In his classic novel, The Pioneers, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where! Why everywhere. " he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctive American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future: the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, "Life for the American is always becoming, never being. "
If only he______quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
Both Alice's parents are very interested in their daughter's attempt______the channel.
You don't object______you by your first name, don't you?
{{B}}Part Ⅶ Writing{{/B}}
对企业而言，员工年龄多样化的重要性要远远超过性别或种族的多样化。企业需要记忆，这明显涉及其分工。【T1】
年轻人可以负责短期记忆，因为年老者记不住近期的事情；
(take charge of)老年人则可以负责长期记忆，因为年轻人尚未获得这种记忆。不过，如果我们的工作年限真的要持续半个世纪，那最好一开始就明白这一点。【T2】
实际上，我明白，自己20岁时知不知道这一点其实无关紧要。
(宾语从句)但是，如果大家都能树立起要工作50年的观念，这将会从三个方面给我们的工作本质带来积极的改变：
首先，这会减轻人们急于求成的心态。【T3】
对大多数人而言，较长的工作年限和较慢的工作节奏也许更适合他们。(suit…better)
其次，如果我们都接受了工作年限几乎没有尽头的观念，那么在职业生涯的中间休息较长的一段时间，也不会对职业产生什么危害。【T4】
第三，一辈子只从事一种工作会被看作是很古怪的事情。(peculiar)
50年一直干同样的事情，未免太漫长。【T5】
在我认识的人中，与我同龄的人几乎都厌倦了自己所从事的工作。(be tired of)
It was unfortunate, but she had no______but to act as she did.
{{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/B}}
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{{B}}Section A{{/B}}
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Oneoftheinterestingthingsaboutlanguagesisthewaytheychangeovertime.InEnglish,everythingfromspellingtovocabularyhasgonethroughmajorchangesovertheyears.Infact,toamodemspeaker,theEnglishof1,000yearsagolookslikeaforeignlanguage!ThehistoryofEnglishdatesbackaround1,500years.Atthattime,groupsofEuropeansinvadedinEngland,bringingtheirlanguagewiththem.ItdevelopedintoOldEnglish.Later,in1066,EnglandwasinvadedbytheNormansfromFrance.Thelanguagewentthroughanimportantshift,leadingtowhatwenowcallMiddleEnglish.Overthenext500years,thelanguageunderwentfurthershifts,leadingtoModernEnglish.Asthelanguagehasdevelopedovertime,manythingsaboutithavechanged.Pronunciationisoneofthemostobviousareas.Forexample,inOldEnglish,peoplesaid"hus"and"mus".Now,wesay"house"and"mouse".Thesedays,therearemanydifferencesinthewayEnglishispronouncedintheU.S.,India,andelsewhere.Whenpeopleliveingroupsseparatedbygreatdistances,thepaceofchangecanbefast.Spellinghasalsogonethroughinterestingchanges.Forexample,inOldEnglish,onewrote"riht".A"g"wasaddedinMiddleEnglish,makingthespelling"right".Also,inthedistantpast,peopledidnotalwaysfollowstandardsofspelling.Intheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,scholarslikeNoahWebsterwrotedictionarieswhichmadethespellingmoreconsistent.However,differentstandardsweredecidedoninEnglandandtheU.S.So,somedifferencesremain—forexample,colorvs.colour.Vocabularychangeshappenevenmorequickly.EnglishhasgrownbyborrowingwordsfromlanguagessuchasFrench,Spanish,andArabic,tonameafew.Thisoftenhappenswithtypesoffood—forexample,"tofu".Thenthereisslangwhichentersandleavesthelanguageeveryyear!Thirtyyearsago,oneoftenheardpeoplesaying"groovy",meaning"great".Thesedays,you'llrarelyhearthewordexceptonoldTVshowsandmovies.BecauseEnglishisspokenbysomanypeopleworldwide,itreallyisanexcitingtimeforthelanguage.JustasAmericanandBritishversionsarealwayschanging,soareversionsspokeninCanada,Singapore,andelsewhere.Atthesametime,anentirelynewversionofEnglishisappearingontheInternetwithwholenewslangandwritingstyle.Inaway,learningEnglishisanever-endingprocess,evenfornativespeakers!Questions66—70Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage.
