Morethanhalftheadultpopulationclaimstobesufferingfromit.Itmakesustense,irritableandaffectsoursconcentration.Worse,itdamagesourhealth,causingeverythingfromheartattackstoasthma,fromchronicfatiguetospots.Cynicsarequicktodismissthephenomenonasfashionablehype.Andtheyhaveapoint.Afterall,weareliveslongerlivesthananygenerationbeforeus.Mostofushavemorecash,moreholidays,moreconsumerdurables,andmorechoicesinourlivesthaneverbefore.{{U}}Facedwiththehistoricalevidenceofhumansurvival,trimuphandevenhappiness,againstfargreateroddsthanweexperiencetoday,talkofstress,themodemdisease,justsoundslikewhingeing(诉苦、埋怨){{/U}}.Yetformanypeoplestressisrealenough.Theeffectsofsuddenandshockingeventsonphysicalandmentalhealthhavebeenwelldocumented.But,crisesarenottheonlythingstodamageourhealth.ProfessorBenFletcher,psychologistandDeanoftheBusinessSchoolattheUniversityofHertfordshire,arguesthattheworkpeopledohasahugeeffectontheirriskofphysicaldisease.{{U}}Highdemands,combinedwithlowcontrol,lackofsupport,andespeciallymonotonouswork,arestressfulandincreaseourchanceofanearlydeath.{{/U}}Butdoseitmakesensetosweepalltheseconditionsunderonetitle,"stress"?AccordingtoCarryCooper,ProfessorofOrganizationalPsychologyattheUniversityofManchester,it'sanumbrellaconcept.Whilecause,contextandresponseallvary,theunderlyingmodelisthesame.HansSelye,founderofmodemresearchintostress,describeditas"therateofwearandtearonthebody".Theanalogyemergesoutofphysics.Subjectabridgetorepeatedstress-perhapsthewavesagainstthepillars,orsteadyvibrationsfromsoldiersmarchingacrossitinstep-anditwillstarttoexhibitstrain.Butstressisnotentirelymalign.Acertainamountofpressure-ProfessorCooperdistinguishespressurefromstress-andwethrive.Wekeepgoing,wekeepinterestedintheworld,westayalive.Toomuchandwegettense,troubled,breathlessandrundown.Sostressisreal.Theanswertoourcynicswhopointtohistoricalevidenceisthatourancestorssufferedfromstresstoo.RichardNapier,asixteenthcenturyphysician,recordedthataroundathirdofhispatientswere"troubleinthemind".Wearenomorewimpishthanourforebears,thestresstheysufferedprobablycontributingtotheirillhealthandlowerlifeexpectancy.Ofcoursethestresseswefacetodaymaygenuinelybegreaterformanypeoplethanthirtyyearsago.ProfessorCooperarguesthatwehavelesssupporttodaytohelpusdealwiththeinevitablestressesthatarise.Wenolongerhavethecommunitiesandextendedfamiliesthatactedasnaturalsourcesofmoralsupport.Socounselingnetworksandserviceshavehadtogrowintheirplace.Butthebigtestiswhetherourfutureswillbeconsistentlymorestressfulthanourpast,howwillhumanbeingsmanagetoadapttochange?Nooneknows,buttheacademicslookforwardtofindingout.Markeachstatementaseithertrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Directions: Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. (92) {{U}}A REPORT this week that will allow British scientists to take the first steps down the road of human cloning is likely to draw widespread protest.{{/U}} The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and the Human Genetics Advisory Commission (HGAC) have been consulting on the ethics of cloning since January. (93) {{U}}On Tuesday they published their conclusions, firmly opposing the cloning of a human child in place of the normal means of reproduction,{{/U}} but leaving the door open for cloning human material for therapeutic purposes. Scientists and ethicists have been pondering the possibilities with increased urgency ever since Dolly, the cloned sheep, was created nearly two years ago. The HFEA/HGAC wants to anticipate what may be possible in 10 years time so that the debate will precede the technology. (94) {{U}}The report proposes leaving the door open ,but insists that scientists will have many hurdles(障碍) to cross if they seek permission to experiment in this area.{{/U}} It expects to be asked to permit the cloning of an embryo of perhaps eight to 10 days growth. (95) {{U}}The procedure would be to remove a cell from the skin of a human being and fuse its nucleus into a human egg from which the nucleus has been removed.{{/U}} The embryo would develop in a test tube to the point where a line of stem cells--the basic cells which have the potential to become any part of the human body, whether brain, kidney or leg--have developed. The material could then be frozen and stored for later use. (96) {{U}}Medical opinion is in favour of proceeding with cloning in the hope of helping the sufferers of diseases such as Parkinson's.{{/U}}

In this section, you will hear five short news items. After each item, which will be read only once, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

TheyJustCan'tHelpItWhatkindofbraindoyouhave?SimonBaron-Cohen,whohasdoneintensiveresearch,saystherearereallybigdifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalebrains.Mytheoryisthatthefemalebrainismainlybuiltforempathy(E),theabilitytounderstandotherpeople,andthatthemalebrainismainlybuiltforunderstandingandbuildingsystems(S).Accordingtothistheory,therearethreebraintypes:theEbrain,theS-brainandthe"balancedbrain"whichhasbothabilitiesempathyandsystems-thinking(theabilitytounderstandhowthingswork).ItisimportanttostressthatnotallwomenhavetheE-brain,andnotallmenhavetheS-brain.Butgenerally,therearecleardifferences.Forexample,womentendtochoosedifferentthingstoreadontherailwayplatformorintheairportdeparturelounge.(69)Theyaremorelikelytogoformagazinesonfashion,romance,beauty,counselingandparenting.Menaremorelikelytochoosemagazinesthatfeaturecomputers,cars,photography,sportandtheoutdoors.Youmaythinkthatthesepreferencesareinsomewayinfluencedbypeople'supbringing.However,thereisscientificevidencetosuggestthatthisisnotthecase.AstudycardedoutinthelabatCambridgeUniversityshowsthatnewborngirlslooklongerataface,andnewbornboyslooklongeratamechanicalmobile,whichsuggeststhatcertaindifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalebrainsarebiological.(70)Ithasalsobeenobservedthatbabygirlsasyoungas12monthsoldrespondmorestronglytootherpeople'semotionalproblems.Teenagegirlsandwomenspendmoretimecomfortingfriendswhohaveproblems.Womenarealsomoresensitivetofacialexpressions.Theyarebetteratnoticingsubtlesignsofchangesinotherpeople'sfeelingsorjudgingaperson'scharacter.Boys,fromanearlyageonwards,seemtoloveputtingthingstogether,buildingtoytowersortownsorvehicles.Boysalsoenjoyplayingwithtoyswhichhaveclearfunctions,whichhavebuttonstopress,thingsthatlightup,ordevicesthatwillcauseanotherobjecttomove.Youseethesamesortofpatternintheadultworkplace.Peoplewhosejobsareinmetal-workingortheconstructionindustriesarealmostentirelymale.Mathematics,physicsandengineering,whichrequirehighlevelsofsystems-thinking,arealsolargelymale-chosendisciplines.SomepeoplemayworrythatIamsuggestingthatonegenderisbetterthantheother,butthisisnotthecase.Thetheorysaysthat,onthewhole,malesandfemalesdifferinthekindofthingsthattheyareinterestedinandthattheyfindeasy,butthatbothgendershavetheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Neithergenderissuperioroverall.Othersmayworrythatatheorylikethiscreatesgenderstereotypes,whichisnottrue,either.Thestudysimplylooksatmalesandfemalesastwogroups,andaskswhatdifferencesexist,andwhytheyarethere.

