填空题What word goes in the brackets to form two different words with the letters outside the brackets? CLAIM ( ) HILL

填空题Inthepast,huntingwasnecessity,withhumanskillingwildanimalsforfoodandclothing.However,modernhuntersgenerallyhuntforoneoftworeasons:forsport,orbecauseit'spartoftheirtraditionalculture.Canhuntingeverbejustified?Huntingforsportispopularallovertheworld.EveryyearintheUnitedStates,morethan12millionpeoplegohunting;andwealthyenthusiastsfromaroundtheworldpaythousandstogoonAfricansafaris.Whilemanyrecreationalhunterseattheanimaltheykill,otherssimplydoitfortrophies.Theseso-calledtrophyhunterspaytaxidermiststostuffandmountthedeadanimals,whichtheythendisplayintheirhomesassouvenirs.So,shouldhuntingforsportbeallowed?No,saysanimalrightgroupPETA.Theybelieveanimalshavetherighttoliveouttheirnaturallivesinthewild.Andthegroupnotesthathuntedanimalsoftenescapeafterbeingwoundedandarelefttodieslowlyandpainfully.Otheranti-huntingactivistsarguethathuntersprefertokillthebiggermembersofaspecies,whichoftenleavesthesmalleronesbehindtobreed.Asaresult,theentirespeciesslowlybecomesweaker.Ofcourse,manyhuntersdisagree.Theyclaimthatresponsiblehuntersfollowastrictcodeofconduct,whichincludesneverlettingawoundedanimalescape,andnevertakingashotatananimalunlessit'sgoingtobeacleankill.Huntersalsoarguethattheirsportkeepscertainspeciesincheck,preventingoverpopulation.Forexample,theysaythatifwaterfowlweren'thunted,theirnumberswouldgrowtoolarge,leadingtooutbreaksoffowlcholeraadiseasedangeroustohumans.Huntersevenarguethatthey'rehelpingendangeredspecies.Thisisbecausemanycountriesreinvesthuntingrevenue(frompermitsorsafarifees)backintoanimalconservation.Forexample,someofthemoneythatZimbabweearnsfromforeignelephanthuntersisputbackintoelephantconservation.Asaresult,Zimbabweanelephantnumbersareactuallysteadilyincreasing.However,conservationistssaythatkillinganimalsinordertosavethemishypocriticalandthatthereareotherwaystoprotectendangeredwildlife.Butwhatabouttraditionalcultureswhostillhuntfortheirfood?TheInuitpeoplehavelivedintheArcticforthousandsofyearsandtheirtraditionaldietincludestheendangeredbowheadwhale.LocallawsallowthemtokillalimitednumberofbowheadsayearandmanyInuitarguethattraditionalsocietiesmustadaptanddropendangeredspeciesfromtheirdiets.

填空题Well, I'd like to begin by saying how pleased I am that so many of you have come to the first of our study skills sessions this term. In the past, many students have said how they have appreciated the classes. 'Why didn't they tell me that at school?' is one of the most frequent remarks. Further education is quite different from being at school, as I am sure you' re finding out. You will be treated more (21) —but you will also be expected to be much more independent. This means that there is far more pressure on you to take your own decisions—such as working out a (22) — and sticking to it. I'll give you our programme for the term during the break, by the way. You may also find that you are asked to do things in a different way from classes at school—taking part in seminars and (23) , for example. That is going to be the theme of this evening: speaking skills. I'll refer to writing from time to time because I am not going to talk about pronunciation—I am talking more about the ways in which we structure (24) in English, the way we organize what we say. All too soon you will need to do this—when you are asked to present your ideas on the particular job—in a (25) —or in writing—or both. I think it would be as well to run through some of the conventions that we generally use. Much of this may be familiar to some of you, but I think it is worth saying again. I shall (26) three areas: first, the beginning, a good introduction; then, the middle, making your point (27) , giving examples and linking it altogether logically; and finally, the end, coming to a good conclusion. Today we'll also look at ways of agreeing—and (28) even ways of interrupting and taking floor—but first I'd like each of you to take a clean sheet of paper—now divide the page (29) into three (30) —about the same size if you can—hand the one on the left 'function'—the other two are one for speaking and one for writing—now the column on the left.

