阅读理解DanielAnderson,afamouspsychologist,believesit'simportanttodistinguishtelevision'sinfluencesonchildrenfromthoseofthefamily.WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forproblemsitdoesn'treallycause,overlookingourownrolesinshapingchildren'sminds.Onetraditionalbeliefabouttelevisionisthatitreducesachild'sabilitytothinkandtounderstandtheworld.WhilewatchingTV,childrendonotmerelyabsorbwordsandimages(影像).Instead,theylearnbothstatedandimpliedmeaningsfromwhattheysee.Actually,childrenlearnearlythepsychologyofcharactersinTVshows.Furthermore,asmanyteachersagree,childrenunderstandfarmorewhentheirparentswatchTVwiththem,explainingnewwordsandideas.Yet,mostparentsuseaneducationalprogramasachancetoseattheirkidsinfrontoftheTVsetanddosomethinginanotherroom.Anotherargumentagainsttelevisionisthatitreplacesreadingasaformofentertainment.ButaccordingtoAnderson,theamountoftimespentwatchingtelevisionisnotrelatedtoreadingability.TVdoesn'ttaketheplaceofreadingformostchildren:ittakestheplaceofsimilarsortsofrecreation,suchaslisteningtotheradioandplayingsports.Thingslikeparents'educationalbackgroundhaveastrongerinfluenceonachild'sreading."Achild'sreadingabilityisbestpredictedbyhowmuchaparentreads,"Andersonsays.Traditionalwisdomalsohasitthatheavytelevision-watchinglowerschildren'sIQscoresandaffectstheirschoolperformance.Buthere,too,Andersonnotesthatnostudieshaveprovedit.Infact,researchsuggeststhatit'stheotherwayaround."Ifyou'resmartyoung,you'11watchlessTVwhenyou'reolder,"Andersonsays.Yet,peopleoflowerIQtendtobelifelongtelevisionviewers.Foryears,researchershaveattemptedtoshowthattelevisionisdangeroustochildren.However,byshowingthattelevisionpromotesnoneofthedangerouseffectsasconventionally(传统地)believed,Andersonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotbeblamedwithoutconsideringotherinfluences.
阅读理解ItisablowfortheUglyBettysandPlainJanes—researchshowsthatgoodlooksleadtobetterpay.Astudyof4,000youngmenandwomenfoundthatbeautyboostedpaycheeksmorethanintelligence.Thosejudgedtobethemoreattractiveearnedupto10percentmorethantheirlessattractivefriendsandcolleagues.Appliedtotheaveragesalaryof￡25,______,000ayear,the"plainnesspenalty(处罚)"wouldmakeadifferenceof￡2,500ayear—oraround￡50aweek.Itisunclearwhatisbehindthephenomenonbutitmaybethatbeautycreatesconfidence.Theself-confidentmayappeartobedoingbetterthantheyareandwillnothesitateaboutaskingforapayrise.ResearcherJasonFletcher,ofYaleUniversityintheU.S.,ratedtheattractivenessofthe4,000menandwomen.Justoverhalfwerejudgedaverage,while7percentwerefelttobeveryattractiveand8percentwerejudgedunattractiveorveryunattractive.ThevolunteersalsosatanIQtestandreportedtheirsalary.Itbecameclearthatpayscaleswerefarfromfair.Forinstance,a14-pointincreaseontheIQscorewasassociatedwitha3to6percentincreaseinwage.Butbeingofabove-averagelooksincreasedpayby5to10percent.Foraplainpersontobepaidthesameasaveryattractiveone,theywouldhavetobe40percentbrighter,thejournalEconomicsLettersreports.DrFletchersaid:"Theresultsdoshowthatpeople'slookshaveanimpactontheirwagesanditcanbeveryimportant."
