填空题AlthoughFrench,German,AmericanandBritishpioneershaveallbeencreditedwiththeinventionofcinema,theBritishandtheGermansplayedarelativelysmallroleinitsworldwideexploitation.ItwasabovealltheFrench,followedcloselybytheAmericans,whowerethemostpassionateexportersofthenewinvention,helpingtostartcinemainChina,Japan,LatinAmericaandRussia.IntermsofartisticdevelopmentitwasagaintheFrenchandtheAmericanswhotookthelead,thoughintheyearsbeforetheFirstWorldWar,Italy,DenmarkandRussiaalsoplayedapart.{{U}}{{U}}1{{/U}}{{/U}}Byprotectingtheirownmarketandpursuingavigorousexportpolicy,theAmericansachievedadominantpositionontheworldmarketbythestartoftheFirstWorldWar.Thecentreoffilm-makinghadmovedwestwards,toHollywood,anditwasfilmsfromthesenewHollywoodstudiosthatfloodedontotheworld'sfilmmarketsintheyearsaftertheFirstWorldWar,andhavedonesoeversince.FacedwithtotalHollywooddomination,fewfilmindustriesprovedcompetitive.TheItalianindustry,whichhadpioneeredthefeaturefilmwithspectacularfilmslikeQuoVadis?(1913)andCabiria(1914),almostcollapsed.InScandinavia,theSwedishcinemahadabriefperiodofglory,notablywithpowerfulepicfilmsandcomedies.EventheFrenchcinemafounditselfinadifficultposition.InEurope,onlyGermanyprovedindustriallycapable,whileinthenewSovietUnionandinJapan,thedevelopmentofthecinematookplaceinconditionsofcommercialisolation.{{U}}{{U}}2{{/U}}{{/U}}Hollywoodfilmsappealedbecausetheyhadbetter-constructednarratives,theirspecialeffectsweremoreimpressive,andthestarsystemaddedanewdimensiontoscreenacting.IfHollywooddidnothaveenoughofitsownresources,ithadagreatdealofmoneytobuyupartistsandtechnicalinnovationsfromEuropetoensureitscontinueddominanceoverpresentorfuturecompetition.{{U}}{{U}}3{{/U}}{{/U}}However,duringthis"SilentFilm"era,animation,comedy,serialsanddramaticfeaturescontinuedtothrive,alongwithfactualfilmsordocumentaries,whichacquiredanincreasingdistinctivenessastheperiodprogressed.Itwasalsoatthistimethattheavant-gardefilmfirstachievedcommercialsuccess,thistimethanksalmostexclusivelytotheFrenchandtheoccasionalGermanfilm.{{U}}{{U}}4{{/U}}{{/U}}Ofthese,theFrenchdisplayedthemostcontinuity,inspiteofthewarandpostwareconomicuncertainties.TheGermancinema,relativelyinsignificantinthepre-waryears,explodedontotheworldsceneafter1919.YeteventheywerebothovershadowedbytheSovietsafterthe1917Revolution.Theyturnedtheirbackonthepast,leavingthestyleofthepre-warRussiancinematothewhofledwestwardstoescapetheRevolution.{{U}}{{U}}5{{/U}}{{/U}}Forexample,Britainhadaninterestingbutundistinguishedhistoryinthesilentperiod;Italyhadabriefmomentofinternationalfamejustbeforethewar;theScandinaviancountries,particularlyDenmark,playedaroleinthedevelopmentofsilentcinemaquiteoutofproportiontotheirsmallpopulation;andJapan'scinemasdevelopedbasedprimarilyontraditionaltheatricaland,toalesserextent,otherartformsandonlygraduallyadaptedtowesterninfluence.A.Inrencentyears,moreandmorepeopleenjoyedwatchingHollywoodfilms.B.Filmstylediffersindifferentcountries.C.Ofthecountrieswhichdevelopedandmaintaineddistinctivenationalcinemasinthesilentperiod,themostimportantwereFrance,GermanyandtheSovietUnion.D.Thereareothercountrieswhosecinemaschangeddramatically.E.Hollywoodtooktheleadartisticallyaswellasindustrially.F.IntheenditwastheUnitedStatesthatwastobecome,andremain,thelargestsinglemarketforfilms.G.Fromearlycinema,itwasonlyAmericanslapstickcomedythatsuccessfullydevelopedinbothshortandfeatureformat.

