{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. The idea that science can, and should, be run according to fixed and universal rules, is both unrealistic and pernicious. (81) {{U}}It is unrealistic, for it takes too simple a view of the talents of man and of the circumstances which encourage, or cause, their development{{/U}}. And it is pernicious, for the attempt to enforce the rules is bound to increase our professional qualifications at the expense of our humanity. (82) {{U}}In addition, the idea is detrimental to science, for it neglects the complex physical and historical conditions which influence scientific change.{{/U}} It makes our science less adaptable and more dogmatic: every methodological rule is associated with cosmological assumptions, so that using the rule we take it for granted that the assumptions are correct. Naive falsificationism takes it for granted that the laws of nature are manifest and not hidden beneath disturbances of considerable magnitude. (83) {{U}}Empiricism takes it for granted that sense experience is a better mirror of the world than pure thought. Praise of" argument takes it for granted that the artifices of Reason give better results than the unchecked play of our emotions.{{/U}} Such assumptions may be perfectly plausible and even true. Still, one should occasionally put them to a test. Putting them to a test means that we stop using the methodology associated with them, start doing science in a different way and see what happens. Case studies such as those reported in the preceding chapters show that such tests occur all the time, and that they speak against the universal validity of any rule. (84) {{U}}All methodologies have their limitations and the only "rule" that survives is "anything goes. "{{/U}} (85) {{U}}The change of perspective brought about by these discoveries leads once more to the long- forgotten problem of the excellence of science. It leads to it for the first time in modern history, for modem science overpowered its opponents, it did not convince them.{{/U}} Science took over by force, not by argument (this is especially true of the former colonies where science and the religion of brotherly love were introduced as a matter of course, and without consulting, or arguing with, the inhabitants). Today we realize that rationalism, being bound to science, cannot give us any assistance in the issue between science and myth and we also know that myths are vastly better than rationalists have dared to admit. Thus we are now forced to raise the question of the excellence of science.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Directions: Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. (89) {{U}}Having reached the final in 1930, Argentina had to wait a while before winning the FIFA World Cup, which they eventually did on their own soil in 1978.{{/U}} The great support for the home team helped carry them to victory over the Netherlands in final. (90) {{U}}Argentina was outplayed by Italy in the opening round group games, but charged back to reach the final with a 6-0 win over Peru.{{/U}} In Daniel Passarella, Osvaldo Ardites and Mario Kempes, top scorer with six goals, they had outstanding players. They beat the Dutch 3-1 after extra time in the final. A long-awaited success Rarely has the run-up to a FIFA World Cup been so filled with controversy as the 11 th tournament (比赛), held in Argentina. Football, in fact, took a back seat as many nations were debating whether or not to boycott the tournament in protest against General Videla's totalitarian regime (极权主义政权) and its violation of human rights. (91) {{U}}Finally, however, despite a widespread call to stay away, the world's footballing nations all made the trip to Argentina.{{/U}} All, that is, except those that had failed to qualify, such as England (for the second time running), Yugoslavia and the USSR. (92) {{U}}Other "minor" footballing nations such as Iran and Tunisia had their first outings and France was back in the world's top football competition after twelve years in the wilderness.{{/U}} But for its reappearance at the highest level, the French team--coached by Michel Hidalgo--made an unexceptional comeback, beaten 1-2 by both Italy and Argentina. (93) {{U}}Michel Platini and his team-mates failed to reach the second round despite defeating Hungary_ 3-1 in their last game.{{/U}}

What makes the Quik–Fry? wok ideal for deep frying?

{{B}}Conversation Two{{/B}}

Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short news items. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer.

Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short news items. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Directions: In this section, you will hear 6 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. {{U}}We are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program—Panorama.{{/U}} It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. (82) {{U}}This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes.{{/U}} Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. (83) {{U}}It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry (采石场) and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build.{{/U}} For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe—fleetingly—individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient in itself. Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to—or feel we should try to—make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. (84) {{U}}But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media.{{/U}} The distinction to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. (85) {{U}}The organs of Establishment (代表官方),however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest (既得利益)in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production{{/U}} which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche-assumptions of democratic society ad will tend neither radically to question these cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the "stimulation" the program gives, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.