{{B}}Section A{{/B}} Directions: Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. (94) {{U}}Digital photography is still new enough that most of us have yet to form an opinion about it, much less develop a point of view.{{/U}} But this hasn't stopped many film and computer buffs from agreeing on the early conventional wisdom about digital cameras--they're neat peripherals for your PC, but they're not suitable for everyday picture-taking. The buffs are wrong: the smart money is on digital cameras--or soon will be. (95) {{U}}The latest digital cameras cost hundreds, not thousands, of dollars and they more closely emulate the picture quality we've come to expect from film cameras.{{/U}} But more than anything else, digital cameras are radically redefining what photography means and what it can be. Film and prints are not going away any time soon. (96) {{U}}But even with improvements the venerable medium of photography as we know it is beginning to seem out of step with the way we live.{{/U}} In our computer and camcorder culture, saving pictures as digital files and watching them on TV is for millions of Americans no less practical--and in many ways a lot more appealing--than fumbling with rolls of film that must be sent off to be developed. Paper is also terribly unforgiving. (97) {{U}}Pictures that are incorrectly framed, focused, or lighted are nonetheless committed to film and ultimately processed into prints.{{/U}} The digital medium changes the rules. Still images that are captured digitally (with light sensitive semiconductors known as a charge-coupled devices, or CCDs) can immediately be shown on a computer monitor, a TV screen, or a small liquid-crystal display (LCD) built right into the camera. (98) {{U}}And since the points of light that constitute an image are saved as a series of digital bits in electronic memory, rather than being permanently etched onto film, they can be erased, retouched, and transmitted online.{{/U}}

Which language is the only member of its language family?

In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.{{B}}Conversation One{{/B}}

Y(for Yes) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage. The Outdoor Centre Opening times Water sports: 10 am-6 pm Play Park: 10 am-5:30 pm Entrance/Car park fees Low season: Weekdays ￡2.00 per car Weekends ￡3.00 per car High season: 23 July-11 September Weekdays and weekends ￡3.00 per car Fees are for cars with four people. Each extra person is 50p. Fees to be paid at the main orifice. The center is not a private club; it is an organization whose aim is to provide outdoor sports and recreation facilities for the public. Group visitors are requested to inform the center in advance of their intended visit. Windsurfing-One-day course Beginner windsurfing course is offered on Saturdays and Sundays when the weather is good enough. Learning to windsurf is a lot of fun. The excitement when you sail across the water for the first time is not easily forgotten. Boards with small sails are available for beginners. Course fee: ￡32.50(this includes all equipment) One-day adventure course This is an opportunity you have been waiting for. Come and try sailing, climbing, surfing and archery. This course is intended to introduce outdoor activities to adults in a fun, leisurely manner. You do not need to be extremely fit or to have had previous experience of the activities. All you need is to be interested. Course fee: ￡22.50 Play Park The Play Park is suitable for children from two to ten years of age. It is one of the best of its type in the country. It has sand and water play, slides, large ball pool, play castle and much, much more. Next year the center will open a new Play Palace and Play Ship. Summer adventure holidays(for 14-18 years of age) Sailing Climbing Windsurfing Fun Games Statement: Safety is of primary importance at the Outdoor Center. All staff members are fully trained in First Aid, and qualified to teach the activities on offer. We also make certain that all children only take part in activities that are suitable for their age and physical abilities. For this programme children must be able to swim 25 metres and be in good physical health. Statements:

In this section, you will hear five short news items. After each item, which will be read only once, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

ST.LOUIS-It'snosecretthatraisingchildren'canbeexpensive,buthowaboutaquarterofamilliondollarsexpensive?AgovernmentreportreleasedTuesdaysaidamiddle-incomefamilywithachildbornlastyearwillspendabout＄221,000raisingthatchilduntiltheageof17.ThereportbytheUSDepartmentofAgriculture'sCenterforNutritionPolicyandPromotionidentifiedhousingasthelargestsingleexpense,followedbyfoodandchildcare/educationcosts.The＄221,000inexpensesrisestoabout＄292,000whenadjustedforinflation.USDAeconomistMarkLino,whoco-authoredthereportwithAndreaCarlson,oftenhearspeoplesaychildrencostalotwhentheannualfindingsareissued."Itellthemchildrenalsohavemanybenefits,soyouhavetokeepthatinmind,"hesaid.Familieswithmoreincomespendmoreonchild-relatedcosts,thereportsaid.Afamilythatearnslessthan＄57,000annuallywillspendabout＄160,000onachildfrombirthuntiltheendofhighschool.Thosewithanincomebetween＄57,000and＄99,000spendabout＄221,000,andthosewithhigherincomesspendroughly＄367.000.CostsofraisingachildarehighestintheurbanNortheastandlowestintheurbanSouthandruralareas.TheUSDAreporthelpscourtsandstatesdeterminechild-supportguidelinesandfoster-carepayments.Itdoesnotaddresscostsspecificallyrelatedtochildbearingandpayingforcollege.Oneofthelargestchangesovertimehasbeentheincreaseincostsrelatedtocareforyoungchildren.Thereportfirstwasissuedin1960,whensuchcostswerelargelynegligible,butwithmoreworkingfamiliesturningtooutsidehelpwithchildcare,ithasgrowntobeasignificantexpenseformanyfamilies.Thereportdoesnotgivetotalcostsrelatedtoearlychildcare.RabenAndrews,amotherofthreeinStLouis,saidthegovernmentfiguressoundedrighttoher."Well,that'snothalfofit,"the42-year-oldschoolteacherjoked."Istillhavetoputthelittiedevilsthroughcollege."Questions5to9Answerthefollowingquestionswiththeinformationgiveninthepassageinamaximumof10wordsforeachquestion.

