判断题Today men are facing new expectations and new choices about their commitments to society, family and work. No longer certain what goals they should pursue, much less how they should pursue them, many men have found themselves in a no-man"s land, searching for new meanings and definitions of maturity. In interviews I conducted with 138 men from diverse social and economic background, 36 percent defined their family and work commitments in terms of primary breadwinning, and 30 percent chose to eschew parenthood or to avoid involvement with children they had brought into the world. However, about 33 percent had moved toward more rather than less family involvement over the course of their lives. These men develop an outlook on parenthood that included caretaking as well as economic support. They represent a growing group of fathers, most of whom are married to work-committed women and have an egalitarian approach toward marriage and family commitments, who are changing diapers, pushing strollers, cuddling their children, and generally sharing in the pleasures and burdens of child rearing. Such men, whom I call "involved fathers", are demonstrating a capacity, a willingness, and an enthusiasm for parenting not seen in their fathers" and grandfathers" generations. An involved father, however, is not necessarily an equal father. Though men"s domestic participation has increased in recent years, his involvement has not kept in pace with women"s rapidly rising commitment to paid employment. A persistent "housework gap" has left most women with more work and less leisure time than their male counterparts. According to some estimates, when the time spent performing paid work, housework, and child care is added together, men work an average of 88 fewer hours a year than do women. It may be tempting to focus on the fact that, even among men who support equality, their involvement as fathers remains a far distance from what most women want and most children need. Yet it is also important to acknowledge how far and how fast many men have moved toward a pattern that not long ago virtually all men considered anathema. One recent survey found that 73 percent of a group of randomly selected fathers agreed strongly that "their families are the most important facet of their lives"; 87 percent agreed that "dad is as vital as mom in raising kids". The challenge is to create the social and cultural arrangements that would enable men to uphold these beliefs more easily.

判断题A B C D E F G H Which letter is two the left of the letter three to the right of the letter immediately to the right of the letter three to the left of the letter G?

判断题Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being "out of sight and out of mind." He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company"s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superior will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent. Thanks to a variety of relatively inexperience communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets. English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isn"t generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal. The employee posted abroad who speaks the country"s principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm. Decide the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.

判断题When was the last time you saw a frog? Chances are, if you live in a city, you have not seen one for some time. Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs and toads, it is becoming less and less easy to find those slimy, hopping and sometimes poisonous members of the animal kingdom. All over the world, even in remote jungles on the far side of the globe, frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise. Are amphibians simply over-sensitive to changes in the ecosystem? Could their rapid decline in numbers be signaling some coming environmental disaster for us all? This frightening scenario is in part the consequence of a dramatic increase over the last quarter of a century in the development of once natural areas of wet marshland: home not only to frogs but to all manner of wildlife. Yet, there are no obvious reasons why certain frog species are disappearing from rainforests in the Southern Hemisphere which are barely touched by human hands. The mystery is unsettling to say the least, for it is known that amphibian species are extremely sensitive to environmental variations in temperature and moisture levels. The danger is that planet Earth might not only lose a vital link in the ecological food chain (frogs keep populations of otherwise pestilent insects at manageable levels), but we might be increasing our output of air pollutants to levels that may have already become irreversible. Frogs could be inadvertently warning us of a catastrophe. An example of a bizarre occurrence regarding a species of frog dates from the summer of 1995, when "an explosion" of multi-coloured frogs of the species Rana klepton esculenta occurred in the Netherlands. Normally these frogs are brown and greenish-brown, but some unknown contributory factor is turning these frogs yellow and/or orange. Nonetheless, so far, the unusual bi- and even tri-coloured frogs are functioning similarly to their normal-skinned contemporaries. It is thought that frogs with lighter coloured skins might be more likely to survive in an increasingly warm climate due to global warming. One theory put forward to explain extinct amphibian species that seems to fit the facts concerns the depletion of the ozone layer, a well-documented phenomenon which has led to a sharp increase in ultraviolet radiation levels. The ozone layer is meant to shield the Earth from UV rays, but increased radiation may be having a greater effect upon frog populations than previously believed. Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs. Decide the following statements are true (T) or (F) according to the passage.