有些人建议在所有准备工作都做好后再开始这一项目。(虚拟语气)
Everyyear,newrollercoastersarebuiltthatarebigger,faster,andwilderthanever.Towerridesaredroppingusfarther.Flatridesarespinninguswithunimaginablenewtwists.ItallseemedlikegoodcleanfununtilJune2,2001.A28-year-oldwomanwasfoundunconsciousafterathree-minuterideontheGoliathrollercoasteratSixFlagsMagicMountaininValencia,California.Paramedicsrushedhertoanearbyhospital,whereshewaspronounceddead.TheLosAngelesCountycoronerattributedherdeathtoapre-existingcondition.Thewomanhadabrainaneurysmthatcouldhavebrokenatanytime.Ratherthancalmpeople,thecoroner'srulingcreatedacontroversythatmaycontinueforyearstocome.Thedeathwasoneoffifteenfatalitiesorseriousbraininjuriesthathadoccurredoverthepriortenyearsamongotherwisehealthypeoplewhohadjusttakenthrillrides.Bythetensofthousands,childrenandadultslineupforthrillridesinamusementparksa-roundtheworld.Theseridesaredesignedtoprovidetheextremephysicalsensationsyoujustdon'tgetwalkingdownthestreet.Tofindoutwhetherridersneedtobeasfitasjetpilotstohandlethethrills,popularmechanicsaskedoneofthepeoplebestqualifiedtoanswer,CaptainDavidL.Steinhister.HeisaflightsurgeonfortheU.S.AirForceThunderbirds."Weflyvisitingmediarepresentatives,whoareeverydaypeople,inourjetsandsubjectthemtog-forcesinexcessofthosefoundonrollercoasters.Wehavenothadanyinstancesofbraintrauma,"Steinhistersaid."Asflier,wetraintohandleandtoleratetheheavyg-forces,ashighasnineg's.Ourvisitorswillexperiencesustainedg-forcesofmorethantwicetheforcesfoundonarollercoasterwithnolastingilleffect."ButSteinhisteraddsthattheyalwaysscreenthesepeoplepriortoflightstobesurethey'rehealthy.WouldAirForce-stylepreflightmedicalscreeninghavesavedanyofthosewhodiedsoonaftercoasterrides?Thatwillremainamatterofspeculation,butitdoesraisethequestionofwhethermoreregulationsareneededonthrillrides.Theamusementindustrydoesn'tthinkso,andthescientificevidencethatexistsappearstoconcur.Thelatestevidencetosupporttheamusementindustry'spositionappearedintheOctober2002issueoftheJournalofNeurotrauma.UniversityofPennsylvaniascientistsDr.DouglasH.SmithandDavidF.Meaneycoauthoredthearticle,"G-force,RollerCoasterandBrainTrauma:OntheWrongTrack?"Smithisabraintraumaresearcherwhostudiestheeffectsofautomobilecrashes.Meaneyisabioengineerwhostudiesbraintrauma."Accordingtoourdata,"saysSmith,"it'sunlikelythatamusementridescausebraininjuries."Theteamtookg-forcedatafromthreehigh-g-forcerollercoastersandinputthedataintoamathematicalmodelforheadaccelerations.Theythencomparedtheresultstoknownthresholdsforvarioustypesofheadinjuries.Theyfoundthatthehigh-estheadaccelerationsfromrollercoasterrideswerefarbelowtheminimumthresholdsforothertypesofinjuries.U.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission(CPSC)statisticssupportSmithandMeaney'sresults.Whileinjuriesandoccasionalfatalitiesdooccur,theyareprimarilyaresultofaridemalfunctionorfromriderhorseplay.Statistically,amusementparksarestilloneofthesafestplacestohavefun.AccordingtothemostrecentdataprovidedbytheCPSCandtheNationalSportingGoodsAssociation,intheyear2000therewerefarfeweremergencyroomtreatedinjuriesper1000visitsatamusementparksthantherewereformanyotherrecreationalactivities.Inthatyear,theCPSCestimates,therewere6,594emergencyroom-treatedinjuriesrelatedtoamusementparkrides.Mostofthosewereminor.Incomparison,eachyearanestimated20,000peoplearetreatedforinjuriessustainedatmusicconcerts.Andabout200,000schoolchildrenvisitemergencyroomsforinjuriessustainedonaplayground.Thelowincidenceofinjuryonridesiscreditedlargelytooneorganization.Since1978,theAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