Formanyadults,atypicalworkdaymightbeasfollows:Thealarmgoesoffat6:00am.Youdressyourselfinexpensiveworkclothes,gobbledownbreakfast,andstartoffonyourlongandstressfulcommutetotheoffice.Thenyouspendyourdayatyourdesk,attemptingtocompleteyourtasksamidco-workerchitchatandofficepolitics.Afterthat,youmakeyourwayhomethroughthecommutercrowds.Youhavejustenoughtimeforafewhoursofrelaxationbeforeyouhavetogetupandrepeattheprocessalloveragainthenextday.Forthesepeople,telecommutingwillprobablybeseenasananswertothedailystressandfrustrationofofficejobs.Telecommuting,alsoknownasteleworkingorworkingfromhome,isatermthatreferstousingtelecommunicationstoworkinaplaceremovedfromthecompany'soffice,mostofteninahomeoffice.Fewpeopletelecommutefulltime,butagrowingnumberofcompaniesareallowingtheiremployeestoworkfromhomeatleastpartofthetime.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthenumberofpeopleworldwidewhotelecommuteatleastonedaypermonthhadrisenfromabout22millionin1998toabout82.5millionin2007,andthisnumberisexpectedtosurpass100millionbythebeginningofthenextdecade_Employershavemetthisgrowingdemandtoworkfromhomewithbothacceptanceandresistance.Ontheonehand,employersunderstandthatofferingtelecommutingopportunitiesisawaytocutcosts.Despitetheinitialcostincurredinsettingatelecommuterupwiththeappropriatetechnology,therearelong-termsavings.Theaverageofficespacecostsanemployerabout$10,000peryearforeachworker,accordingtotheIndustrialandTechnologyAssistanceCorporation(ITAC).Inaddition,offeringtelecommutingopportunitiesreducesabsenteeism,increasesproductivity,anddecreasesemployeeturnover.Workersarehappierandlessstressed.Therefore,theyworkharderandaremoreloyaltotheiremployers.Employersalsoseetelecommutingasapowerfulrecruitmenttooltoattracttoptalent.InasurveyoftopcompanyCFOs,RobertHalfTechnologycitedtelecommutingassecondonlytosalarywhendecidingwhethertotakeajob.Ontheotherhand,employersarealsoawareofthefactthattelecommutingposessomerisks.Firstofall,allowingconfidentialcompanyinformationtoleavetheofficecanposeprivacyandsecurityconcerns.AstudydonebytheCentreforDemocracyandTechnologyshowedthatcompaniesoftendonotfullyimplementtelecommutingsecuritypolicies.Inaddition,telecommutersarenotproperlytrainedinprotectingcompanydata.Anotherriskhastodowiththeworkingstyleofthetelecommuter.Asuccessfultelecommuterhastobeindependent,self-motivated,anddisciplined.Atelecommuterwhoneedsconstantsupervisionandfeedbackwillnotbesuccessful,andthiswillcostthecompanyinthelongrun.Finally,itismoredifficulttomanageatelecommuterthananon-siteworker.Amanageroftelecommuterscannot,forinstance,bea"micro-manager",andmustbewillingtodelegateresponsibility.Infact,companiesarefindingitnecessarytotraintheirmanagersinmanagingtelecommuters.Expertspredictthattelecommutingwillbecomeastandardinthecorporateworld,asworkerscontinuetodemandit.Thetechnologically-savvygenerationthatisenteringtheworkforcenowhasadifferentideaofhowworkgetsdone.Thisgenerationreadilyaccepts,andevenexpects,telecommutingopportunities.Inaddition,thepopulationinmanycountriesisincreasing,butthecapacityofroadsandpublictransportationisoftennotkeepingup.Thiswillmakecommutingtoworkevermoredifficultandfrustrating.Lastly,thegrowingnumberoftwo-incomefamiliesincreasestheneedforjobflexibilityinordertobalancefamilyandworklife.Thetrendtowardtelecommutingisclear,butthelong-termeffectsoncorporatecultureandtheindividualworkerarestillunknown.Markeachstatementaseithertrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.