In this section, you will hear five short news items. After each item, which will be read only once, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

To realize the exact reason for one's procrastination is nowhere near for him to solve his problem.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. You might have to go back to the initial epoch printing press to find a publishing technology as disruptive. The Interact can reproduce content and distribute it almost anywhere at nearly light speed. You can call it the perfect copying machining--with an out tray to everyone. And that's the trouble. (81) {{U}}For any creator of" "intellectual property"--text, software, music, video, and so on--the Internet is challenging the fundamental notion of who owns the content and how it can be used.{{/U}} This week, the issue reached the United States Supreme Court in a case that may go a long way toward deciding what rights creators have. The issue isn't clear cut. (82) {{U}}Protect the creators too much and it may inhibit technological progress and chill artistic expression, some argue. Others say the technology and culture of sharing electronic files has made the philosophy of "all rights reserved" outdated.{{/U}} What's needed, some observers urge, is a new copyright that recognizes a middle ground between all rights and no rights to a work of art. In court, the big music and film companies "can win every single case, but they can't put the genie back in the bottle because people have discovered that they have the tools of participation," says Andrew Zolli, founder of Z + Partines Company. (83) {{U}}What the Internet has done is wrest away from a few producers the ability to sell scarce goods to a large group of consumers through expensive and highly controlled channels, he adds, such as when three commercial networks controlled what TV viewers saw in the 1960s. (84) Now everyone with access to a computer has the tools to produce as much media products as--if not more than--they consume.{{/U}} (85) {{U}}Indeed, the Internet hasn't only made copying easy, it also has helped foster a culture in which some artists create new work by literally reusing or remixing the work of others.{{/U}} Hip-hop music, built on the idea of "sampling" the beats or sounds of earlier music, is the most obvious of several examples. "The very works that we seek to copyright are built from found objects of other cultural products," Mr. Zolli says.

Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short news items. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer.

Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short news items. After each item, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the question and then the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question with three choices marked A, B and C and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single lithe through the centre.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Instructions: Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. What determines the kind of person each of us develops into over a lifetime? How much are we influenced by our home environment, and how much are we influenced by our genes? (86) {{U}}One way that psychologists have tried to answer these questions is by studying twins : identical twins ( coming from one fertilized egg, so sharing the same genes) and fraternal twins ( coming from different eggs, so sharing 50% of their genes).{{/U}} By comparing these two groups, researchers hope to be able to estimate the influence of genes versus the influence of environment on the development of many human traits, such as personality, talents, interests, and attitudes. Psychologists from the University of Minnesota have conducted several different studies with over 8,000 pairs of twins and their families. (87) {{U}}To determine what accounts for differences between twins, they have compared identical twins who were raised together with identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families.{{/U}} Their assumption is that any similarity in twins who are raised together can be attributed to both genes and environment, whereas similarities in twins raised apart are clue only to genes, since they had different environments while growing up. Their studies indicate that genes have about a 50% influence on our personalities, while our environment accounts for the other 50%. (88) {{U}}Researchers in this study have also tried to test the theory that we each develop a set of criteria for choosing a mate based on our genes and our unique experiences growing up.{{/U}} To do this, researchers compared the spouses of male identical twins who were raised together. They found that the spouses of these identical twins were not much more similar to each other than random pairs of people. They also found that two-thirds of the twins were "indifferent" to their twin's mate or "actively disliked" her. These results indicate that neither our genes nor our upbringing is a good predictor of the spouse we choose. Instead, researchers believe this choice appears to be random, and based more on whom we are near when we are ready to fall in love. Another question this study has sought to answer is whether twins become more or less similar as they mature. They found that as identical twins age, they become less similar in their physical appearance, but more similar in their abilities, such as mathematical skills. On the other hand, as fraternal twins age they become less similar in these abilities. Some psychologists are skeptical of twin studies. (89) {{U}}These critics question some of the assumptions made by twin researchers, such as the assumption that identical twins and fraternal twins have similar environments, or that identical twins raised apart are raised in very different environments.{{/U}} Some believe that, even in the same environment, there can be disparities in the way this environment affects siblings. As a result, it is difficult to determine clearly how much of our personality is genetically inherited and how much is determined by our environment.