(ASTW)hasworkedwithnumerousmembersoftheU.S.amusementindustrytodraftstandardsandregulationsforridersafety.ThemanufacturersandtheASTMalsoobtainandanalyzedataong-force.Theyusethisdatatorevisethedesignandconstructionofrides.Oneimportantaspectoftheirworkhastodowiththerelationshipbetweeng-forceandtheheightandspeedofthecoasters.Thesurprisingfactisthatthereisnorelationship.G-forcesarecreatedbyhowtightlyonechangesdirectionwhileinmotion.Whenarollercoastertraingoesfaster,italsogoesthroughalargerradiusturninordertomaintainthesameg-forceasaslowertrainrollingthroughatightercurve.Andso,eventhoughadvancesintechnologyhaveledtofasterandmorethrillingrides,g-forcelevelsonrollercoastershavenotchangedmuchinthepasttwotothreedecades.Today'smachinesalsobenefitfromtheuseofcomputerprogramsthatautomaticallycalculateg-forcealongeverysectionoftheride.
Indianfoodiswell-knownforbeingspicy.Italwaysusesspices,sometimesjustonespicetocookapotatodishandsometimesuptofifteenspicestocomposeanelaboratedish.Butitisnotalwayshot.ChilipepperswereintroducedintoAsiabythePortugueseinthesixteenthcentury.UntilthattimethetypicalpungentIndianspicesweremustardseedsandblackpeppercorns.Sometimesthespicesareusedwhole,atothertimestheyaregroundandmixedwithwaterorvinegartomakeapaste.Eachofthesetechniquesdrawsoutacompletelydifferentflavourfromthespice.ButIndiaalsogainsvarietyfromthehugenumberofregionalcuisineswhichhavebeenadaptedtolocalculinarytraditions.ReligiousgroupswithineachregionofIndiahavemodifiedtheseregionalcuisinestosuittheirownrestrictions.TherewasalsotheinfluenceoftheMoghulswhocametoIndiabywayofPersiaandintroducedthedelicatepilauandmeatscookedwithyoghurtandfriedonions.WhenViennabecameagreatcapitalcityintheseventeenthcentury,Austriancookingdevelopedintoanart.ThiswaswhenthefamousViennesepastrybegantobemade.Foodandideasforcookingwereimportedfromalloverthecontinent:sourcreamfromtheSlavs,paprikafromHungary,noodledishesfromItaly.Althoughsomeofthefamouscakesandpastriesaresoextravaganttheycanonlybeusedforspecialoccasions,otherdishesarehighlyeconomical.Themeatdishes,forexample,evolvedbecausetheAustrianswereloathtokillbulls.Theyfeltitwastefultokeepthemandfeedthemwhiletheygrewupbutdidnousefulwork.Therefore,theykeptonlythecowswhichwerekilledwhentheywereoldandtough,andsotheAustrianshaveanumberofdisheswhichmakeuseofscraggymeat.Themanyvealdishes,atwhichtheViennesearegood,grewfromthefactthatsomanybabybullswerekilled.Swedishcookingwasinthepastrestrictedbyitsclimatewhichlimitedthesupplyoffreshfoodtoafewmonthsoftheyear.Mealstendedtobemonotonousandsaltedfishormeatandpotatoeswereservedmostofthetime.ButthingsareverydifferenttodaywithSwedishsmorgasbordpopularallovertheworld.Thewordactuallymeanssandwichtable,butinreality,thereisagreatvarietyofcolddishestochoosefrom.SwedishcookingdevelopedintheeighteenthcenturyunderFrenchinfluence.However,oldtraditionspersist.OnChristmasDay,hamisalwaysserved.Atthattime,onChristmasEveaplateofporridgemaybeputintheatticorcellarforthelittlegnomeswhoarebelievedtoliveinthehouse.Theporridgeistothankthegnomesfortheirhelpduringthepastyearandensuretheirhelpinthenext.PoleshavealwaystakenanintelligentandlivelyinterestingoodfoodandthelargefarmingpopulationhashadaSlavonicgustoinproducingoriginalandtastydishesfromthesimplestandcheapestingredients.SoupsplayanimportantpartinthedietofaPolishfamily.TheyhaveadoptedtheRussianborschtandtransformeditintotheirownnationalsoup.Thebasisofborschtisbeetrootbutnooneshouldbemisguidedenoughtothinkthatitisaweakconcoction.Itisnotonlywholesomeandnourishing,buthasfragranceandcolourtomakeitattractive.AllPolishcakesandpastriesaredelightfulbutamongthebestarethecheesepastries.Forasummerdishofsalad,orforpicnics,thePolishwayofmakingacreamcheesespread—mixingcreamwithcottagecheesetogetherwithchoppedradishesandcucumberandchives—isslightlyunusual,andverypleasant.'Questions56to60Fillintheblanksbelowwithinformationfromthepassage,usingnomorethanthreewordsforeachblank.
