填空题______的变动是由于价格以外的因素的变动而引起的需求数量的变动。______的变动则是由于商品本身价格因素变动引起的需求量的变动。

填空题需求曲线是描述______与______之间的关系的曲线。

填空题边际报酬(收益)递减规律发生作用的前提是______。

填空题如果两种生产要素之间具有完全的替代性，等产量线就是一条______；如果两种生产要素之间具有完全互补关系，等产量线就是一条______。

填空题无差异曲线的斜率______零，任意两条无差异曲线不能相交，无差异曲线______向原点，离原点越远的无差异曲线代表的效用水平越______。这些都是无差异曲线的特征。

填空题微观经济学又被称为______理论，原因在于它主要研究市场机制的作用，而在市场上______是主要杠杆。

填空题在维持产量水平不变的条件下，如果企业增加2个单位的劳动投入量就可以减少4个单位的资本投入量，则有MRST LK =______。

填空题相对于劳动而言，大量使用资本的生产过程称为______技术；而相对资本而言，大量使用劳动的生产过程称为______技术。

填空题效用是指商品或劳务满足消费者的______的能力。

单选题Egyptian wine has an extensive history within the history of Egyptian civilization. Grapes were not (1) to the landscape of Egypt, rather the vines themselves are (2) to have been imported from the Phoenicians, (3) the actual origins remain in (4) . What is known, is that (5) the third millennium BC, Egyptian kings of the first (6) had extensive wine cellars, and wine was used extensively in the temple ceremonies. The main (7) of wine in Egypt, took place between the king, nobles, and the priests in temple ceremonies, and is (8) by numerous painted relief's, and other (9) evidence. The vineyards of ancient Egypt, were quite different from the modern methods of wine making today. (10) viticulture ( or wine making), ceased to (11) an exclusively ceremonial purpose, the Egyptians began to experiment with simple structures for their vines to train on, (12) found a way to train their vines so they were easy low (13) bushes, and found ways for the soil to (14) more moisture for the vines. Egyptian wine making experiments included the use of different wine presses, adding heat to the must ( the grape juice ready for fermentation) (15) make the wine sweet, and differences in vat types and materials. The (16) finished product of wine, was poured through a cloth filter, and then into earthenware jars, (17) they would be sealed with natural tar and left to (18) . The Egyptians kept accurate records of their vintages, and (19) of their wines, each jar of wine was clearly (20) with it's own vintage, and quality.

单选题Current Group, a Germantown-based technology firm, has taken over an ordinary looking house in Bethesda and turned it into a laboratory for smart-grid technology, the system the company believes will bring the nation's electricity grids into the digital age. In the front yard stands a utility pole hooked up to a special transformer that connects the power lines to high-speed Internet. Hundreds of sensors attached to the lines monitor how power flows through the home. That information is then sent back to the utility company. The process lets a utility more efficiently manage the distribution of electricity by allowing two-way communication between consumers and energy suppliers via the broadband network on the power lines. Based on data they receive from hundreds of homes, utilities can monitor usage and adjust output and pricing in response to demand. Consumers can be rewarded with reduced rates by cutting back on consumption during peak periods. And computerized substations can talk to each other so overloaded circuits hand off electricity to those that have not fully loaded, helping to prevent blackouts. Some utility companies have launched initiatives to give consumers data about their energy consumption habits in an effort to lower energy bills. Smart-grid technology takes such programs further by automating electricity distribution, which would make grids more reliable and efficient. By partnering with utilities, the company hopes to tap into $4.5 billion in stimulus grants intended to encourage smart-grid development. When he announced the funding, President Obama pointed to a project in Boulder, Colo. , as an example of a successful smart-grid experiment. Current is one of the companies working on the project. Current's chief executive Tom Casey believes the technology will help utility companies better distribute electricity produced by renewable resources, such as solar panels or wind farms. " A smart grid's system can be paired up with the renewable resources so that when the renewable source is varying, the overall load can be varied as well, " Casey told the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. " This will reduce or eliminate the need for backup coal or gas-based power generation plants. /