判断题ItseemednormalwhenNguyenNgocTruongSonwantedtoplaychesswithhisparents.However,itwasunusualwhenherevealedthathealreadyknewhowtoplay—beforeanyonetaughthim.Apparentlythetwo-year-oldhadlearnedalloftherulesbywatchinghisparents.Byage4,hewascompetinginnationaltournaments.Byage12,hewasVietnam"syoungestchampion.Anothertwo-year-oldchild,JayGreenberg,likewisesurprisedhisparentsbydrawingpicturesofmusicalinstrumentsthathehadneverseen.TheysoondiscoveredthatJay"heardmusicinhishead."Hebegantocomposemusicatage3.Byage10,hewasattendingtheprestigiousJulliardConservatoryinNewYork,composingfullsymphonies.Jaywasnotednotonlyforthequalityofhismusicalwork,butalsothespeedatwhichhewasabletoproduceit.Thatis,whiletalentedprofessionalcomposersnormallywritefiveorsixsymphoniesinalifetime,Jaywrotefivebytheageof12.Childprodigiessuchastheseareamysterytoexpertsandnon-expertsalike.Ontheonehand,theyattractpraiseandattentionfromeveryonetheymeet;ontheotherhand,theyattractcriticismandtheyfinditdifficulttofitinwiththerestoftheworld.Childprodigiesarehighlyintelligent,butthisisnottheonlyfactorthatsetsthemapart.Theyareconsideredprodigiesbecauseoftheirexceptionalabilityinonedomain,orarea.Expertsdefineprodigyas"ayoungchildwhodisplaysmasteryoffieldthatisusuallyundertakenbyadults."Childprodigiesusuallyappearinstructuredareassuchaslanguage,math,drawing,chess,andmusic.Theyarenotaslikelytoappearinlessstructureddomainssuchasmedicine,law,orcreativewriting,areasthatrequireexperience.Childprodigiescanfocustheirattentionforlongperiodsoftime,concentratingontasksthatwouldboreotherchildrenofthesameage.Two-year-oldNguyenNgocTruongSonhadtheconcentrationtoplaychessforhoursatatime.Thedistinctionof"prodigy"thusgoesbeyondmereintelligence.Forexplanations,expertslookintwodirections:nature,thechild"suniquebiology,andnurture,thechild"senvironment.Whenresearcherslooktonaturetoexplainchildprodigies,theystudyinnateorinbornqualities.Forexample,theylookatwhetherthebrainstructureofaprodigyisdifferentfromthatofachildwithaverageintelligence.Technologyisagreathelponansweringthisquestion.Forinstance,scientistsutilizeimagingtechnologytoseetheamountofactivityindifferentpartsofthebrain.Thesebrainscansrevealthatthefrontallobeofaprodigy"sbrainisveryactive,unlikechildrenwithaverageintelligencedoingthesametasks.Theirfrontallobesarevirtuallyinactive.Scientistshaveproventhatthefrontallobeofthebraincontrolsmanyaspectsofthoughtandconcentration.Thismayexplainhowprodigiescanfocusonatask,solvecomplexproblems,andlearnquickly.Whenresearcherslooktonurturetoexplainchildprodigies,theyfocusonthechild"senvironmentinsteadofthechild"sbiology.Themostimportantfactoronthenurturesideistheparents.Raisingachildprodigyisextremelychallenging.Itrequiresconsiderablepatience,creativity,andresourcefulness.Someparentsaredelightedbytheextraordinaryabilitiesoftheirchildren.Theymakeuseofalltheresourcestheyhaveorcanfindtosupportthem.Forexample,JayGreenberg"sparentsboughttheir2-year-oldsonacellowhenherequesteditandarrangedformusiclessons.Otherparentsarenotsosupportiveoftheirchildprodigy.Onthecontrary,someparentsevenseetheiroffspring"sgiftsasawaytodrawattentiontothemselvesandtheirowninterests.BorisSidis,forexample,wasawell-knownscientistwithstrongopinionsaboutmakingthemostofone"sintelligenceandaboutraisingchildren.WhenhissonBillywasborn,Borissawthechildasanopportunitytotesthistheories.Whenpeopleareunusual,theyattractattention.Inthecaseofchildprodigies,theattentiontheyreceiveisbothpositiveandnegative.Itispositivebecausemostpeopleadmireintelligence.Itisnegativebecauseprodigiesareverydifferentfromotherpeople.Theyareachallengeforteachers,whoexpect7-year-oldstopreferBatmantoBeethoven.Theyareachallengetoparents,whowanttohelpthembutoftenlacktheresourcesorfindtheirneedsanddesiresdifficulttounderstandandmeet.Theypresentachallengetoscientists,whowanttostudythemwithoutfurtherisolatingthemfromnormalsociety.Andtheychallengetheworldbecausetheyrevealthetendencythatpeoplehavetorejectthosewhoaredifferentfromthenorm.Markeachstatementaseithertrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.