填空题A farmer has a total of 224 animals. He has 38 more sheep than cows and 6 more cows than pigs. How many pigs does he have?

填空题KingJamesBeforethelastshotofMichaelJordan"sfinalgamewiththeChicagoBulls,heleftbehindamomentthatwillhanginthemindsofsportsfansthewayhedidintheair.Hisquickcrossoverdribble,withthehelpofatinyshove,sentUtahJazzdefenderByronRusselltothefloor.Wideopen,Jordannailedthegame-winningjumpshot,andheandtheBullsclinchedtheirsixth—andJordan"slast—NBAtitle.AttheRoseGardenArenainPortland,Ore.,lastWednesday,ClevelandCavaliersstarLeBronJames,20,becametheyoungestplayertoreachoneofthetoughestperformancemilestonesinbasketball,the"tripledouble"(doubledigitsinpoints,reboundsandassistsinasinglegame—hediditagainthreenightslater).Duringoneplay,hisquickcrossoverdribble,sansshove,sentaPortlanddefenderveeringtothesideline.Wideopen,Jamesshotathreepointer.Swish.NothingbutMike.EversinceJordan"sfirstretirementadozenyearsago,theNBAhassearchedfromChi-towntoChinaforastarasdominantandmarketableasHisAirness.TheracetoreplaceJordanmayendwithoutawinner,butLeBronJames,injusthissecondyearoutofSt.Vincent—St.MaryHighSchoolinAkron,Ohio,isalreadyfaraheadofthepretenders.Hisgameisspectacular.JamescombinesJordan"seaseatfillinguptheboxscore(andthestands)witharuthlessinstincttowin,atraitthatHill,agentleman,andCarter,adiffidentperformer,surelylack.AndlikeJordan,Jamesknowshecan"tdoitalone.Infact,heisacompleteteamplayerwholovestopasstheballandmakehisteammatesbetter:IversonandBryantcan"tclaimmuchthere.Thebiggestshockofall:themosthypedteenathleteofthiscentury,whosingle-handedlyputhighschoolbasketballonnationaltelevision,hasactuallyexceededtheungodlyexpectationssetbeforehim."TheKingJameseraishere",saysMilwaukeeBucksheadcoachTerry-Porter,whoplayedagainstJordanformuchofhis17-yearprocareer."YoucouldarguethatLeBroniskindofcarryingtheleaguerightnow."

填空题In this section, you will hear a short passage for questions 21-30; complete the notes using three words or fewer for each blank. The passage will be read only once. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. When Christopher Columbus reached America, he thought he arrived in {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The population of Native Americans in the US: {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Regions where Indians live: {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}, {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}or cities. Why young Indians leave their hometown: for {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}reasons. Rate of unemployment in reservations: around {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}percent. Jobs held by Indians: mostly {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}and {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Health problem: Indians commonly leads a(an) {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}life than other Americans. College education: finished by at least {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}of Indians over 25 years old.

填空题A typist types four envelopes and four letters. She places the letters in the envelopes at random. What are the chances that only three letters are in their correct envelopes?

填空题Change one letter in each of the following words to produce a well-known phrase: CAKE CARD

填空题What is the number that is one half of one quarter of one tenth of 400?