填空题Biogas: a Solution to Many Problems In almost all developing countries, the lack of adequate supplies of cheap, convenient and reliable fuel is a major problem. Rural communities depend largely on kerosene, wood and dung for their cooking and lighting needs. But kerosene is now priced out of reach of many people and wood, except in heavily forested areas, is in short supply. The search for firewood occupies a large part of the working day and has resulted in widespread deforestation. Dung is in constant supply wherever there are farm animals and, when dried, it is convenient to store and use. But burning dung destroys its value as fertilizer, thus depriving the soil of a much needed source of humus and nitrogen. Rural areas of developing countries are also plagued by a lack of adequate sanitation. Improper waste disposal spreads disease, contaminates water sources and provides breeding grounds for disease-carrying insect. The problems of improving environmental hygiene, conserving resources and finding alternative sources of fuel may be unrelated. Their solutions, however, are not, as many countries experimenting with biogas technology are discovering. Biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced by the fermentation of organic matter. The process of anaerobic fermentation is a natural one occurring whenever living matter decomposes. By containing the matter-and the process-in a digester or biogas plant, the combustible gas can be trapped and used as fuel for household lighting and cooking. The digested slurry that remains can be used on the land as a soil conditioner and fertilizer. Biogas plants have attracted much interest in recent years and they are in use in several Asian countries: 36,000 are reported in rural areas of India, 27,000 in Korea and more than 80,000 in China. In most countries the value of the gas has been the prime factor leading to their adoption: 70 per cent of India's plants, for instance, were built during the energy and fertilizer crisis of 1975-1976-although their use in that country dates back to 1951. Similarly in Thailand and Korea, biogas is being investigated as an alternative to costly charcoal and to save compost materials from being burned. In Japan and China, reducing pollution from animal wastes has been an important factor. Privies, hen houses and pigpens are built in proximity to the fermentation chamber in China. Examinations of the digested slurry have shown that the total number of parasite eggs was reduced by 93.6 per cent, hookworms by 99 per cent and no schistosome flukes were found. The greatest benefits from biogas systems, however, are probably to be derived from the manurial value of the slurry, although it is not widely used outside of India and China. Vegetable farmers near Calcutta found that the digested slurry produced bigger and better tasting peas than did other fertilizers and the weight of root vegetables increased by nearly 300 per cent. The production of biogas by fermentation of animal and vegetable wastes is a technology that has been largely developed and used in the {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}countries. Only very recently have scientists in the industrialized nations begun to show an interest-presumably because of the "energy {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}" Family-sized-biogas {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}first came into widespread use in India in the 1950s in an effort to make a cleaner and more efficient use of cattle dung. The programme really expanded in the 1970s, and today there are as many as 100,000 plants throughout the world. Most are in domestic use to provide fuel for plants, but some larger units are operated in order to recycle wastes, supply fertilizer, control pollution and improve {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. One Chinese study has shown that digestion of animal {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}in the airtight digesters greatly reduces health hazards from parasitic diseases. One Indian study has estimated that the value of the fertilizer obtained is in itself greater than the cost of producing the biogas. Thus, the system is economically sound, in addition to other benefits such as a cleaner, healthier environment.

填空题Manynewsmallbusinessesf(46)becausetheytrytobeeverythingtoeverybody.Suchastrategyleadstoadiffusionofcriticalresourcesandaninabilitytotargetaviablemarket.Instead,smallbusinessesshouldseektona(47)theirpotentialmarketsdowntomanageablesizes.Thefirststepinthisprocessistoidentifythe(48)(distinguish)characteristicsofthemarketinquestion.Thesecharacteristicsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,theneedsofthecustomers,thedegree(49)whichthoseneedsarebeingmet,thedemographicsofthecustomers,andtheir(50)(geography)location.Additionalresearchisnecessaryonthesizeofthemarket,theamountofmoneythemarketspendsperyearonpr(51)orservicessimilartothoseofthenewbusiness;andtheforecastgrowthofthemarket.Smallbusinessesshouldalsotakeintoac(52)thetrendsandpotentialchangesthatmayimpacttheirprimarymarkets.Theyshouldalsoidentifycharacteristicsofse(53)marketsthatmayaffecttheprimarymarket.Afteridentifyingthepropermarket,anewsmallbusinessshouldthenattempttocalculatethepercentofthemarketshareitintendstocap(54)andoutlinepreciselyhowitintendstodoso.Oncethereisanestimateofthepotentialmarketshare,asmallbusinessshouldconsideritspricingandgrossmargintargets.Finally,thesmallbusinessshouldfocusonstra(55)toreachthemarket.Thesecouldincluderadioandtelevisionbroadcasts,publications,oranyothertypeofsourcethathasinfluencewiththeprimarymarket.