判断题Dear Advisor: Should She Propose? Dear Advisor, My boyfriend and I just celebrated three years together. [ want to ask him to marry me. My friends say I shouldn"t. They say that only desperate women propose marriage. Are they right? Nervous in New Jersey Dear Nervous, Your friends are not right. Today it is fine for a woman to propose to a man. In 2003, the Korbel Champagne Company conducted a survey. They asked, "Should women ask men to marry them?" Sixty-seven percent of Americans said yes. The survey asked women, "Would you propose to a man?" Almost 50 percent of the women said they would. They also asked men, "Would you accept a woman"s proposal?" Almost 80 percent said yes. Thirty-one percent of women know a woman who has proposed to a man. Experts generally agree. Dr. Linda O"Connor has a radio talk show about love and marriage. O"Connor says that women who propose are usually educated and self-confident. In addition, their boyfriends usually like strong women. However, advice columnist Susan Fine argues that even women with a lot of self-confidence may need some help with their proposals. Here is her advice. First, the proposal should not be a surprise. The relationship should be serious. She also advises women to do two more things. They should write out the proposal and practice it before they ask for their boyfriends"hands in marriage. How would Susan Fine answer you? If you and your boyfriend are happy, do not pay attention to your friends. And don"t invite them to the wedding. The Advisor Statements:

判断题Using land for a house and for a park, which one best reflects a cost to society as defined in the passage?

判断题Ateamofscientistshasjustfinishedwhatmightliterallybedescribedasoneofthemostbreathtakingjobsintheworld—surveyingandmappingthecoralreefsinSoutheastAsia"sCoralTriangleoffthecoastofIndonesia"sSulawesiIsland.AspartoftheCatlinSeaviewSurvey,teamsfromtheUniversityofQueensland,Indonesia"sSamRatulangiUniversityandIndonesia"sInstituteofSciencesspenttimeunderwateroverseveralweeksnearthecityofManadotorecorddataandmapreefsinwhatthesurveysays"couldbecomeoneofthelastrefugesonEarthforcoralreefs".TheeffortwaspartofalargerprojecttomaptheCoralTriangle,whichencompasses647millionhectaresoflandandsealocatedwithintheterritoriesofIndonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippines,PapuaNewGuinea,theSolomonIslandsandTimor-Leste."CoralTriangle"referstoaroughlytriangularshapeofwatersbetweenthePacificandIndianoceans.Asoneoftheworld"smostcrucialbreedinggroundsformarinebiodiversity,it"shometo75percentofallknowncoralspecies,includingnearly600speciesofreel-buildingcoralsand3,000speciesofreeffish.TheCatlinSeaviewSurveysaysthescaleofitsunderseamappingprojectisunprecedented.LocatedontheislandofSulawesi,ManadoisthecapitalofIndonesia"sNorthSulawesiprovince.CoraldevastationAccordingtoexperts,about40percentoftheworld"scoralshavebeenlostinthelastthreedecadesduetoclimatechangeandhumanactivities.Assumingthecurrentrateofdeclineremainssteady,somemarinebiologistspredictthatmostoftheworld"sremainingcoralwilldisappearbythemiddleofthecentury.TheCatlinSeaviewSurveygotunderwayinSeptember2012onAustralia"sGreatBarrierReef.CentringonthewatersofSoutheastAsia,the2014campaigncommencedinAprilhasalsocoveredareasaroundApoIslandandTubbatahaReefsinthePhilippines,KomodoandBaliinIndonesia,andEastTimor.LocatedinthecentreoftheCoralTriangle,Manadoisacrucialsectionforresearchers."RegionslikeManadointheCoralTrianglecould,bythemiddleofthecentury,beoneoftheonlyplacesonEarthwherecoralreefswillexist,"saysOreHoegh-Guldberg,chiefscientistofthesurveyanddirectoroftheGlobalChangeInstituteattheUniversityofQueensland."Understandingthestructureandfunctionofsuchreefsisoftheutmostimportanceifwearetounderpintheirresiliencetoglobalchange.""Thisinformationisnecessarytomakeinformeddecisionsabouthowmuch,andwhere,governmentsshouldinvesttoensurethefuturewell-beingofourplanet,"saysStephenCatlin,chiefexecutiveofCatlinGroupLimited,aBermuda-basedinsurancecompanythatsponsorsthesurvey.HowcoralreefmapsaremadeThecoralmappingeffortemploysaSeaviewSVIIunderwatercamera,whichhasarodandpropellerattachedtothebacktocreateasortofphotoscooter.ThreedigitalSLRcamerasencasedintheSVII"sglobe-shapedlenscapturehighresolution,360degreeimagesofreefs.DesignedbyCatlinSeaviewSurvey,thecamera"snewtechnologyhelpsshortensurveyingtimeoflarge,shallowwaterareasfrommonthstodays.Tomapsuchavastarea,scientist-diverstookphotographswhile"riding"thecameraatanaveragedepthofeightmeterswhiletravelingat4kph(KilometersperHour).Thousandsofimageswilleventuallybestitchedtogethertocreateawholepictureofthereefsystem.Theimageswillbeuploadedforviewingonthecompany"sdatabase—theGlobalReefRecord.SomeoftheimagescanbefoundonGoogleMaps.Markeachstatementaseithertrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.