Themid-and-late19thcenturyisgenerallyknownastheVictorianage,controlledbytheruleofQueenVictoria.ThisisaperiodofdramaticchangethatledEnglandtothesummitofdevelopmentasapowerfulnation.Therisingbourgeoisieweregettingpoliticalimportanceaswellaswealth.Englandbecametheworld"sworkshopandLondontheworld"sbank.LondonbecamethecenterofWesterncivilization.Literacyincreasedasthemassesstartedtobeeducatedandstartedtothinkforthemselves.ThisstagehasgotreadyforthecomingoftheGoldenAgeoftheEnglishnovel.TheEarlyPeriodofVictorianAgeWiththerapideconomicdevelopment,theearlyyearsoftheVictorianagewasastageofserioussocialproblem.Socialissuesespeciallyaboutindustrializationandurbanizationwerereflectedanddealtwithmostlyinliterature.Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortieswhichdescribedwithmuchvividnessandgreatartisticskillandcriticizedthecapitalistsystem.ThegreatestoftheentireVictorianagewasCharlesDickens.JaneEyreandWutheringHeights,whichwerewrittenbytheBronteSisters,emergedin1847aswomennovels.JaneEyrerepresentswomen"sfightsfortheirequalrightsandindependence.WutheringHeightscaughttheemotionalneedsofhumanbeingsinatimeofrapidindustrialization.WilliamMakepeaceThackerayisbestknownforhisVanityFair.WhileDickenscriticizedtheinhumansocialinstitutionsandthecorruptedgovernmentinadirectway,Thackerayleveledhiscriticismatthemoralstandardthatmadeupthemoney-mindedsociety.TheMid-VictorianAgeTheMid-VictorianAgewasastageofeconomicdevelopment.TheEnglishcriticalrealistsnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandtherulingclasses,butalsoshowedsympathyforthecommonpeople.ThereisagreatdealoftheuseofhumorandsatireintheEnglishrealisticnovels,whichismarkedbyintensifyingpessimism.DavidCopperfield(1849—1850)ismostautobiographicalofallDickens"works.TheGreatExpectationsofDickensisthegreatestandmostsophisticatednovelwhichiswritteninasemi-autobiographicalstyleaboutayoungmanwholearnsthroughriseandfalltodiscardhisownsnobbishness.HardTimes(1854)hasanironictitle,asthemaincharactersarerichfactoryownersanditisjusttheirworkerswhohavetosufferthe"hardtimes".TheLateVictorianAgeTheLateVictorianAgewasnotasimpledevelopmentofmid-Victorianconfidenceandprosperity.TheestablishmentoftheBritishEmpirewasclaimedwhenQueenVictoriabecameEmpressofIndiain1876,butasharpdeclinehadalreadycomeinthebeginningfromthe1870s.Thelastquarterofthe19thcenturywitnessednotonlythedeclineoftheBritishEmpirebutalsothebreakdownofVictorianvaluestandards.ThomasHardywasthemainnovelistofthisperiod,andhisnovelsshowreadersthelosingstruggleofindividualsagainsttheobscurepower.Butthecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevilsandagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Completethetableusingnomorethanthreewordsforeachblank.EnglishLiteratureof1HistoricalBackgroundWithEnglandbecomingapowerfulnation,LondonturnedintothecenterofWesterncivilization.Morepeoplegoteducatedandliteracyincreased,whichledtotheappearanceoftheGoldenAgeof2.TheEarlyPeriodofVictorianAgeThecommonthemesofliteraturewereaboutsocialissueslike3.The1840ssawtheflourishingofcriticalrealism.CharlesDickenswasthemainnovelistofthatperiod.TheMid-VictorianAge4wereextensivelyusedinEnglishrealisticnovels.Witheconomicdevelopment,literatureinthisperiodreflectedsympathyforthecommonpeople,whichcouldbefoundinmanyofDickens"works,suchasHardTimes.TheLateVictorianAgeWiththe5oftheBritishEmpireinthelate19thcenturytury,thecriticalrealistsstruggledtofindasolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Mostnovelsinthisperiodwereaboutthelosingstruggleofindividualsagainsttheobscurepower.1.theVictorianAge[解析](整篇文章说的是维多利亚时代各个时期英国小说的发展状况，包括维多利亚时代早期、中期、晚期。)2.theEnglishnovel[解析](由第一段最后两句LondonbecamethecenterofWesterncivilization...theGoldenoftheEnglishnovel可知，维多利亚时代是英国小说蓬勃发展的黄金时期。)3.industrializationandurbanization[解析](由表格中的TheEarlyPeriodofVictorianAge定位到第一个小标题下段落，由第一段可知维多利亚时代早期英国文学的主题是社会问题，尤其是工业化与城市化。)4.Humorandsatire[解析](由表格中的TheMid-VictorianAge定位到第二个小标题下段落，由第三句ThereisagreatdealoftheuseofthehumorandsatireintheEnglishrealisticnovels可知，维多利亚时代中期英国文学多使用幽默与讽刺等手法。)5.decline[解析](由表格中的TheLateVictorianAge定位到第三个小标题下段落，由第二段首句Thelastquarterofthe19thcenturywitnessednotonlythedeclineoftheBritishEmpirebutalsothebreakdownofVictorianvaluestandards可知，19世纪晚期大英帝国逐渐衰落。)SectionBWhohasitandwhodoesn"t?Andhowdothoseofuswithlessofitgetmore?ItisariddlethathasexercisedphilosopherseversinceAristotlefirstidentifiedhappinessastheendofallhumanactivity.Wealthandhealtharethoughttobeameanstoit,butthethingitselfalwaysseemstohejustbeyondourgrasp.Afteradecadeofstudyinghappinessor"subjectivewellbeing",togiveititsproperpsychologicalterm,MichaelArgyle,EmeritusProfessorofPsychologyatOxfordBrookesUniversity,concludesthatthebestguaranteeoflong-termhappinessissomethingcalled"seriousleisure"—ahobbyoractivitythatinvolvesyourwholebeing.1saysArgyle."It"salsoahighlysocialactivity,whichisaveryimportantcomponentofhappiness.Thepointisitdoesn"treallymatterwhatyoudoaslongasyoufindtheactivitychallengingandabsorbing."Otherexperts,likeMihalyCsikszentmihaly,ProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityofChicago,concur.Hehasasimilartheorycalled"flow".Thisiswhatachessplayersensesatthemostintensepointinagame."Flowisastateoflossofself-awareness,broughtaboutbyfacingchallengeswithnecessaryskills."explainsArgyle.Becausemostpeoplearebynaturelazyandundisciplined,themajorityfinditeasiertoachieveflowwhentheyareforcedtorisetochallengesimposedonthemfromoutside,hencetheimportanceofworkasasourceofhappiness.Butworkcanalsobeahugesourceofstressandthereseemstobelesstimethaneverforthesimplepleasuresoflife.2Flow,heargues,isallverywellfortheadrenalin-drivencommoditiestradersofthisworld,butthoseofuswhodon"thaveahigh-poweredjobinthecitymayhavetolookelsewhereforcontentment.3hewritesinhislatestbook,TheSocialPsychologyofLeisure,"Freetimehasgreatlyincreasedbutthosewhohavethegreatestincreasehavenotbeenabletoconvertitintosatisfyingformsofleisure."ThebestexampleisTV.RecentstudieshaveshownthatBritainisindangerofbecominganationofcouchpotatoesandArgyleagreesthatbecauseofitsessentialpassivity,TVisoneoftheactivitiesleastlikelytoproduceflow.4Oneansweristoaskthesubjectstowritedownwhattheydoateachhouroftheday,andhowitmakesthemfeel