenoprovisionfortheuseofstraw.AndMr.Brushhasmanydefenders—amongthemseveraluniversityscientistsandDavidEisenberg,thechairmanoftheUnitedStatesGreenBuildingCouncil'scodecommittee.Theywouldliketoseetheprejudiceagainststrawhouseseliminated,forstrawis,inmanyways,anidealbuildingmaterial.Itis,foronething,agreatinsulator(绝热体).Thatkeepsdownthehealtingbillshousesmadefromit.Itisalsoawasteproductthatwouldotherwisebeburned,andisthereforecheap.And—verymuchtothepointinaplacelikeCalifornia—itisearthquake-resistant.LastyearatestconductedattheUniversityofNevadashowedthatstraw-baleconstructionscouldwithstandtwicetheamountofgroundmotionrecordedintheNorthbridgeearthquakethathitLosAngelesin1994.Thereareotherstrawsinthewind:apostofficeinsuburbanAlbuquerque,aschoolinMaryland,andonofficecomplexinsuburbanLosAngeleshaveallbeenbuiltfromstraw.EvenCaliforniaishavingarethink,andmaychangeitsrulestoadapttostraw-baleconstruction.AsMr.Eisenbergobserves,"ThelessonoftheThreeLittlePigsisn'ttoavoidstraw.It'sthatyoudon'tletapigbuildyourhouse."
阅读理解ThenorthAustraliancityonDarwinwasdevastatedbyastrongcycloneonChristmasDay.Thedeathanddestructionwasduealmostasmuchtohumanfactorsastotheviolenceofthewind.PeopleinDarwinhadbecomesoaccustomedtocyclonewarningsthatfewofthempaidattentiontotheradiowarningsofCycloneTracyapproach,whichbeganearlyonChristmasEve.Manypeople,infact,diedintheircarsastheytriedtodrivehomethroughthecyclonefromChristmaspartiesorsocialcalls.SinceTownsvillewasdevastatedbyacycloneinDecember1971,theweatherauthoritieshaveregularlyissuedalarmsofeverydangerouscyclone.Butbecausefewofthecycloneseverhitthecoastaltowns,peopletherehadcometoignorethewarnings.Darwin'slastalertwasbroadcastonlytwoweeksbeforeCycloneTracy.Onthatoccasionthestormchangeddirectionandheadedoffharmlesslydownthecoast.Apartfromthosepeoplekilledintheircars,nearlyalltheothervictimsdiedinthedamageoftheirhomeswhich,despitethefactthatDarwinliesintherecognizedcyclonebelt,hadnotbeenbuilttowithstandcyclonicwinds.AlthoughbuildingstandardsinotherstatesofAustraliaweremademuchstricterafterthetragedyatTownsville,dieDarwinauthoritiesneverfollowedthenewregulations.ConsequentlymostofsuburbanDarwinwasbuiltoflightwoodandironraisedoffthegroundonpilestogivecoolnessinthetropicalclimate.AndthesidesofthehousesweresimplynailedtotheroofinsteadofbeingfirmlyattachedwithwhatAustralianbuilderscall"cyclonebolts".Asaresult,manypeoplewerekilledbyflyingsheetsofironfromtheroofs.
阅读理解阅读下面的诗词，回答问题菩萨蛮王安石数间茅屋闲临水，窄衫短帽垂杨里。花是去年红，吹开一夜风。梢梢新月偃，午醉醒来晚。何物最关情，黄鹂三两声。注：此词为王安石晚年罢相后在金陵半山时所作。
阅读理解You'veprobablyhadtheexperienceofhavingsomeonefallinlovewithyouwhenyoudidn'treturnthefeeling.Insuchacaseit'shardtoknowwhattodo.Youwanttodiscourageyouradmirer.Yetyoudon'twanttobesoobviousinyoureffortsthatyoumakeanenemyofhim.Afriendofminehadthisproblemandhandleditinthemosttactful(得体的)wayI'veeverseen.Insteadoftellingtheyoungmanthatshefoundittiresometohavehimaroundsomuch,shedevotedherselftointroducinghimtoeverygirlsheknew.Whenevershehadadatewithhim,shearrangedforthemtodropinatthehomeofoneofhergirlfriends.Afewweekswasallittookforhimtoclick(一见如故)withoneofthesegirls,andtheneveryonewashappy.Thenewgirlandtheyoungmangotalongjustfineandbothofthemweregratefultomyfriendforhavingbroughtthemtogether.Myfriendwasridofaproblemandshestillhadtheyoungmanasafriend,whichwasjustwhatshewantedhimtobe.Ofcoursethissolutionmaynotworkforyou.Youmayhaveyourownwayofdealingwiththeproblem.Butwhateveryoudecidetodo,keeponethinginmind—theboyinquestionhasfeelingseverybitassensitiveasyourown.Sotrytofindawayofdiscouraginghimwithouthurtinghim.