判断题Would you like to orbit the Earth inside the International Space Station? Now you can take a space holiday—for a price. This is due to a recent decision by top space officials of the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency. Last April, American businessman Dennis Tito reportedly paid between twelve-million and twenty-million dollars to spend one week on the International Space Station. NASA had strongly objected to the Russian plan to permit a civilian on the costly research vehicle. After two years of negotiations, space officials have agreed on a process to train private citizens to take trips to the International Space Station. NASA recently agreed to conditions that will permit Russia to sell trips to the space station. The trips are planned by an American company called Space Adventures Limited of Arlington, Virginia. The company calls itself "the world's leading space tourism company." The company has sold a space trip to Mark Shuttleworth, a South African businessman. In April, Mister Shuttleworth will be launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Yet, the average citizen will not be able to travel into space in the near future. Space Adventures Limited sells a training program for space flight that costs two-hundred-thousand dollars. That price does not include the cost of the trip to the International Space Station. That holiday in space costs twenty-million dollars. Candidates for adventure space travel trips must be in excellent health and must pass difficult health tests. They must receive a lot of training and all successful candidates who wish to travel to the International Space Station must be able to read and speak English.

判断题The stores in Downtown Manhattan are open round the clock.

判断题Alaska In 1959 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state, symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1,500,000 square kilometers "of icebergs and polar hears"—beyond Canada"s western borders, far from the settled areas of the United States. 16 Ice masses lie buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this fiat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down. 17 According to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated. 18 It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait, named for Virus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741. The Eskimos are the state"s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed. 19 Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the U.S. mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. 20 The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the state"s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska"s single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals. Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use. A. Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. B. In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. C. In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. D. The sheer weather has driven many gold diggers away. E. Alaska is America"s largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. F. Nowadays Alaksa has become an exploration resort for millions of people to explore. G. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.

判断题In 10 years the ages of two brothers and two sisters will total 100. How much will their ages total in 7 years?

判断题Would you like to orbit the Earth inside the International Space Station? Now you can take a space holiday—for a price. This is due to a recent decision by top space officials of the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency. Last April, American businessman Dennis Tito reportedly paid between twelve-million and twenty-million dollars to spend one week on the International Space Station. NASA had strongly objected to the Russian plan to permit a civilian on the costly research vehicle. After two years of negotiations, space officials have agreed on a process to train private citizens to take trips to the International Space Station. NASA recently agreed to conditions that will permit Russia to sell trips to the space station. The trips are planned by an American company called Space Adventures Limited of Arlington, Virginia. The company calls itself "the world"s leading space tourism company." The company has sold a space trip to Mark Shuttleworth, a South African businessman. In April, Mister Shuttleworth will be launched into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Yet, the average citizen will not be able to travel into space in the near future. Space Adventures Limited sells a training program for space flight that costs two-hundred-thousand dollars. That price does not include the cost of the trip to the International Space Station. That holiday in space costs twenty-million dollars. Candidates for adventure space travel trips must be in excellent health and must pass difficult health tests. They must receive a lot of training and all successful candidates who wish to travel to the International Space Station must be able to read and speak English. Decide the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.