阅读理解Mostpeopleagreethatthedirect,assertive(过分自信的)Americanpersonalityisavirtue,butitsometimessurprisesforeigners.Inmanycultures,respectforolderpeopleorthoseinpositionsofauthoritykeepsothersfromexpressingtheirtruefeelings.ButintheU.S.,childrenoftenarguewiththeirparents,studentsmaydisagreewiththeirteachers,andcitizensmayexpressoppositiontotheactionsofthegovernment.Ifthesouphasanythinginitorthemeatistootoughtoeat,thedinercancomplaintothewaiter;ifthebossmakesamistake,anemployeewillpolitelypointitout.SomestraighttalkabouttheAmericancharactermustincludetheadmissionthatAmericanshavetheirfaults.TheextremelycompetitivenatureofAmericansisprobablytheirworstfault.Ofcourse,competitionisn'talwaysbad.Asamatteroffact,itpromotesexcellencebyencouragingindividualsandbusinessestotrytodotheirbest.Butthedesiretogetaheadofotherssometimescausespeopletodothingsthatareunkindandevendishonest.Also,Americansadmirewhatispractical,fast,efficient,andfresh.Sometimestheyfailtounderstandandappreciatepracticesthathavegreaterrespectformoretraditional,leisurelywaysofdoingthings.Ontheotherhand,peoplefromotherculturesmaydislikethepractical,challengingAmericanlifestyle.Despiteculturedifferences,mostforeignersgiveAmericanscreditfortheirvirtues.Americansaregenerallyviewedasfriendly,adaptable,energetic,andkind-hearted.MostnewcomerstotheU.S.likeAmericans,andthefeelingisusuallymutual.PerhapsthegreatestAmericanvirtueisadeepinterestinnewideasandnewpeople.Inanationofimmigrants,theforeignerdoesnotremainanoutsiderforlong.
阅读理解Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnowcausessnowblindness.Yet,wearingdarkglassesornot,theyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyes,andevensnowblindness,whenexposedtoseveralhoursof"snowlight".TheCanadianArmyhasnowdeterminedthatglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroopsinasnow-coveredcountry.Rather,aman'seyesfrequentlyfindnothingtofocusoninabroadexpanseofbarrensnow-coveredterrain.Sohisgazecontinuallyshiftsandjumpsbackandforthovertheentirelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingnothing,hourafterhour,theyeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecomesoreandtheeyemusclesache.Natureoffsetsthisirritationbyproducingmorefluidwhichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballinincreasingquantityuntilvisionblurs,thenisobscured,andtheresultistotal,eventhoughtemporary,snowblindness.ExprimentsledtheArmytoasimplemethodofovercomingthisproblem.Scouts,aheadofamainbodyoftroops,aretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushes,creatingadottedlineastheycorsscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape;eventhescoutsthemselvesthrowlightweight,darkcoloredobjectsaheadonwhichtheytoocanfocus.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.Theirgazeisarrested.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtosee,stopscouringthesnow-blanketedlandscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatime,themencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnowblindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingasolidwhiteterrainisovercome.
阅读理解AftertheviolentearthquakethatshookLosAngelesin1994,earthquakescientistshadgoodnewstoreport:Thedamageanddeathtollcouldhavebeenmuchworse.Morethan60peoplediedinthisearthquake.Bycomparison,anearthquakeofsimilarintensitythatshookAmericain1988claimed25000victims.InjuriesanddeathswererelativelylessinLosAngelesbecausethequakeoccurredat4:31a.m.onaholiday,whentrafficwaslightonthecity'shighways.Inaddition,changesmadetotheconstructioncodesinLosAngelesduringthelast20yearshavestrengthenedthecity'sbuildingsandhighways,makingthemmoreresistanttoquakes.Despitethegoodnews,civilengineersaren'trestingontheirsuccesses.Pinnedtotheirdrawingboardsareblueprintsforimprovedquake-resistantbuildings.Thenewdesignsshouldofferevengreatersecuritytocitieswhereearthquakesoftentakeplace.Inthepast,makingstructuresquake-resistantmeantfirmyetflexiblematerials,suchassteelandwood,thatbendwithoutbreaking.Later,peopletriedtoliftabuildingoffitsfoundation,andinsertrubberandsteelbetweenthebuildinganditsfoundationtoreducetheimpactofgroundvibrations.Themostrecentdesignsgivebuildingsbrainsaswellasconcreteandsteelsupports.Calledsmartbuildings,thestructuresrespondlikelivingorganismstoanearthquake'svibrations.Whenthegroundshakesandthebuildingtipsforward,thecomputerwouldforcethebuildingtoshiftintheoppositedirection.Thenewsmartstructurescouldbeveryexpensivetobuild.However,theywouldsavemanylivesandwouldbelesslikelytobedamagedduringearthquake.