{{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/B}}
Had Dickens foreseen that his novel would cause such a disturbance, he______it.
【B1】______The Internet, which means interconnected network of networks, links tens of thousands of smaller computer networks. These networks transmit huge amounts of information in the form of words, images, and sounds. 【B2】______Network users can search through sources ranging from vast databases to small e-lectronic "bulletin boards" , where users form discussion groups around common interests. Much of the Internet's traffic consists of messages sent from one computer user to another. These messages are called electronic mail or e-mail. Internet users have electronic addresses that allow them to send and receive e-mail. Other uses of the network include obtaining news, joining electronic debates, and playing electronic games. One feature of the Internet, known as the World Wide Web, provides graphics, audio, and video to enhance the information in its documents. These documents cover a vast number of topics. 【B3】______Much of the Internet operates through worldwide telephone networks of fiber optic cables. These cables contain hair thin strands of glass that carry data as pulses of light. They can transmit thousands of times more data than local phone lines, most of which consist of copper wires. 【B4】______At that time, the Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA)of the United States Department of Defense developed a network of computers called ARPAnet. Originally, ARPA-net connected only military and government computer systems. Its purpose was to make these systems secure in the event of a disaster or war. Soon after the creation of ARPAnet, universities and other institutions developed their own computer networks. These networks eventually were merged with ARPAnet to form the Internet. By the 1990s, anyone with a computer, modem, and Internet software could link up to the Internet. 【B5】______. Many experts believe the Internet may become part of a larger network called the information superhighway. This network, still under development, would link computers with telephone companies, cable television stations, and other communication systems. People could bank, shop, watch TV, and perform many other activities through the network.Questions 61—65Complete the passage with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use.A. The history of the Internet began 1960s and ARPAnet formed the foundation of the Internet nowadays.B. In the future, the Internet will probably grow more sophisticated as computer technology becomes more powerful.C. The Internet is a vast network of computers that connects many of the world's businesses, institutions, and individuals.D. There are many uses of the network.E. People usually access the Internet with a device called a modem. Modems connect computers to the network through telephone lines.F. ARPAnet now can connect many computer systems.G. The Internet was information on virtually every topic.
{{B}}Task Ⅰ{{/B}}
Tourist: How much is that ring, please? Vendor: Only $200, sir.Tourist: ______How about $100?Vendor: I can let you have it for $180.