.Thistechnique,knownas"pleasantactivitiestherapy",wasinventedbyPeterLewinsohn.Thedataisfedintoacomputerwhichcomesupwiththeactivitiesthattendtoproducethegreatesthappinessforthegreatestnumber.ProfessorArgyle"sownstudyofleisuregroupsputdancingatthetopofthecontentmentcharts,whichyoumayormaynotseeasahappycoincidencegiventheprofessor"sownpassionforhoppingaboutinakilt.Nextisanyotheractivitythatinvolvescontactwithpeople—suchasvolunteerwork,orsimplysittingaroundandrelaxingwithfamilyandfriends—followedbyreading,makingorfixingthingsandteamsports.Cooking,houseworkandshoppingareallrankedabovewatchingTV.5Afterall,thereareplentyofcompulsive-depressivetypeswhoworkallhours,goskiingeveryweekendandstillendupcommittingsuicideat35."Justastherearehappypeople,thereareunhappypeople,"hesays,answeringoneofthequestionsposedattheoutsetofthisarticle.Thedifferenceisthatunhappypeoplelookatthemselveswhenthingsgowrong,buthappypeopleonlylookatthemselveswhenthingsgoright."TheAmericanscallitthePollyannaeffect—alwayslookingonthebrightside."ChoosefromthesentencesA—Gtheonewhichbestfitseachgapof61—65.Therearetwoextrasentenceswhichyoudonotneedtouse.A.ThisiswhereProfessorArgyle"stheoriescomein.B."Therereallyisaproblemhere."C.Howcanwekeepoptimisticaboutthestateofourlife?D.Butisn"tallthisrankingofdifferentleisureactivitiesbesidethepoint?E."It"sextremelyinvigoratingandagreatsourceofeuphoria."F.Sowhatsortof"seriousleisure"activitiesshouldwebeconsideringifwewantasliceofNirvana?G."Actuallylotsofpeoplelosetheirjobaspirations."1.E[解析]上段段末提到“认真投入的休闲活动”，再结合后文It"salsoahighlysocialactivity,whichisaveryimportantcomponentofhappiness它也是一项社会活动……，推断这段段首很可能要对其进行进一步阐述。所以E“它会使你感到精力充沛和喜悦”正确。2.A[解析]横线后出现了代称，故该段首句必然提到he指代的人是谁。上段说到“工作也可以是幸福源泉，但工作也会带来很大压力”，而该空后说“他提出‘流’这种概念非常适合于这世界上被肾上腺素驱使的商人”，再结合Argyle教授的理论“长期幸福可以由使你全身心投入的活动带来”，可以推测这个理论可以解释前文关于“工作也可以是幸福源泉”的理论。A项“这就是Argyle教授的理论起作用的地方”最符合题意。3.B[解析]横线后“他在最近的一本书中写道”提示该句应是书中的话，所以一定有双引号。再加上后文讲到人们空余时间更多，但并没有把空余时间用在能使人有满足感的休闲活动上。所以他一定是指出了这样一个问题。4.F[解析]由下段theanswer可知。此处应该是提出了一个问题。且下文讲的是休闲活动的满意度排名。所以可推断出F项“如果我们想要得到快乐，应该考虑哪些休闲活动呢”正确。5.D[解析]前文讲的是休闲活动的满意度排名，后文提到“毕竟很多人整天都在工作，每周末都去滑冰，可还是在35岁时自杀了。”D项“但是休闲活动的排名难道重要吗?”自然地承接了前后文。SectionCIfideascansymbolizethespiritofanage,thenthesymboloftherecentappliedlinguisticageisundoubtedly"languageacquisition"Butwhatdoesthistermmean?Whatexactlyis"languageacquisition"?Forthemomentwemaycharacterizeitastheprocessbywhichindividuals"pickup"alanguagethroughexposuretoit.Therearetwoimmediatelyobvioussortsoflanguageacquisition.ThefirstisL1(firstlanguage)acquisition,whicheverynormalchildmanagesatanearlyage.ThesecondisFL(foreignlanguage)acquisitionwheresomeone,achildoranadult,picksupalanguage,forexample,whiletheyarelivinginatargetlanguagecountry.Chomsky"sideasstimulatedtheinterestinL1(and,indirectly,FL)acquisitionthattherehasbeenoverthepastfewdecades.Forhim,L1acquisitionisaconundrum,evenamiracle.Thebigquestionis:howisitthattheveryyoungchild,sopoorlydevelopedinmanyareas,isabletolearntherudimentsoftheirnativelanguagesoquicklyandsosuccessfully?Chomsky"sanswerwasthattheindividualhasamachineinthehead,anLAD(LanguageAcquisitionDevice),thatdoesthejobforthem.Thewords"quicklyandsuccessfully"holdthekeytooneofthemainreasonswhyappliedlinguistsareinterestedintheacquisitionidea.Inanimportantarticlethatappearedin1968,NewmarkandReibelmakethepointthatL1acquisitionisthequickestandmostsuccessfulinstanceoflanguagemasterythatweknowof.Sincethisisso,wemightdowelltostudyinsomedetailwhatisknownabouttheL1acquisitionsituation.Whatdoesthechilddothatmakesacquisitionsoquickandsuccessful?Howdotheadultswhotalktothechildbehave?Whatassistancedotheygivetotheacquisitionprocess?Whataretheimportantaspectsoftheacquisitionenvironment?Noticethatthoughoneofthesequestionsisaboutthe"organism",theothersareaboutthe"environment".ThisindicatesthatwearepreparedtoconsideraroleforthelatterbeyondthatsuggestedbyChomsky.TheappliedlinguistStephenKrashenisoneofthoselargelyresponsibleforinterestinforeignlanguageacquisition.InfacthearguesthattherearetwoquitedistinctwaysofmasteringanFL,andhecallstheseacquisitionsandlearning.Acquisitionfirst:hedescribesthisprocessasa"natural",subconsciousone,wherethereisno"consciousfocusingonlinguisticforms"(ofthesortthatyoufindinmostclassrooms).Itiswhatwehavealreadyinformallycalledtheprocessof"pickingup"alanguage,justasyoudoifyougoandliveinthetargetlanguageenvironment.IndeedKrashensaysthattheminimalconditionforacquisitiontooccuris"participationinnaturalcommunicationsituations".Learning,ontheotherhand,isaconsciousprocess,anditusuallytakesplaceinthelanguageclassroom.ForKrashenitisparticularlymarkedbytwocharacteristics.Firstly,thereiserrorcorrection.Whenlearnersmakemistakes,itisnormalfortheclassroomteachertodrawexplicitattentiontothem,andtocorrecttheerrors.ThesecondcharacteristiciswhatKrashencallsruleisolation.Inthelanguageteachingclassroomitisnormalforalesson(orpartthereof)tofocusononelanguagepoint.Itmaybeagrammaticalitemlikeaparticulartense,orapronunciationpoint,orsome"ruleofuse".Thewordisolationindicatesthatinthisprocedurelanguagepointsaredealtwithonebyone.Answerthefollowingquestionswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.1.?Howdopeopleusuallypickupalanguage?Throughexposuretoit.[解析](根据第一段第四句Forthemomentwemaycharacterizeitastheprocessbywhichindividuals"pickup"alanguagethroughexposuretoit.，可知个人学习语言的方式是通过接触语言环境。)2.?AccordingtoChomsky,whatenablesaveryyoungchildtolearnthemothertonguequicklyandsuccessfully?Thelanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD)intheirhead.[解析](根据第二段Thebigquestionis...theindividualhasamachineinthehead,anLAD(languageAcquisitionDevice),thatdoesthejobforthem.，可知小孩子能快速并成功地学会母语的原因是头脑中有语言习得装置。)3.?WhatdoNewmarkandReibelsayaboutL1acquisition?Itisthequickestandmostsuccessfulinstanceoflanguagemasterythatweknowof.[解析](根据第三段第二句NewmarkandReibelmakethepointthatL1acquisitionisthequickestandmostsuccessfulinstanceoflanguagemasterythatweknowof.可知，纽马克和瑞贝尔认为第一语言习得是目前所知最快、最成功的语言习得范例。)4.?Whatisthemaindistinctionbetweenlanguageacquisitionandlanguagelearning?Theprocessoftheformerisnaturalandsubconsciouswhiletheprocessofthelatterisconscious.[解析](第四段第三句Acquisitionfirst:hedescribesthisprocessasa"natural",subconsciousone,wherethereisno"consciousfocusingonlinguisticforms"(ofthesortthatyoufindinmostclassrooms).