阅读理解Thereisnodoubtthatadults,andevenhighlyeducatedadults,varygreatlyinthespeedandefficiencyoftheirreading.Someproceedveryslowlythroughout;othersdashalongtooquicklyandthenhavetoregress.Poorreadersinparticularmaylacktheabilitytovarytheirmannerofreadingaccordingtothetypeofreadingmatterandtotheirintentionsinreadingit.Agoodreadercanmoveatgreatspeedthroughthetextofanovelorsimilarlightreadingmatter.Hemaybeabletoskimapage,pickingupawordortwohereandthere,andgainageneralideaofwhatthetextisaboutwithoutreallyreadingit.Inreadingmoredifficultmaterial,withtheintentionoftakinginthewholeofit,hewillproceedmoreslowly,buteventhenhewillvaryhispace,concentratingonthekeywordsandpassages,perhapsre-readingthemseveraltimesandpassmorequicklyovertheremainder.Alessefficientreadertendstomaintainthesamespeedwhateverthematerialhereads.Consequently,evenlightreadingmattergiveshimlittlepleasurebecausehereadssoslowly.Butthispacemaybetoofastforreallydifficultmaterial,whichrequiresspecialconcentrationatdifficultpoints.Atypeofreadingwhichnecessitatescarefulattentiontodetailisproof-reading,inwhichthereader,inordertodetectmisprintsinasampleprint,hastonoticenotsomuchthemeaningofwhathereadsastheexactshapeandorderoflettersandwordsinthetext.Thisisextremelydifficultformostpeople,sincetheyareaccustomedtooverlookingsuchdetails.Infact,considerablepracticeisrequiredtopractisethistaskefficientlyanditcanbedoneonlybereadingveryslowly,andbypayingcomparativelylittleattentiontothegeneralmeaningofthetext.
阅读理解阅读《谏逐客书》中的一段文字，然后回答问题。昔缪公求士，西取由余于戎，东得百里奚于宛，迎蹇叔于宋，求丕豹、公孙支于晋，此五子者，不产于秦，而缪公用之，并国二十，遂霸西戎。孝公用商鞅之法，移风易俗，民以殷盛，国以富强，百姓乐用，诸侯亲服，获楚、魏之师，举地千里，至今治强。惠王用张仪之计，拔三川之地，西并巴、蜀，北收上郡，南取汉中，包九夷，制鄢、郢，东据成皋之险，割膏腴之壤，遂散六国之纵，使之西面事秦，功施到今。昭王得范雎，废穰侯，逐华阳，强公室，杜私门，蚕食诸侯，使秦成帝业。此四君者，皆以客之功。由此观之，客何负於秦哉!向使四君却客而不纳，疏士而不用，是使国无富利之实，而秦无强大之名也。请回答：
阅读理解Haveyoueverseenamovieinwhichabuildingwasburneddownorabridgewasdestroyed?Haveyouseenfilmsinwhichatraincrashedorashipsankintotheocean?Ifso,youmayhavewonderedhowthesethingscouldhappenwithoutharmingthepeopleinthefilm.Themanwhoknowstheansweristhe"special-effects"man.Hehasoneofthemostimportantjobsinthefilmindustry.Hemaybeorderedtocreateafloodortomakeabattlefieldexplode.Buthemayalsobeaskedtocreateaspecialeffectwhichismuchlessexciting,thoughjustasimportanttothesuccessofthefilm.Inasceneforonemovie,therewasabigglassbowlfilledwithwaterinwhichsmallfishwereswimming.Thedirectorofthemoviewantedthefishtostopswimmingsuddenlywhiletheyseemedtostareatanactor.Thenthedirectorwantedthefishtostopstaringandswimaway.Butfishcannotbeorderedtodoanything.Itwasquiteaproblem.Thespecial-effectsmanthoughtaboutthisproblemforalongtime.Theresultwasanideaforcontrollingthefishwithaharmlessuseofelectricity.First,heappliedelectricitytothefishbowl,causingthefishtobeabsolutelystill.Thenherapidlyreducedtheamountofelectricity,allowingthefishtoswimaway.Thus,hegotthehumorouseffectthatthedirectorwanted.Asinotherpartsofmoviemaking,therearethosewhohavedevelopedparticularskillsincreatingcertainkindsofeffects.Forfires,thespecial-effectsmandoesnottrustthenormalburingprocessofwoodorothermaterials.Hedoesnothavetimetowaituntillargeflamesappear.Usuallyheplacesmetalpipesintheareathatistobeburned.Gasflowingthroughthepipesburnsinstantlybutcanbekeptundercontroleasilybyopeningorclosingthepipes.Allthisrequirestraining,skillandexperience.Italsoaddsagreatdealtotheexpenseofproducingthefilm.Ithelpsexplainwhysomanymoviesareveryexpensivetomake.