Radioactivityoccursnaturally.Themainsourcecomesfromnaturalsourcesinspace,rocks,soilwaterandeventhehumanbodyitself.Thisiscalledbackgroundradiationandlevelsvaryfromplacetoplace,thoughtheaveragedoseisfairlyconstant.Theradiationwhichisofmostconcernisartificialradiationwhichresultsfromhumanactivities.Sourcesofthisincludethemedicaluseofradioactivematerials,falloutandcontaminationfromnuclearbombtests,dischargesfromthenuclearindustry,andthestorageanddumpingofradioactivewaste.Whileartificialradiationaccountsforasmallproportionofthetotal,itseffectscanbedisproportionate.Someoftheradioactivematerialsdischargedbyhumanactivityarenotfoundinnature,suchasplutonium(钚)whileotherswhicharefoundnaturallymaybedischargedindifferentphysicalandchemicalforms,allowingthemtospreadmorereadilyintotheenvironment,orperhapsaccumulateinthefood-chain.Manyoftheelementswhichourbodiesneedareproducedbythenuclearindustryasradioactiveisotopesorvariants.Someofthesearereleasedintotheenvironment,forexampleiodineandcarbon,twocommonelementsusedbyourbodies.Ourbodiesdonotknowthedifferencebetweenanelementwhichisradioactiveandonewhichisnot.Soradioactiveelementscanbeabsorbedintolivingtissues,bonesorthebleed,wheretheycontinuetogiveoffradiation.Radioactivestrontiumbehaveslikecalcium—anessentialingredientinourbones—inourbodies.Strontiumdepositsinthebonessendradioactivityintothebonemarrow,wherethebloodcellsareformed,causingleukemia.Inmostcases,celldeathonlybecomessignificantwhenlargenumbersofcellsarekilled,andtheeffectsofcelldeaththereforeonlybecomeapparentatcomparativelyhighdoselevels.Ifadamagedcellisabletosurvivearadiationdose,thesituationisdifferent.Inmanycasestheeffectofthecelldamagemayneverbecomeapparent.Afewmalfunctioningcellwillnotsignificantlyaffectanorganwherethelargemajorityarestillbehavingnormally.However,iftheaffectedcellisagermcellwithintheovariesortests,thesituationisdifferent.IonizingradiationcandamageDNA,themoleculewhichactsasthecell's"instructionbook".Ifthatgermcelllaterformsachild,allofthechild'scellswillcarrythesamedefect.ThelocalizedchemicalalterationofDNAinasinglecellmaybeexpressedasaninheritedabnormalityinoneormanyfuturegenerations.Inthesamewaythatasomaticcell(体细胞)inbodytissueischangedinsuchawaythatitoritsdescendantsescapethecontrolprocesseswhichnormallycontrolcellreplication,thegroupofcellsformedmaycontinuetohaveaselectiveadvantageingrowthoversurroundingtissue.Itmayultimatelyincreasesufficientlyinsizetoformadetectablecancerandinsomecasescausedeathbyspreadinglocallyortootherpartsofthebody,Whilethereisnowbroadagreementabouttheeffectsofhigh-levelradiation,thereiscontroversyoverthelong-termeffectoflow-leveldoses.Thisiscomplicatedbythelengthoftimeittakesforeffectstoshowup,thefactthatthepopulationsbeingstudiedaresmallandexactdosesarehardtocalculate.Allthatcanbesaidisthatpredictionsmadeabouttheeffectsofagivendosevary.Agrowingnumberofscientistspointtoevidencethatthereisadisproportionatelyhighriskfromlowdosesofradiation.Othersassumeadirectlyproportionatelinkbetweenthereceiveddoseandtheriskofcancerforalllevelsofdose,whiletherearesome/whoclaimthatatlowdosesthereisadisproportionatelylowlevelofrisk.Markeachstatementaseithertrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.

{{B}}Conversation Two{{/B}}

In this section, you will hear two interviews. Each interview will be read only once. At the end of each interview, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre. {{B}}Interview One{{/B}}

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Directions: In this section，you will hear 6 short conversations．At the end of each conversation，a question will be asked about what was said．Both the conversation and the question will be read only once．After each question，there will be a．pause．During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A，B and G and decide which is the best answer．