填空题Giventheirroleinthe2008meltdown,andtheirsubsequentbrandingastoxicsludge,itisnotsurprisingthat"securitized"financialproductshavehadaquietfewyears.Yetthetransformationofmortgages,credit-carddebtandotherrecurringcashflowsintonewmarketablesecuritiesisenjoyingsomethingofresurgence.Onceapparentlydestinedforthefinancialhistorybooks,thealphabetsoupofABSS(assetbackedsecurities),MBSS(theirmortgageversion),CLOs(collateralizedloanobligations)andothershadabumperyearin2013.Moregrowthisexpectednextyear.Noteverybodyisthrilled.Someobserversarguethattheriskssecuritizationposesaretoograve.Butitsrevivalshouldbewelcomed,foritisprobablyessentialtocontinuedeconomicrecovery,particularlyinEurope.UsecarefullyInitssimplestform,securitizationisstraightforwardandbeneficial.Forexample,acarmakerexpectinglotsofmonthlypaymentsfromcustomerswhohavetakenoutfinancingcangetinvestorstofunditsbusinessmorecheaplybysellingthemitsclaimtothosepayments.Abankonthereceivingendofmortgagerepaymentsorcredit-cardreceivablescandosomethingsimilar:bundletheloansupandsellthem,orusethemascollateraltogetfunding,whichitcanthenusetoissuemoreloans.Thisboostsbothcreditandgrowth.Usedrecklessly,though,securitizationcanbedangerous.ItfuelledthecatastrophicboominAmericansubprimemortgages.Somebanks,awarethathomeloanswouldbesliced,diced,repackagedandsoldon,gaveupevencursorychecksontheirborrowers"creditworthiness.Investorspiledinblindly,snappingupsupposedlysafe"tranches"ofbundled-updebtthatprovedtobeanythingbut.Theboomturnedtobustandbail-outs.Yetstructuredfinancecannotbearsoleresponsibilityforthecrisis.Itwasmoretheconduitforirrationalfinancialexuberancethanitscause.Laxlendingstandardsinboomtimespredatetheemergenceofsecuritization(inthe1970s)byseveralcenturiesatleast.Moststructuredproductsperformedwellthroughthecrisis,withthenotableexceptionofthoserelatedtoAmericanresidentialmortgages.DefaultinEuroperemainedlowdespitetherecession.Andalthoughtherearestillrisks,securitizationshouldbesaferinthefuturethaninthepastbecauseofnew,post-crisisregulationstoreducethedangerofexcesses.Theprinciplethatthepartycreatinganewsecurityneedstoretainsomeexposuretotheunderlyingcredit(the"skininthegame"rule)shouldhelpensurethatunderwritingstandardsdonotgettooslack.Thatwillhamperthedesirabletransferringofrisksbut,givenrecenthistory,itisprobablyprudenttoputalittlesandinthegears.Europestandstobenefitmostfromsecuritization"sreturn.LendersacrossEuropeareunderpressuretoimprovetheratioofcapitaltheyholdtoloansmade.Onewayofdoingthisistostopextendingcredit,whichis,unfortunately,whatmanybankshavedone.Iftheyinsteadslimmedthemselvesthroughsecuritization,bybundlingandrepackagingloansandsellingthemtooutsideinvestorssuchasinsurancefirmsorassetmanagers,theycouldlendmoremoneytocredit-starvedcompanies.Thatwouldhavetheaddedbenefitofspreadingriskawayfromwobblybanks.Securitizationcertainlyhasablackmarkagainstit,butitisfartoousefultobebanishedforgood.Almostallfinancialinnovations,fromthehumblemortgagetothejoint-stockcompany,havehadtore-establishtheirreputationafterabustatsomepointintheirhistory.Societybenefitedfromtheireventualrehabilitation—asitmostprobablywillfromtherevivalofsecuritization.Completethesummarybelowwithinformationfromthepassage,usingnomorethanthreewordsforeachblank.Securitizationregainspublicattentionalongwiththetransformationofmortgages,credit-carddebtandotherrecurringcashflowsintonewmarketablesecurities.However,someresearchersadoptaconservativeattitudetowardsits1,whichposesgreatrisksoneconomy.Butsecuritizationisstilledsupportedforitspotentialpromotionof2.Initssimplestform,securitizationisstraightforwardandbeneficial.Itboostsbothcreditandgrowth.Ifusedrecklessly,securitizationcanbedangerous.Forexample,ithasbroughtaboutaharmfuleffectonAmericansubprimemortgages.Althoughthereisstilldisagreementonsecuritization,itshouldbesaferinthefuturethaninthepastduetothe3ofthedangerofexcessesunderthecontrolofnewregulations.Itisfartoousefultobe4forgood.Almostallfinancialinnovations,fromthehumblemortgagetothejoint-stockcompany,havehadtore-establishtheirreputationafterabustatsomepointintheirhistory.5benefitedfromtheireventualrehabilitation—asitmostprobablywillfromtherevivalofsecuritization.