阅读理解Manyayoungpersontellsmehewantstobeawriter.Ialwaysencouragesuchpeople,butIalsoexplainthatthere'sabigdifferencebetweenbeingawriterandwriting.Inmostcasestheseindividualsaredreamingofwealthandfame,notthelonghoursaloneatatypewriter."You'vegottowanttowrite,"Isaytothem,"notwanttobeawriter."Therealityisthatwritingisalonely,privateandpoor-payingaffair.Foreverywriterkissedbyfortunetherearethousandsmorewhoselongingisneverrewarded.WhenIlefta20-yearcareerintheU.S.CoastGuardtobecomeafreelancewriter,Ihadnoprospectsatall.What1didhavewasafriendwhofoundformemyroominaNewYorkapartmentbuilding.Itdidn'tevenmatterthatitwascoldandhadnobathroom.Iimmediatelyboughtausedmanualtypewriterandfeltlikeagenuinewriter.Afterayearorso,however,Istillhadn'tgotabreakandbegantodoubtmyself.ItwassohardtosellastorythatIbarelymadeenoughtoeat.ButIknewIwantedtowrite.Ihaddreamedaboutitforyears.Iwasn'tgoingtobeoneofthosepeoplewhodiedwondering.WhatifIwouldkeepputtingmydreamtotest(eventhoughitmeantlivingwithuncertaintyandfearoffailure).Thisistheshadow-landofhope,andanyonewithadreammustlearntolivethere.
阅读理解IftheEuropeansthoughtadrought—alongperiodofdryweather—wassomethingthathappenedonlyinAfrica,theyknowbetternow.Afterfouryearsofbelow-normalrainfall(insomecasesonly10percentoftheannualsaverage),vastareasofFrance,Spain,Portugal,Belgium,BritainandIrelandaredryandbarren.WaterissolowinthecanalsofnorthernFrancethatwaterwaytrafficisforbiddenexceptonweekends.Oyster(牡蛎)growsinBrittanyreporta30percentdropinproductionbecauseofthelossoffreshwaterinlocalriversnecessaryforoysterbreeding.InsoutheasternEngland,therollinggreenhillsofKenthaveturnedsobrownthatofficialshavebeenweighingplanstopipeinwaterfromWales.InPortugal,farmersinthesouthernAlentejoregionhaveheldprayermeetingforrain—sofar,invain.Governmentsindrought-spreadcountriesaretakingseveremeasures.Authoritiesinhard-hitareasofFrancehavebannedwashingcarsandwateringlawns.InBritain,waterwillsoonbemetered,likegasandelectricity."TheEnglishhavealwaystakenwaterforgranted,"saysGrahamWarren,aspokesmanofBritain'sNationalRiversAuthority."Nowthey'reputtingapriceonit."Evenasuddenendtothedroughtwouldnotendthemiseryinsomeareas.Itwilltakeseveralyearsofunusuallyheavywinterrain,theexpertssay,justtobringexistingwaterreservesuptotheirnormallevels.