指出了语言习得的特点。最后一段第一句Learning,ontheotherhand,isaconsciousprocess,anditusuallytakesplaceinthelanguageclassroom.指出了语言学习的特点。)5.?WhatarethetwocharacteristicsoflearningaccordingtoStephenKrashen?Errorcorrectionandruleisolation.[解析](最后一段明确说明了语言学习的两个特点，一是老师在课堂上会纠正学生的语言错误，二是会学习语言使用的规则。)SectionDMostworksofartarekeptindoors,inagallery,privatehome,officebuilding,ormuseum.Onecategoryofartwork,fashionedtobeondisplayoutdoors,defiessuchcloistering.Itisknownaspublicart,anditismeanttobeviewedeasilybyanypasser-by.Bydefinition,publicartshapestheenvironmentofacommunity.Inrecentdecades,mostsupportersofpublicarthaveadvocatedatwo-wayrelationship,inwhichthepeopleofacommunityshouldshapepublicartaswell.NorthAmericaprovidesexcellentexamplesofthewaysinwhichethnicityshapestheimpulsetocreatepublicart.MultipleandoverlappingwavesofimmigrationintotheUnitedStatesandCanadahaveensuredthatanytrulylocalartmovementwilldrawsubjectsandstylesfrommanytraditions.ThebestofsuchartexpresseswhatagivenethnicgrouphasexperiencedinNorthAmerica,notmerelywhattheirancestorsexperiencedin"theoldcountry".California"sChicanos—descendantsofimmigrantsfromMexico—haveledthewayinmakingpublicartthatdepictsanethniccommunity"sinterests.AcriticalaspectofthiswasthestrugglebyapredominantlyChicanolaborunion,theUnitedFarmWorkers(UFW),forbetterworkingconditionsinCaliforniaduringthe1960s.TosupporttheUFW"sefforts,highlyaccomplishedChicanoartistsinLosAngeles,inSacramento,andelsewhere,placedposters,murals,andotherpoliticallychargedworksinpublicspaces.Theydrewattentionasmuchfortheirbeautyasfortheirmessage.AftertheUFWissuefaded,thedemandpersistedforpublicartinthestylespioneeredduringthecampaign.ThecomplexmuralsthatadornsidesofbuildingsthroughoutcentralandsouthernCalifornia,featuringelementsofindigenousMexicanculturesmixedwithscenesandsymbolsfromMexican-Americanlife,carrytheexpressionforward.TheMuralArtsProgram(MAP)inPhiladelphiahassupportedsomeofthemostambitiouscommunity-basedpublicartinNorthAmerica.In1984,theMAPwaslaunchedaspartofacampaigntofightaplagueofgraffitiinthecity.Inanovelapproachtotheproblem,youngpeoplecaughtsprayinggraffitionstructuresinPhiladelphiaweredirectedtoMAPtoworkunderprofessionalmuralistsandproducemuralsthatbeautifiedneighborhoodsratherthangraffitithatdefacedthem.TheMAPhassinceleftitsgraffiti-bustingpastbehindandhasbecomeanoutletforcommunityexpression.PublicsculpturesinmanyNorthAmericancitiesexpresstraditionalandmodernaspectsofAmerican-Indianlife.Forexample,MarvinOliver,whoseancestorsincludemembersoftheQuinaultIndianNationinthePacificNorthwest,hasfashionedseverallargepublicworks.HisEagleBearingWealthisaneight-foottallcolumnofDouglasfircarvedandpaintedtoresembleatotempoletraditionalamongIndiansoftheNorthwestCoast.ItstandsonthecampusofNorthSeattleCommunityCollegeinSeattle,Washington.Countlessotherethnicgroupshaveleft,andareleaving,theirmarksonNorthAmericanpublicart.ThestonemasonTorkjelLandsverkerectedbeautifullytexturedornamentalwallsandmonumentsinIowaandMinnesotaduringthelate19thcenturyandearly20th.Whileamoderneyemightskipoverthemasjustmoreexamplesofstodgy,oldfixturesexpressinglittle,theyareanythingbutboring.Theirrough-hewncharacterskillfullyreflectsanaestheticappreciationforhard-to-tamenatureamongNorwegian-AmericansintheUpperMidwest.Completethesummarybelowwithinformationfromthepassage,usingnomorethanthreewordsforeachblank.Differentfrommostworksofart,publicartisusuallyondisplayoutdoors.Publicartshapes1ofacommunityandisalsoshapedbythepeopleofacommunity.NorthAmericaprovidesexcellentexamplesofpublicart.TheUFW"seffortsindemandingbetter2wereexpressedintheformofpublicartlikeposters,murals,andpoliticallychargedworks.TheMAPinPhiladelphiamadeyoungpeoplewho3producemuralsthatbeautifiedneighborhoods.TraditionalandmodernAmerican-Indianlifeisshownin4,suchasMarvinOliver"sEagleBearingWealthstandingonthecampusofNorthSeattleCommunityCollege.Different5haveleftandareleavingtheirworksonNorthAmericanpublicartlikeTorkjelLandsverk"sornamentalwallsandmonumentsinIowaandMinnesota.1.theenvironment[解析](由第一段第四句Bydefinition,publicartshapetheenvironmentofacommunity.可知，公共艺术塑造着社区环境。)2.workingconditions[解析](由第三段第二句Acritical-aspectofthiswasthestrugglebyapredominantlyChicanolaborunion,theUnitedFarmWorkers(UFW),forbetterworkingconditionsinCaliforniaduringthe1960s.可知，UFW工会要求有更好的工作环境。)3.sprayedgraffiti[解析](由第四段第三句youngpeoplecaughtsprayinggraffitionstructuresinPhiladelphiaweredirectedtoMAPtoworkunderprofessionalmuralistsandproducemuralsthatbeautifiedneighborhoodsratherthangraffitithatdefacedthem.可知，在墙上涂鸦的年轻人被要求在专业壁画家的指导下做壁画。)4.publicsculptures[解析](由倒数第二段首句PublicsculpturesinmanyNorthAmericancitiesexpresstraditionalandmodernaspectsofAmerican-Indianlife.可知，北美城市的公共雕塑展现着美印第安人的传统生活与现代生活方式。)5.ethnicgroups[解析](由最后一段首句Countlessotherethnicgroupshaveleft,andareleaving,theirmarksonNorthAmericanpublicart.可知，无数民族已经或正要在北美公共艺术上留下了印记。)PartⅤTranslationSectionATranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.1.?Plentyofdriverscomplainaboutrushhourtraffic,butsomehavemoretocomplainaboutthanothers.Bangkokhastheworsteveningrushhourtrafficintheworldforasecondconsecutiveyear,accordingtoaGPSmanufacturer.TrafficexpertNickCohnsaidthatThailand—andmanyotherbigcitiesatthetopofthecongestionranking—havebecomevictimsoftheirownsuccess.Growingeconomiesandsurgingpopulationstranslateintomoretrafficandcommuters.MexicoCity,withthesecondworsteveningrushhourtraffic,hasanextensivesubwaysystembutitdoesn"textendouttowhereallthepopulationgrowthishappening.许多司机都抱怨上下班高峰时的交通拥堵，但是有些地方的司机怨声会更大。一家全球定位系统生产商称，曼谷连续第二年成为全球晚高峰堵车最严重的城市。交通专家尼克·科恩说，泰国和很多其他在拥堵榜上排名靠前的大城市已成为自身成功的受害者。增长的经济和扩张的人口意味着更多的车辆和通勤者。墨西哥城晚高峰拥堵排名第二，虽然它有广泛分布的地铁系统，但是却没有覆盖到所有人口增长的地区。SectionBTranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoEnglishbyusingthehintsgiveninbrackets.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.美国的小学教师们正在尝试在课堂上使用随身摄像头，记录表现差的孩子们的行为。1英格兰至少有两家学校已经引进了这种设备进行持续录像，这已经得到了当地教育部门的同意(withtheconsentof)。《泰晤士报》报道说，这种摄像头装在教师的衣服上，可以一直录像，但只有按下录像按钮时，才会保存下加密影像。2老师被建议在课堂上出事时打开摄像头，以处理“不间断的小打小闹”(low—leveldisruption)，但在打开摄像头前必须告知大家(givenotice)。警察、停车管理员、一些医务人员、以及护送巡查员已经使用了这种技术。3家长也会得到这些影像资料(footage)，以便他们能了解孩子们的行为(sharewith)。