填空题For the last fifty years, the globe has been warming up. It is true that the average temperature r 1 is only about two degrees, but that has been e 2 to start the glaciers 3 (recede) in many parts of the world. A rise of one degree per generation is a large in 4 . Nature seldom moves as swiftly as this. We may have been helping her. To a very large 5 , the temperature of the Earth is determined 6 the amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can keep. The air above us sets like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping many of the heat waves which would other 7 bounce back into space. Carbon dioxide in the air is mostly responsible 8 the "greenhouse effect"; it is a gas produced by all our countless fires, furnaces (熔炉) and internal combustion engines (内燃机). The end of the age of fossil fuels is already in sight; soon in one or two centuries at the roost we will have wasted all the world"s re 9 of oil and coal. This no longer means disaster, for 10 (atom) energy has arrived in time to save our civilization from dying through lack of power.

填空题Whatisthemissingletter?ECOBABGBNDB？

填空题Scientists say there has been a severe decrease in the amount of water in Lake Chad in northern Africa in the last thirty years. They reported that nature and humans share equal blame for this loss. In 1963, the fresh-water lake covered 25,000 square kilometers. Now the lake is only about five percent of that size. It measures only about 1,300 square kilometers in the dry season. Four nations surround Lake Chad. People in Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon use it for water, fish and plant life. Michael Coe and Jonathan Foley, water experts at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, reported on Lake Chad in a science journal. They say the area has suffered from a lack of heavy rain for more than thirty years. This has forced people to build systems to carry water to dry land. These irrigation systems further decrease the amount of lake water. Mr. Coe says Lake Chad will be only a small body of water in the future. He says people still can get water from the lake to drink and for crops. But he says the lake will no longer provide a healthy environment for fish and plant life. The researchers used a computer to study what caused the water loss. Their computer study estimated the climate and amount of water in the area. The estimate started with written records from the early 1960s. Then the researchers compared the estimates with the area"s recorded climate and water supply for the same period. The computer study showed results similar to the recorded ones for the first twenty years. But there was a big change in the 1980s. At the time, the lake got smaller much faster than the computer research had estimated. The researchers say that major irrigation systems were built in the 1980s. The systems took water from two rivers that flow into Lake Chad. The Chari and Logone rivers carry most of the water that enters the lake. Climate changes also were responsible for the reduction. The flow of the two rivers was reduced by almost seventy-five percent. Scientists say the problem is expected to worsen in the coming years as the population and demand for water continued to increase.

填空题Whatisthenextnumberinthefollowingsequence?

填空题Conventional wisdom says trees are good for the environment. They absorb carbon dioxide—a greenhouse gas—from the atmosphere and store it as carbon while releasing oxygen, a process for which forests have been called "the lungs of the planet". The roots of trees have been thought to trap sediments and nutrients in the soil. Trees have also been credited with steadying the flow of these rivers, keeping it relatively constant through wet and dry seasons, thus preventing both drought and flooding. It is all nonsense, concludes a research published this week. A four-year international study led by researchers at the University of Newcastle, in Britain, and the Free University of Amsterdam, identifies several myths about the link between forests and water. For example, in arid and semiarid areas, trees consume far more water than they trap. And it is not the trees that catch sediments and nutrients, and steady the flow of the rivers, but the fact that the soil has not been compressed. The World Commission on Water estimates that the demand for water will increase by around 50% in the next 30 years. Moreover, around 4 billion people—one half of the world's population—will live in conditions of severe water stress, meaning they will not have enough water for drinking and washing to stay healthy, by 2025. The government of South Africa has been taking a tough approach to trees since it became the first to treat water as a basic human right in 1998. Trees lose water through evaporation (the technical term is transpiration) at twice the rate of grassland or South Africa's unique fynbos scrubland. In a scheme praised by the hydrologists, the state penalizes forestry companies for preventing this water from reaching rivers and underground aquifers. In India, large tree-planting schemes not only lose valuable water but complicate the true problem identified by the hydrologists: the unregulated removal of water from aquifers to irrigate crops. Farmers need no permit to drill a borehole and, as most farmers receive free electricity, there is little economic control on the volume of water pumped. In the Kolar district in Karnataka, wells have dried up as the water table has plummeted from six metres to 150 metres below ground. Read the passage carefully and then complete each blank in the summary in a maximum of three words from the passage. It is commonly believed that trees are good for the environment, as they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen; the roots of trees can trap water and {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}the flow of rivers. However, a recent study has found that this belief is {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}. According to the research, trees lose {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}water through evaporation than they trap. In South Africa, forestry companies are punished as the trees they planted prevented water from {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}rivers and underground aquifers. In India, farmers drilled many wells and used the underground water to {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}their farmland. This has lowered water table to 150 metres below ground. Many trees have been planted and in fact these trees complicate the existing problem.