阅读理解Maybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather,"But,Dad,youcan'tbehealthyifyou'redead."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohecouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt—amistake75%oftheUSpopulationmakeeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearanceincarssomefortyyearsago.Thefollowingaretwoofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne:Safetybelts"trap"peopleincarsthatareburningorsinkinginwater.Truth:Sorry,butstudiesshowthatpeopleknockedunconsciousduetonotwearingsafetybeltshaveagreaterchanceofdyingintheseaccidents.Peoplewearingsafetybeltsareusuallyprotectedtothepointofhavingaclearheadtofreethemselvesfromsuchdangeroussituation,nottobetrappedinthem.MythNumberTwo:Safetybeltsaren'tneededatspeedsoflessthan30milesperhour(mph).Truth:Whentwocarstravelingat30mphhiteachother,anunbelteddriverwouldmeetthewindshieldwithaforceequaltodivingheadfirstintothegroundfromaheightof10meters.
阅读理解Languageswillcontinuetodiverse.EvenifEnglishweretobecometheuniversallanguage,itwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn'tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariationsusedbylocalpeoples.Wewillcontinuetoteachotherlanguageinsomeform,andnotjustforreasonsofpracticaluse.Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyoutounderstandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducationwilldevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailabletostudentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieveit'snolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguage,Ifearthattimedevotedtolanguageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoreexhaustingthan,say,learningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrules,andalsotocontext.Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferencetotheuseofforeignlanguages.Computersmay,forinstance,relievethehardworkthatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseenacomputertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthedifferentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.Stillmoreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociationsbeyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchofthemeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant.Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo—inFrenchorGermanifyoumisstheculturalreferencesbehindawordyou'reverylikelytobemissingthemeaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattoacomputer.AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld'spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon'tthinkforeignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportant,buttheymightbeperceivedtobe—andthatwouldintheendbe—averybadthing.
阅读理解ServiceasanidealhasspreadoutintomanybranchesofAmericanlife.Moreandmoretheinstitutionofacommunityareexpectedtoanticipate(预见)theneedsofthecitizen,andtomakepossibleahealthier,happier,richerlife.Meanwhileserviceasacommercialactivityhasleapedahead.Since1870theexperiencedlaborforceengagedinproductionofserviceshasrisenfrom25%to35%.Whetheryouwantadailydiaper(尿布)serviceforthenewinfant,acarwash(manyofthemmechanizedsoastobecompletedintenorfifteenminutes)oraclippingforyourdog,youaresuretofindit.Theyellowpagesinthebackofeverytelephonebooklisthundredsofsuchofferings.Whilethesupermarketshavebeenmovinginthedirectionofself-serviceinexchangeforlowerprices,smallerenterpriseshavesprunguptosupplyhomeservicetothosewhowantit,especiallytothemanypeoplewhonowliveinruralorsuburbanareas.Ourcountrydistrictisvisitedregularlybyagrocer,agreengrocer,severalbakers,adispenseroffrozenfoodsandthereicecreammen,nottomentiontheoccasionalsalesmanofbrushes,insurance,magazinesorcars,andthatabsolutelyindispensablecountryinstitution,therurallettercarrier.Theaccentonservicesuggestsanattempttoblend(混合)thetwoconflictingfoesinthenationalcharacter-thehard-headed(固执的)driveforbusinesssuccessandthesoftreligiouslyinspiredurgetoserveothers.Astherecipientsofsuchservicesweinturnfindourselveswantingtosupportthemall,foriftheyaretakingthetroubletoserveusitseemsonlyfairthattheyshouldbehelpedtosucceed.