填空题 In this section, you will hear a passage which will be read only once. You are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Every year a large number of young people leave school and begin work. Some {{U}}(21) {{/U}} jobs on farms or in industry. Others accept positions in the {{U}}(22) {{/U}} services. Many seek post in business or a trade. A few with skills in art or music apply for work in these fields. Their level of education {{U}}(23) {{/U}} affects their range of possible openings. Many firms, for instance, only select excellent {{U}}(24) {{/U}} for training as future executives. They will not consider applications from people with only {{U}}(25) {{/U}} records of achievement at school. What factors influence the choice of a career? The information {{U}}(26) {{/U}} on this is uncertain but it is probable that finance, working conditions and prospects of improvement are the most significant considerations. It seems apparent that {{U}}(27) {{/U}} which retain their employees give them satisfaction in these respects. A {{U}}(28) {{/U}} investigation of the motives which operate in the selection of employment would prove a profitable topic for research. Employers who would {{U}}(29) {{/U}} the assistance of the findings to enlist and maintain stable staff might be induced to {{U}}(30) {{/U}} in the project.

填空题 People of the Northwest Coast People of the eastern plains Origin Came here 1 to 2 years ago from 3 Lifestyle influenced by 4 In busy season: lived by 5 and 6 In free seasons: spend time in 7 Had a(an) 8 society Lived in houses made of 9 After harvest : hunting for 10

填空题I（10marks）

填空题WhichoneoftheRubik'scubesbelowcanbepartofthesequence?

填空题It's not always easy to decide which sport to t (66) up. When choosing, it is important to remember that excellence in sports is the (67) (resultant) of a number of factors. For some sports, the body shape and structure (68) you are born are important. Top runners are typical ex (69) of individuals who have selected a sport because of their natural body type. Many other sports are more dependent on training and technique, and anyone following a well-structured and app (70) training programme should do well. The aim of all sports is to improve fitness and skills, and to develop training programmes that are both safe and ef (71) . To do this properly, an understanding of the (72) demands of sport is needed. All sports require a combination of strength, speed, endurance, agility and (73) (flexible) to varying degrees. (74) is important is how these elements are corn (75) to build up the skills of the sport in question. Other factors to be taken into ac (76) in a training programme are diet, (77) ( avoid injuries, a person's general state of health, and the nature and role of other team players. Bearing s (78) considerations in mind, anyone prepared to work at it can ex (79) to progress to a reasonably competitive level, even (80) only a few people will go on to break world records.

填空题Men cannot manufacture blood as efficiently as women can. This makes surgery riskier for men. Men also need more oxygen because they do not breathe as often as women. But men breathe more deeply and this exposes them to another risk. When the air is polluted, they draw more of it into their lungs. A more recent and chilling finding is the effect of automobile and truck exhaust fumes on children's intelligence. These exhaust fumes are the greatest source of lead pollution in cities. Researchers have found that the children with the highest concentration of lead in their bodies have the lowest scores on intelligence tests and that boys score lower than girls. It is possible that these low scores are connected to the deeper breathing that is typical of the male. Men's bones are larger than women's and they are arranged somewhat differently. The feminine walk that evokes so many whistles is a matter of bone structure. Men have broader shoulders arid a narrower pelvis, which enables them to stride out with no waste motion. A woman's wider pelvis, designed for childbearing, forces her to put more movement into each step she takes with the result that she displays a bit of a jiggle and sway as she walks. If you think a man is brave because he climbs a ladder to clean out the roof gutters, don't forget that it is easier for him than for a woman. The angle at which a woman's thigh is joined to her knees makes climbing awkward for her, no matter whether it is a ladder or stairs or a mountain that she is tackling. A man's skin is thicker than a woman's and not nearly as soft. The thickness prevents the suns radiation from getting through, which is why men wrinkle less than women do. Women also stay cooler in summer. The fat layer helps insulate them against heat. Men's fat is distributed differently. And they do not have that layer of it underneath their skin. In fact, they have considerably less fat than women and more lean mass. Forty-one percent of a man's body is muscle compared to thirty-five percent for women, which means men have more muscle power. When it comes to strength, almost 90 percent of a man's weight is strength compared to about 50 percent of woman's weight. The higher proportion of muscle to fat makes it easier for men to lose weight. Muscle bums up five more calories a pound that fat does just to maintain itself. So when a man goes on a diet, the pounds roll off much faster. For all men's muscularity they do not have the energy reserves women do. They have more start-up energy, but the fat tucked away in women's nooks and crannies provides a rich energy reserve that men lack. Cardiologists at the University of Alabama who tested healthy women in treadmills discovered that over years the female capacity for exercise far exceeds the male capacity. A woman of sixty who is in good health can exercise up to 90 percent of what she could do when she was twenty. A man of sixty has 60 percent left of his capacity as a twenty-year-old. Questions: Complete the following sentences according to the passage, using a maximum of 4 words for each sentence.