判断题Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and relative sense: the surface of the Earth is finite, imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources for different uses. Materials used for one purpose can not at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses. The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up some of society"s available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the wants of the community, this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account. In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used in producing them. However, the price of these inputs, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhere—if the leather can be used to produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers, the prices of leather would be correspondingly higher.

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判断题Thesecretofthesuccessfulhandshakeisnosecretanymore.ManagementconsultantRobertE.BrownexplainswhatshakinghandsisallaboutinhisbookTheArt,thePower,theMagic:HowtoReadHandsthatTalk.Forexample,todothe"All-AmericanHandshake",youhavetolookintoanotherperson"seyes,grasphisorherwholehand,andpumpittwoorthreetimes.AccordingtoBrown,thisisthehand-shakeofagoodlistenerandtrustworthyperson.Politiciansandsalespeopleoftenusethe"Two-HandedShake"becauseit"sextra-friendly.Two-handedshakersputtheirlefthandontheotherperson"sarmorshoulderastheyshakehands.Thiscanfeeltoofriendlytosomepeople,soit"sbesttouseitwithgoodfriends.Watchoutforpeoplewithhandshakesthatpullyourfingers,ortwistandcrushyourhand.Ifyougetoneofthesehandshakes,thepersonistryingtointimidateyou.Twomoreuncomfortablehandshakesarethe"PalmPinch"andthe"DeadFish".APalmPinchershakesyourhandwithonlyafewfingers.IntheDeadFishshake,theperson"shandslidesoutofthehandshake.It"spossiblethatthepeoplewiththesehandshakesareembarrassedorshy.Shakinghandsisanimportantpartofbodylanguage.Itcanidentifysomeoneastruthful,friendly,powerfulornervous.It"shardtobesuccessfulwithoutmasteringagoodhandshakesuchastheAll-American.Ifthisisn"tyournaturalhandshake,don"tworry.Mr.Brownsaysthatyoucanchangeyourhandshakewithlotsofpractice.So,goonoutthereandstartshakinghands.Justthinkofallthepeopleyoucanmeet.Readthepassage,andthentellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).

判断题No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess (公爵夫人) of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. 21 22 I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life. Being rich wouldn"t be bad either, but that won"t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. 23 When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating and excessive eating is one of Christianity"s seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. 24 It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber—than a weight problem. 25 Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory (虚荣). Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that yon do not need to use. A. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. B. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. C. Where did we go off the track? D. It is generally believed that being thin is a kind of beauty. E. Our obsession (迷恋) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. F. People try to eat as less as possible in order to look thin. G. The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it.

判断题 26 No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do". 27 Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. 28 The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket (叫嚷) is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. 29 He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books. 30 We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you don"t need to use. A. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. B. Look at it from the child"s point of view. C. To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. D. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. E. Many experts criticize the way of contemporary education. F. Education is of great significance to the development of a child. G. There is a second element at work in this situation.

判断题Answer the following questions briefly according to the passage. What determines the price of goods in a market economy?

判断题Addicted to the Mall What do you do for recreation? Do you swim, dance, play cards, garden, or read? Many people today prefer to spend their free time shopping. These people are called recreational shoppers. Recreational shoppers do not always buy something. They really enjoy the shopping experience. Of course, many people like going to indoor malls. However, for recreational shoppers, the mall is more than stores. For them, the mall represents happiness and fulfillment. For these people, a visit to the mall is an adventure. In fact, for many recreational shoppers the art of looking for and buying something is more fun than owning it. Recently, psychologists discovered through a study that recreational shoppers were usually younger, had less self-control, and were more often female. The recreational shoppers also went shopping when they felt worried, angry, or depressed. Ordinary shoppers didn"t. Most of the recreational shoppers said buying something helped them feel better-it made them happy. Their negative feelings went away. Many recreational shoppers also did something unusual while they were shopping. They pretended that they were different people with different lives. Of course, shopping is an important part of our contemporary consumer society. We spend a lot of time in malls. A recent study found that people spend most of their time at home, at work, and in school. Shopping malls ranked fourth. However, in the future, will we think of recreational shopping as an addiction like smoking or drinking?