周三发布的一份调查询问了老师们的意见，结果发现，超过三分之一的受访者愿意在课堂中使用随身摄像头，很多老师希望这种技术能帮助纠正孩子们的不良行为。4这项泰晤士报发起的调查显示，超过十分之一的受访者认为，随身摄像头(bodycam)早晚会在英国学校强制使用(mandatory)。5在表态支持使用的37.7保护费的人中(infavor)，约有31.6%的人说是出于对师生的安全考虑。受访者不愿意使用这种技术的原因有，担心个人和孩子的隐私，感到被监视，以及可能被管理者滥用。英国教育部的一位女发言人说，是否试行使用摄像头“要由学校决定”。1.AtleasttwoschoolsinEnglandhaveintroducedtheequipmentforconstantrecordingwiththeconsentoflocaleducationauthorities.[解析](引进introduce。)2.Teachersareadvisedtoturnonthecameraduringincidentsintheclassroomtotackle"constantlow-leveldisruption",butmustgivenoticebeforedoingso.[解析](被建议beadvisedto。处理tackle/dealwith/address。)3.Footagecouldalsobesharedwithparentssotheywillknowtheirchildren"sbehavior.[解析](影像资料footage。)4.Overonein10believebodycamswillbemademandatorysoonerorlaterinUKschools,TheTimespollfound.[解析](民意调查poll。早晚soonerorlater。)5.Ofthe37.7percentinfavor,some31.6percentsaidtheyweremotivatedbyteacherandstudentsafety.[解析](出于对……的考虑considering...。这里参考译文用bemotivatedby是一种意译，表示“被……激发，驱使”。)PartⅥErrorCorrectionProofreadthepassageasrequired.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Correctthepassageinthefollowingways:forarightline,putthesign"√"inthecorrespondingblank;forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblank;foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwiththesign"∧"andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblank;foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwiththesign"—"andputthewordwiththesignintheblank.Writetheanswersontheanswersheet.Somescientiststhinkthatparentsmaketoobigfussabouthygiene,andthatdaily1contactwithbacteriaandvirusescanbegoodforyoungster.Arecentstudyconducted2bytheUniversityChildren"sHospitalinMunichshowedthatchildrenwhohadatleasttwomildvirusinfectionsbeforetheirfirstbirthdaywereonlythehalfas3likelytobediagnosedwithasthmaorallergieswhentheywereseven,comparewith4childrenwhohadbeenillonlyonceornotatall.Thisfindingsupportsthehypothesis5thattoday"snltra-cleanlifestyleisthereasonofanincreaseinallergiesinthegeneral6populationindevelopedcountries.Itispossible,althoughthisisnotyetestablish,7whichcontactwiththebacteriaisneededforcellsinhumanimmunesystemsto8developcorrect.Soparentsshouldnotoverreactiftheirchildrengetmuddyor9dirtsometimeswhenplayingoutside.101.big∧fuss→a[解析](句意：一些科学家发现，现在的家长对孩子的卫生情况太大惊小怪了。makeafussover/about对……大惊小怪。)2.younster→youngsters[解析](youngster为可数名词。此处泛指年轻人，故用复数形式。)3.[解析](表示倍数的格式之一：A+倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B，表示“A是B的多少倍”。倍数前面不加任何冠词。故the需删掉。)4.compare→compared[解析](本句中的非谓语动词compare的逻辑主语是childrenwhohadatleasttwomildvirusinfectionsbeforetheirfirstbirthday即一岁生日前有过至少两次细菌感染经历的孩子，与compare是被动关系，表示被与……比较。故用过去分词形式。)5.√6.of→for[解析](reasonfor表示“……的原因”。)7.establish→established[解析](establish为及物动词，it与establish是被动关系，故用过去分词形式。)8.which→that[解析](Itispossiblethat...表示有可能……。)9.correct→correctly[解析](此处correct修饰动词develop，故应用副词形式。)10.dirt→dirty[解析](dirty脏的，与muddy是并列关系。)PartⅦIQTestTherearefiveIQtestquestionsinthispart.Writeyouranswersontheanswersheet.1.?Selecttwowordsthataresynonyms,plusanantonymofthesetwosynonyms,fromthelistofwordsbelow.choke,force,thrive,toil,wither,burgeon,striveSynonyms:thrive,burgeonAntonym:wither[解析](thrive、burgeon都表示兴旺发达、蓬勃发展。wither表示枯萎；衰落。)2.?Changethepositionoffourwordsonlyinthesentencebelowinorderforittomakecompletesense.Soilrisesfromthematerialsofthemapletreeintheformofcrudesap,asolutionofsapthatisabsorbedfromroot.Saprisesfromtherootofthemapletreeintheformofcrudesap,asolutionofmaterialthatisabsorbedfromsoil.[解析](枫树汁液以粗汁液的形式从枫树根部生成，是枫树从土壤中吸收出的。)3.?Whichtwonumbersshouldreplacethequestionmarksbelow?19,20,21,?,?,26,28,32,33,4022and24[解析](奇数位置上的数字以19开始，+2，+3，+4，+5形成一个数列。偶数位置上的数字以20开始，+2，+4，+6，+8形成另一数列。)4.?AnswerthequestionbelowWhattreeisalwaysverysad?Weepingwillow:Weepmeanscry,sothewillowis"sad".[解析](weepingwillow是“垂柳”的意思，而weep本意为“流泪、哭泣”。所以垂柳是悲伤的。)5.??Whichtwosquaresaremissing?ABCDB[解析]每行最后一个图形是前两个图形组合而成的，且第二行的图形与第一行的图形成轴对称。PartⅧWritingI1.?ThechartsshowthegrowthofsmallenginesedansandSUVsinChinafrom2015to2020aswellasChineselightvehicleenginetypesinboth2015and2020.Summarizetheinformationandreportthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswherenecessary.Chineselightvehicleenginetypes2015Chineselightvehicleenginetypes2020Source:IHSAutomotiveWriteatleast100wordsontheanswersheet.Ingeneral,bothsmallenginesedansandSUVsinChinaincreaseconsecutivelyfrom2015to2020.??ButtherearemoresmallenginesedansthanSUVsinChina.In2015,Chineselightvehicleenginesofhigherenginedisplacement.(1.4litre,1.5litreand1.6litre)accountformorethanhalfofthelightvehicleenginesinChinaandthoseoflowerenginedisplacementmakeup10%.In2020,thepercentageoflightenginesofhigherenginedisplacementdecreasesto42%whilethatoflightenginesoflowerenginedisplacementrisesto27%.ThisdemonstratesthatChinaismakingeffortstoreducethenumberoflightvehiclesofhigherenginedisplacement.Ⅱ1.?Writeonthefollowingtopic.It"swhileyouarepatientlytoilingatthelittletasksoflifethatthemeaningandshapeofgreatwholeoflifedawnonyou.—P.BrooksReadtheabovesentence.Howdoyouunderstandit?Writeanessayofnolessthan160wordsontheanswersheettoexpressyourpersonalviews."It"swhileyouarepatientlytoilingatthelittletasksoflifethatthemeaningandshapeofgreatwholeoflifedawnonyou."P.Brooksoncesaid.Inmyview,itmeansthatyouwillgettoknowthepurposeandmeaningofyourlifeintheprocessofexperiencinglittlethings.Myexperienceofworkinginafastfoodrestaurantcanbeaninstance.Onceinasummervacation,Iworkedinafastfoodrestaurantforaboutonemonth.Fromthenon,Ididn"twanttodoapart-timejobasawaiteranymore.Ihadtostandfornineortenhoursconsecutivelyforawholeday,servingdifferentcustomerswithdifferenttemper.Despitethetoil,thesalaryislowandIhadtoenduretheabuseofrudecustomers.Jobsthatdemandlowlevelofeducationandqualificationarealwaystiringandfrustrating.Sofromthenon,Irealizedtheimportanceofeducationandgoodacademicground.IknowthatImustimprovemyskillsrelatedtomymajorsothatIcanfindadecentandhighly-paidjobinthefuture.PartⅠListeningComprehensionSectionASectionBConversationOneConversationTwoSectionCSectionDDictationSummaryPartⅡVocabulary&GrammarPartⅢClozePartⅣReadingComprehensionSectionASectionBSectionCSectionDPartⅤTranslationSectionASectionBPartⅥErrorCorrectionPartⅦIQTestPartⅧWritingIⅡ深色：已答题??浅色：未答题