阅读理解阅读下面的文章，回答问题弯腰的父亲王春鸣①已经有好几个晚上了，我从睡梦中惊醒，脸上热泪滚滚。我想念父亲了，不知道他是否在离我几十里的老屋，安然地睡着。②我的儿子小树和同学打架，失败后向人示威：“我太阳公公的骨头是铁做的。"太阳公公就是我的父亲，他力气很大，一掌下去，砖头应声断开。拍一下桌子，所有的空碗都要一阵乱跳。就是这样的父亲，除了感冒和牙疼，从来看不见他身上有病。养育我们长大的这几十年，他就像个太阳一样在无数的日子里穿梭来穿梭去，教书、挣钱、奔波……浑然圆满，活力四射。③可是，冬天刚来的时候，我回家去看他和妈妈。大清早在橘树下面，我捶了他一拳：爸爸，你为什么不站直?弓着腰像个老头儿似的?他揉了一下腰，回答我：我每天要到上午十点之后才能渐渐站直，腰椎不行了。④我装作去追一条狗，迅速地离开他。离开我弯弯的父亲。然后，隔了一条田垄又一条河，我远远地，远远地看着我的父亲，弯弯的父亲。我不想描述他的样子给任何人听，我心痛地等着十点钟的到来。我也不想问他，他的腰是何时开始这样的。问什么，难道问了之后，从前那些我没有在意的弯腰弓背的早晨就不存在了?我经常回去看他，他有时候说他血压高，半夜小便困难，我一只耳朵进另一只耳朵出，觉得那都是人家父亲的病，关他什么事。还怪他总是听信报纸和电视里的保健品广告，买了那么多没用的灵芝胶囊虫草含片深海鱼油。他常常粗暴地反击我：我不吃怎么办啊，我已经七十啦!你看好了我一死你妈还能活几天!⑤这些话真没意思。我不和他吵了。⑥父亲也来追那条狗了，狗旱不见了，我看着河里面他的倒影，风和流水将块走动的影子，割得破碎和流畅。蓝天和白云，深不可测地经过父亲水中的身影。我忽然很想念弟弟，如果他此时在，我真想抱着他大哭一场，告诉他，我们的父亲老了。⑦再早几天，我的五爷爷，比父亲大十岁的他的小叔，忽然在睡梦中去世了。穿着孝衣的父亲那几天没有任何表情，他有时候走到他的小叔灵前，看一看，不流泪，也不说话。那时我就隐约觉得父亲有点老了，他不动声色的背后藏着某种不舍与畏惧。与我感情很好的小表姑一直在哭，她的手一直掐到我的骨头里，在哀恸中用叙事的方式回忆着五爷爷生前的种种好，和她们作为子女的不知觉。最让我心疼的是她说她以为他们之间还有很多时间的，忽然就没有了，忽然就没有了呀，你知道吗?③看着五爷爷安详的模样，其实我们都知道，死亡没有那么可怕，可怕的是离别。可怕的是我们自己心里的暗暗害怕，这些都说明，爸爸妈妈真的老了，离别的日子，隐隐约约可以看到了，而更可怕的是父母自己也意识到了。父亲他买回来给我们吃的鱼更大，他将藏着掖着几十年的工资卡密码在晚餐桌上宣布了。父母和子女之间的深情，自孩子幼年而始，经历了一长段的麻木期之后，又在他们晚年，被召唤出来，它岌岌可危摧枯拉朽，炽热如地火却又隐忍不发。⑨那么，那些充斥着报纸和电视的保健品广告，来得更猛烈些吧。我感激它们，使我曾经浑然圆满如太阳的父亲，在晚年放下一切雄心和梦想，一切奔波与劳碌，尘埃落定地，做着唯一一个梦一一健康的梦。一个孤独的人，是可以通达和超脱的，但是一个父亲，一个丈夫，他总要未雨绸缪，想着将离别的日子推远一点，再推远一点。⑩我耐心地等待十点钟的到来，一切如表象般圆满。(选自《散文》2013年第3期，有删节)
阅读理解Manypeoplehavetheexperiencethatgettingupinthemorningissodifficultandpainful.Thismightbecalledlaziness.ButDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanationtothis,hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourwork,youmaysaythatyou’refeeling"hot".That'strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologuesas:"Getup,John!You11belateforschoolagain!"ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperatureandenergypeakintheevening.?Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.Youcantchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelpalot,Maybeyouresleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway,counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswontchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupsteamandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.