填空题If 5 frogs catch 5 flies in 5 minutes, how many frogs are required to catch 50 flies in 50 minutes?

填空题 Read the following passage and fill in each blank with one word in three ways :according to the context; using the correct form of the given words; according to the given letters of the words. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. The American definition of success is largely one of acquiring wealth and a higher material standard of living. It is not surprising, {{U}}(66) {{/U}}, that Americans have valued education for its monetary value. The belief is wide spread in the United States that the more {{U}}(67) {{/U}} (school) people have, the more money they will earn when they leave school. The belief is strongest regarding the desirability of an undergraduate university degree, or a professional degree such as medicine or law following the undergraduate degree. The money value of graduate degrees in "non{{U}} (68) {{/U}}" fields such as art, history, or philosophy is not as great. This belief in the monetary value of education is supported by st{{U}} (69) {{/U}} on income. Ben Wattenberg, a social scientist, estimated that in the course of a li{{U}} (70) {{/U}} a man with a college degree in 1972 would earn about ￥380,000 more than a man with just a high school di{{U}} (71) {{/U}} Perhaps this helps to explain survey findings which showed that Americans who wished they had led their lives {{U}}(72) {{/U}} (differ) in some way regretted most of all that they did not get more education. The regret is s{{U}} (73) {{/U}} by those who have made it to the top and by those who have not. Journalist Richard Reeves quotes a black worker in a Ford au{{U}} (74) {{/U}} factory. When I was in the ninth grade, I was getting bad grades and messing {{U}}(75) {{/U}} . My father came home in the kitchen one night with a pair of Ford work pants and he threw them in my face. "Put these on," he said, "because you' re going to be wearing them the rest of your life if you don't get an education. " Douglas Fraser, the president of the United Auto Workers Union, regretted not finishing high school so much that he oct{{U}} (76) {{/U}} lied about it. He told Richard Reeves about his pride in {{U}}(77) {{/U}} (graduate) from high school, but then a few minutes later he said: I wasn't telling the truth about high school. I never finished. I q{{U}} (78) {{/U}} in the twelfth grade to take a job. It's funny after all these years, I still lie about it. Because the fact is, I still think it was a stupid thing to do. I {{U}}(79) {{/U}} have finished my education. Even a man like Fraser, a nationally known and successful l{{U}} (80) {{/U}}, was troubled by regrets that he did not climb higher on the educational ladder.