单选题Since the 1930s, the idea that creatures might advertise their " fitness " as mates through symmetry has been around. It rests on the notion that factors ranging from bad genes to coming off worse in too many fights will lead to asymmetries others can see. And over the past few years, experiments with animals and humans seemed to support the idea that symmetry in features such as plumage and facial characteristics influences mate selection. But no one had actually checked that the animals in these experiments can actually see the subtle differences in symmetry, typically of between 1 and 2 percent. Now the first such experiment has been carried out. The results are worrying for advocates of symmetry detection as a powerful factor in mate selection. John Swaddle, an ethnologist at the University of Bristol, performed the experiment using wild starlings, which have excellent eyesight. He trained them to hit keys marked with bar patterns with varying levels of asymmetry in order to receive food rewards. This showed the starlings could easily detect asymmetries of between 5 and 10 percent. But at between 1 and 2 percent, their performance plummeted to no better than random guessing. " This suggests that the levels of asymmetry that birds encounter in nature will often be just too small to be detected, " says Swaddle. He says experiments that linked small asymmetries to fitness may have produced misleading correlations, and says the only direct evidence that birds use asymmetry as a cue to mate fitness involves levels of asymmetry of at least 10 percent. " I think signaling by asymmetry will probably only occur when species show such very large asymmetries—and this doesn't occur that often. " This raises questions about research suggesting that humans are influenced by visual asymmetry in their choice of partner. Michael Butt of the Perception Laboratory at the University of St. Andrews, who has carried out such experiments, concedes that no one has ever checked if humans have a threshold to asymmetry detection. He thinks a conclusive test of this would probably involve manipulating complex three-dimensional images: " It would be a very difficult experiment to do " Burt adds that the abilities of animals to detect asymmetry in bar patterns may not reflect their talent for spotting asymmetries in body shape. " The visibility of an asymmetry may well depend on its type, " he says. Swaddle agrees, and is planning further experiments. " But I suspect that asymmetry is used as a visual cue less often than most people appear to presume, " he warns.

单选题Many in the Middle East have difficulty in adjusting themselves to the new situation created by the departure of the imperial powers. For the first time in almost 200 years, the rulers and people of the Middle East have to accept the final responsibility for their own affairs, to make their own mistakes and to accept the consequences. This is difficult to internalize, even to perceive, after so long a period. For the entire lifetimes of those who formulate and conduct policy at the present time and of their predecessors for many generations, vital decisions were made elsewhere, ultimate control lay elsewhere, and the principal task of statesmanship and diplomacy was as far as possible to avoid or reduce the dangers of this situation and to exploit such opportunities as it might from time to time offer. It is very difficult to forsake the habits not just of a lifetime but of a whole era of history. The difficulty is much greater when alien cultural, social and economic preeminence continues and even increases, despite the ending of alien political and military domination. Military and to a growing extent political intervention by the West has indeed ended, but the impact of its science and culture, its technology, amenities and institutions remains and even increases. As in other parts of the non-Western world, this impact has been and will be enormous. In these circumstances, it is natural that Middle Easterners should continue to assume—and proceed on the assumption—that real responsibility and decision still lie elsewhere. In its crudest form, this belief leads to wild and strange conspiracy theories directed against those whom they regard as their enemies—Israel, and more generally the Jews, the United States, and more generally the West. No theory is too absurd to be asserted or too preposterous to be widely and instantly believed. Even among more responsible statesmen and analysts, a similar belief in alien power, albeit in a less crude form, often seems to guide both analysis and policy. Some even go so far as to invite outside intervention, presumable in the belief that only outside powers have the capacity to make and enforce decisions. A case in point is the constant appeal to the United States to involve itself in the Arab Israel conflict, oddly coupled with the repeated accusation of "American imperialism. " This state of mind is likely to continue for some time, with appeals for support or even intervention to the United States, to Russia and even to the European Union. In time, no doubt, Middle Eastern governments and people will learn how to use this window of opportunity to the best advantage—that is, of course, if the window remains open long enough.

在如下生产函数下：Q=f（L，K），理性的生产者选择的生产区域应是

低档物品价格下降，其需求量

如果某一经济活动存在外部经济，则该活动的

外部不经济的经济活动其私人成本大于社会成本。

完全竞争厂商实现短期均衡时，SMC曲线AVC曲线的交点被称为停止营业点。

厂商之间关系最密切的市场是

表示在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品价格变动的反应程度。边际效用（Marginal Utility）