阅读理解阅读下面的文字，然后回答问题。文学的趣味(节选)朱光潜文学作品在艺术价值上有高低的分别，鉴别出这高低而特有所好，特有所恶，这就是普通所谓趣味。辨别一种作品的趣味就是评判，玩索一种作品的趣味就是欣赏，把自己在人生自然或艺术中所领略得的趣味表现出就是创造。趣味对于文学的重要于此可知。文学的修养可以说就是趣味的修养。趣味是一个比喻，由口舌感觉引申出来的。它是一件极寻常的事，却也是一件极难的事。虽说“天下之口有同嗜”，而实际上“人莫不饮食也，鲜能知味”。它的难处在没有固定的客观的标准，而同时又不能完全凭主观的抉择。说完全没有客观的标准吧，文章的美丑犹如食品的甜酸，究竟容许公是公非的存在；说完全可以凭客观的标准吧，一般人对于文艺作品的欣赏有许多个别的差异，正如有人嗜甜，有人嗜辣。在文学方面下过一番功夫的人都明白文学上趣味的分别是极微妙的，差之毫厘往往谬以千里。极深厚的修养常在毫厘之差上见出，极艰苦的磨炼也常是在毫厘之差上做功夫。人类心理都有几分惰性，常以先入为主，想获得一种新趣味，往往须战胜一种很顽强的抵抗力。许多旧文学家不能欣赏新文学作品，就因为这个道理。就我个人的经验来说，起初习文言文，后来改习语体文，颇费过一番冲突与挣扎。在才置信语体文时，对文言文颇有些反感，后来多经摸索，觉得文言文仍有它的不可磨灭的价值。专就学文言文说，我起初学桐城派古文，跟着古文家们骂六朝文的绮靡，后来稍致力于六朝人的著作，才觉得六朝文也有为唐宋文所不可及处。在诗方面我从唐诗入手，觉宋诗索然无味，后来读宋人作品较多，才发现宋诗也特有一种风味。我学外国文学的经验也大致相同，往往从笃嗜甲派不了解乙派，到了解乙派而对甲派重新估定价值。我因而想到培养文学趣味好比开疆辟土，须逐渐把本来非我所有的征服为我所有。英国诗人华兹华斯说道：“一个诗人不仅要创造作品，还要创造能欣赏那种作品的趣味。”我想不仅作者如此，读者也须时常创造他的趣味。生生不息的趣味才是活的趣味，象死水一般静止的趣味必定陈腐。活的趣味时时刻刻在发现新境界，死的趣味老是囿在一个窄狭的圈子里。这道理可以适用于个人的文学修养，也可以适用于全民族的文学演进史。
阅读理解阅读下面这首唐诗，回答问题古风(其十五)李白燕昭延郭隗①，遂筑黄金台。剧辛②方赵至，邹衍③复齐来。奈何青云士，弃我如尘埃。珠玉买歌笑，糟糠养贤才。方知黄鹄举④，千里独徘徊。【注】①燕昭，即燕昭王；郭隗，劝说燕昭王求士。②剧辛，战国时燕将，原为赵国人。③邹衍，战国时著名的哲学家，齐国人。④举：高飞。黄鹄举：相传春秋时鲁国人田饶因鲁哀公昏庸不明，自比为“一举千里”的黄鹄(古书中“鹄”、“鹤”常常通用)，用“黄鹄举矣”，表示要离开鲁国。
阅读理解OnThursdayafternoonMrs.Clarke,dressedforgoingout,tookherhandbagwithhermoneyandherkeyinit,pulledthedoorbehindhertolockitandwenttotheOver60sClub.ShealwayswentthereonThursdays.Itwasaniceoutingforanoldwomanwholivedalone.Atsixo'clockshecamehome,letherselfinandatoncesmeltcigarettesmoke.Cigarettesmokeinherhouse?How?How?Hadsomeonegotin?Shecheckedthehackdoorandthewindows.Allwerelockedorfastened,asusual.Therewasnosignofforcedentry.Overacupofteashewonderedwhethersomeonemighthaveakeythatfittedherfrontdoor—"amasterkey"perhaps.SoshestayedathomethefollowingThursday.Nothinghappened.Wasanyonewatchinghermovements?OntheThursdayafterthatshewentoutatherusualtime,dressedasusual,butshedidn'tgototheclub.Insteadshetookashortcuthomeagain,lettingherselfinthroughhergardenandthebackdoor.Shesettleddowntowait.Itwasjustafterfouro'clockwhenthefrontdoorbellrang.Mrs.Clarkewasmakingacupofteaatthetime.Thebellrangagain,andthensheheardherletter-boxbeingpushedopen.Withthekettleofboilingwaterinherhand,shemovedquietlytowardsthefrontdoor.Alongpieceofwireappearedthroughtheletter-box,andthenahand.Thewireturnedandcaughtaroundtheknob(门把)onthedoor-lock.Mrs.Clarkeraisedthekettleandpouredthewateroverthehand.Therewasashoutoutside,andtheskinseemedtodropoffthefingerslikeaglove.Thewirefelltothefloor,thehandwaspulledback,andMrs.Clarkeheardthesoundofrunningfeet.