填空题{{B}}Section D{{/B}} Instructions : In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Answers 66 - 70 are based on the following passage. Few would deny that what we see in the media affects the way we think and act. Advertisers, knowing this better than anyone else, pay millions of dollars every year to sell their products. For prime time television advertising in the United States, companies pay up to two million dollars for a single forty-second advertisement. In the competition for audience attention, advertisers will do almost anything they can think of to sell their product. A common tactic in commercial advertising is to tie the advertised product to sex or glamour, even when these features do not directly relate to the product. How many times have we seen a pretty woman selling a car? Other ads may make exaggerated claims about the effectiveness of their products. Consumer complaints about misleading or inappropriate content in advertisements have led to multiple restrictions on advertising. Laws exist in many countries to regulate advertising. In the United States, television advertisements for alcoholic beverages cannot show a person actually drinking the beverage. Restricting advertisers through legislation brings up issues of freedom of speech and individual rights. For this reason, US law makers have tried to avoid passing many laws that might limit advertisers' rights. Instead, they have asked the advertising industry to find ways to regulate itself. This led to the creation of the National Advertising Review Council (NARC) in the 1970s. Major advertisers and advertising agencies set up NARC, an industry-run agency that would maintain standards of accuracy, morality, and social responsibility in advertising. Since then, there have been two branches within the organization: the National Advertising Division (NAD) and the National Advertising Review Board (NARB). The NAD is like the police of the organization. They receive complaints by consumers, consumer groups, companies, or associations about advertisements. NAD then investigates the ads and reports any misconduct. If NAD and the advertiser cannot find a way to correct the ad together, the case goes before the NARB for review. The Review Board then reviews the ad and makes a recommendation. As part of the trend towards non-governmental regulation, the media in which advertising appears also work as a kind of censor. Television stations all have departments for reviewing ads before the ads can be shown on the air. This is true for radio stations as well. Likewise, magazines and newspapers review ads before publication to make sure both the products and the content are appropriate for their readers. In addition to their reviews for appropriateness, some publications even check the accuracy of the information in the ads. Along with national advertising organizations and the media, individual advertising agencies comprise a third layer of censorship. Advertising agencies certainly want the public to have confidence in their ads. Therefore, most advertisers use market research as a way to verify the claims made in advertisements. Furthermore, if consumers learn about misleading claims in the ads for a product, the consumers can sue the advertisers. This is why most large advertising agencies employ in-house lawyers for reviewing ads. The medium of web advertising has opened entirely new questions about advertising, targeting one's intended audience, and appropriateness of ad content. At the same time, consumers have made more and more focused demands on all forms of media. In the UK, for example, some have called for a ban on the advertising of fast food, which is widely blamed for problems of obesity. For the time being, a combination of government regulation, citizen demands, and industry self-regulation will continue to shape what marketers do. Summary Media affects the way we think and act. With so many advertisements, their creators must think of innovative ways to get consumers' {{U}}(66) {{/U}}. Some ads may make exaggerated claims about their products or have misleading content. Public complaints about advertising have led to government regulations in many countries. In the United States, advertisers have set up a self-policing {{U}}(67) {{/U}} called NARC to censor ads. Through self-regulation, the industry avoids issues of {{U}}(68) {{/U}} of speech and makes sure that their ads are accurate. Advertisers with deceptive ads can be {{U}}(69) {{/U}}. However, new forms of media, such as the web, have created new questions about {{U}}(70) {{/U}}.

填空题"Home, sweet home" is a phrase that expresses an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet. 1 The cherished ideal of home has great importance for many people. This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers of the American West, was in find a piece of place, build a house for one"s family, and start a farm. These small 2 households were portraits of independence: the entire family-mother, father, children, 3 even grandparents—live in a small house and working together to support each 4 other. Anyone understood the life and death, importance of family cooperation and 5 hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal 6 of home ownership is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth. When U. S. soldiers came home before World War II. for example, they 7 dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was a tremendous boom in 8 home building. The new houses, typically it the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied a deep need. Many regarded the single-family 9 house as the basis their way of life. 10

填空题Cash reward is a common form of motivation used by parents with high expectation to encourage their children work hard at exam time. Some 11 youngsters receive payments of as much as ￡ 100 for each A grade they obtain at GSCE. But would such "bribes" be based on exam performance or 12 should they, as many parents and teachers feel, be offered in recognition of a 13 child"s effort, regardless of results? The later approach would solve the 14 problems of how parents reward children with different ability; 15 imagine, for example, a family with one child who is academically gift and 16 another who has learning difficulties. The dangers of resuh-relating incentives 17 for the second child are clear; with little hope of obtaining the higher grades, the withholding of promised financial rewards would only compound of the 18 child"s feeling of false. However, some leading educational psychologists 19 believe that parents should rely in their own judgments in such matters. They 20 maintain that if parents know that money will motivate their child, then they should not be condemned for operating a system of cash payouts.