In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read the five questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.{{B}}Conversation One{{/B}}

Y (for res) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for No) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for Not Given) if the information is not given in the passage. Questions 7-13 are based on the following passage. Six Thousand Women Missing from Boardrooms, Politics and Courts The glass ceiling is still holding back 6,000 women from the top 33,000 jobs in Britain, according to new research from the Equal Opportunities Commission. Thirty years after the introduction of the Sex Discrimination Act, women are "woefully under-represented" in the country's boardrooms, politics and courts. Help from nannies has not enabled successful women to maintain their careers after having children, the research suggests. The EOC blames a male-dominated culture in the professions for resistance to flexible working. The upward trend in the proportion of women in top jobs is "painfully slow", the report says, and in some sectors there is even a decline. The proportion of women in parliament has slipped in the 12 months since the EOC's last Sex and Power survey and is now at 19.5 %-lower than in Iraq, Afghanistan and Rwanda. Although a woman is chief executive of the London Stock Exchange, and four senior judges are women, the proportion of women directors of top 100 FTSE companies has dipped to 10.4%, and of female judges to 9.8 %0. Jenny Watson, chair of the EOC, said: "Today's troubling findings show just how slow the pace of change has been in powerful British institutions. They suggest it's time not just to send out the headhunters to find some of those'missing women', but to address the barriers that stand in their way. Thirty years on from the Sex Discrimination Act, women rightly expect to share power. But as our survey shows, that's not the reality." "We all pay the price when Britain's boardrooms and elected chambers fire unrepresentative. Our democracy and local communities will be stronger if women from different backgrounds are able to enjoy an equal voice. In business, no one can afford to fish in half the talent pool in today's intensely competitive world." The commission identified the 33,000 most influential jobs in the private sector, polities, the legal system and the public sector in Britain. To achieve a representative proportion, women, it said, should fill another 6,000. At the current rate of improvement, it would take 20 years to achieve equality in the civil service, 40 years in the judiciary and 60 years among FTSE 100 companies. But it would take 200 years-at least another 40 elections-to achieve an equal number of MPs in parliament. By contrast, in the Scottish assembly, nearly 40% are women and 51.7% in Wales. The EOC said there was an argument for parties to use all-women shortlists, as in Wales. But figures for women from ethnic minorities are worse. There are only two black women MPs, four non-white top 100 FTSE directors and nine top civil servants from ethnic minority backgrounds. "If we want our communities to thrive, this has to change," concludes the report. It suggests that more successful women are experiencing the same barriers to getting the jobs they want as women in lower paid jobs. As for age, the pay gap between men and women in their 20s is 3.7%, rising to 10.7% for thirty somethings-from the impact of childbirth on women's earnings. The same is not true for men who become fathers. Female workers in the UK suffer one of the biggest pay gaps in Europe-17% for full-time staff and 38%for part-time-because they are more likely to be in low-paid jobs and then slip further down the career ladder after having children, the Women and Work Commission found last year. "Asking for flexible working still spells career death for too many women in today's workplace," said Ms Watson. "As a consequence, women with caring responsibilities all too often have to 'trade down' to keep working. Extending the right to ask for flexible working to everyone in the workplace would change that culture and enable more women to reach the top." Statements:

Directions: In this section, you will hear one long conversation. The conversation will be read only once. At the end of the conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, you must read the four questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer.

语法与词汇After her death, Audrey Hepburn was________internationally as one of the favourite film actresses of all time, an icon to style,elegance, dignity and charity

语法与词汇On no account________ to anyone who works in this company

语法与词汇John: The radios terribly loud

语法与词汇The Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 was awarded to Svetlana Alexievichfor her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time