阅读理解Howoftenonehearschildrenwishingtheyweregrown-up,andoldpeoplewishingtheywereyoungagain.Eachagehasitspleasuresanditspains,andthehappiestpersonistheonewhoenjoyswhateachagegiveshimwithoutwastinghistimeinuselessregrets.Childhoodisatimewhentherearefewresponsibilities.Ifachildhasgoodparents,heiswellfed,lookedafterandloved.Itisunlikelythathewilleveragaininhislifebegivensomuchwithouthavingtodoanythinginreturn.Inaddition,lifeisalwayspresentingnewthingstothechild—thingsthathavelosttheirinterestforolderpeoplebecausetheyaretoowellknown.Achildfindspleasureinplayingintherain,orinthesnow.Hisfirstvisittotheseasideisamarvelousadventure.Butachildhashispains:heisnotsofreetodoaswhathewishestodo:heiscontinuallybeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.Therefore,achildisnothappyashewishestobe.Whentheyoungmanstartstoearnhisownliving,hebecomesfreefromthedisciplineofschoolandparents:butatthesametimeheisforcedtoacceptresponsibilities.Withnoonetopayforhisfood,hisclothes,orhisroom,hehastoworkifhewantstolivecomfortably.Ifhespendsmostofhistimeplayingaboutinthewaythatheusedtoasachild,hewillgohungry.Andifhebreaksthelawsofsocietyasheusedtobreakthelawsofhisparents,hemaygethimselfintotrouble.If,however,heworkshard,goesbythelawandhasgoodhealth,hemayfeelsatisfiedinseeinghimselfmakesteadyprogressinhisjobandinbuildingupforhimselfhisownpositioninsociety.Oldagehasalwaysbeenthoughtofastheworstagetobe,butitisnotnecessaryfortheoldtobeunhappy.Witholdagecomeswisdomandtheabilitytohelpotherswithadvicewiselygiven.Theoldcanhavethejoyofseeingtheirchildrenmakingprogressinlife,theycanwatchtheirgrandchildrengrowinguparoundthem:and,perhapsbestofall,theycan,iftheirlifehasbeenausefulone,feelthehappinessofhavingcomethroughthebattleoflifesafelyandofhavingreachedatimewhentheycanliebackandrest,leavingeverythingtoothers.
阅读理解Wehavethetechnologyandingenuitytoreducethethreatofglobalwarmingtoday.SolutionsthatarealreadyavailablewillstimulatetheAmericaneconomybycreatingjobs,savingconsumers'money,andprotectingournationalsecurity.Byinvestinginrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency,andincreasingtheefficiencyofthecarswedrive,wecantakeessentialstepstowardreducingourdependenceonoilandotherfossilfuelsthatcauseglobalwarming.Usingenergymoreefficientlyandmovingtorenewableenergy(wind,solar,geothermal,andbio-energy)wouldsignificantlyreduceouremissionsofheat-trappinggases.TheUnitedStatescurrentlyproduces70percentofitselectricityfromfossilfuelssuchascoal,naturalgas,oil,butonlytwopercentfromrenewablesources.Sincetheburningoffossilfuelsreleaseslargeamountsofcarbondioxide—theleadingcauseofglobalwarming—butrenewableenergydoesnot,increasingtheshareofourelectricitygeneratedfromrenewableresourcesisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduceglobalwarmingemissions.Carsandtrucksareanothersignificantsource(25percent)ofU.S.carbondioxideemissions.Aseriousefforttoaddressglobalwarmingmustthereforereduceemissionsfromcarsandtrucks.Manytechnologiesalreadyexistingcandothis,whilealsocreatingnewjobsintheU.S.automotivesectorandotherindustriesthroughoutthecountry.Inaddition,Americanconsumerswouldsavebillionsofdollarsongasolineandreducethedependenceonforeignoil.