填空题What do young people need to overcome in order to focus on quality communication?

填空题{{B}}Section C{{/B}} Directions: In this section, there are 2 passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passages carefully, then answer the questions in a maximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Passage One Questions 61 - 65 are based on the following passage. Going to the beach is many Americans' favorite activity. In the area near New York City, nine million people used to go to the beach every summer. They went swimming in the ocean without giving a thought to what was underwater. But those days are long gone. In the summer of 1988, the government was forced to shut down beaches all over America. Many of the beaches had to be closed because garbage from hospitals was found in the water. The garbage included glass bottles with samples of blood, and people were afraid they might get AIDS from the blood. Where the medical garbage came from is anybody's guess. At some beaches, sewage (生活污水)was found in the water. Americans were shocked by this state of affairs. They had long taken for granted that oceans were big enough to stay clean, even if garbage and sewage were dumped into them. People didn't think of the underwater garbage because it was out of sight. Some of the most polluted waters still look beautiful at first glance. San Francisco Bay is a good example of a beautiful bay that's full of chemicals. Scientists discovered pollution in some lakes and rivers when they found fish with rotting skin. In many parts of America, people are told not to eat too much fish because of pollution. Most American cities put their garbage in the ground. But New York and a few other cities put their garbage in the ocean. Boston Harbor is so polluted that scientists say it won't recover until the next century at best. The city of Boston puts its sewage in the water. The government has ordered the city to build a sewage treatment plant. Cleaning up oceans won't be easy, but people can no longer ignore this challenge. Questions:

填空题Collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is termed a bird-strike. Pilots sometimes record a birdstrike while at cruising altitudes, but most of them happen when an aircraft is relatively close to the ground, usually in proximity to an airport and during the circling, descent to land or take-off phases of a flight. Bird-strikes may cause significant damage to an aircraft and/or, if the birds are ingested into a jet engine, a significant and sudden loss of power. If this were to happen during take-off or initial climb of a fully loaded passenger aircraft the results could be catastrophic-loss of the aircraft and the lives of those on board. Any bird is a potential hazard to aircraft and this is especially true as bird numbers and bird size increase. Unfortunately airports themselves can be attractive to birds-rodents, insects and other small animals are a food source often found in flat grassed areas such as the runway strips. Even so, this problem can be reduced by careful habitat management or bird harassment techniques practised by airport maintenance and safety personnel. Further problems may arise because the airport is located on bird migration routes. These may have existed prior to the airport site selection-but may not have been taken into account because the problem was not understood at the time-or have only been recently established because the birds have found an attractive new food source. Care needs to be taken by local authorities in deciding the location of rubbish tips, or when permitting other land uses that may be attractive to birds in this way. Of course these effects cannot always be anticipated with certainty since birds such as gulls have been recorded as travelling 50 kilometres or more from their roosting area to an attractive food source. Agricultural uses may be thought desirable because they are compatible with high levels of noise exposure, but they can have an adverse effect on air-craft operations if birds are attracted during seeding or crop cultivation. Birds may also be attracted to pig farms where garbage is used as fodder. Even tree plantings can present a hazard if the species provides an attractive food source or nesting habitat. Local authority planning schemes often apply strict controls on developments such as abattoirs, cattle feed lots, grain handling, piggeries, canals and marina developments, fish farms, and suchlike, In most cases these uses will not be permitted without a full environmental study. That study should be required to deal with the question of likely bird hazards if the proposed location is in proximity to an airport. In some instances it may be necessary to consider ways of managing a particular land use in order to reduce its attractiveness to birds, for example the adoption of land-fill measures at garbage tips, or enclosed rather than open-air activity. Specialist ornithological opinion may be necessary. In such cases it may not be possible to implement immediate changes in land use, but this should not inhibit the adoption of long-term measures which are designed to achieve this. A collision between an aircraft and one or more birds is known as a birdstrike. It usually happens when an aircraft is {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}, and may result in significant damage of the aircraft or loss of the aircraft and {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}of passengers and crew if they occur during take-off or initial climb. Because birds can find plenty food in flat grassed areas, airports are especially attractive to birds. However, the danger can be minimized by {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Local authorities need to take care when deciding on {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. It is suggested that a full environmental study should be made before making plans of developments on the land in proximity to an airport. Local authorities should get advice from specialists and take {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}in order to bring about changes in land use.

填空题 Instructions: There is one passage in this section with 5 questions. Read the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. If asked, "What are health decisions?", most of us would answer in terms of hospitals, doctors and pills. Yet we are all making a whole range of decisions about our health which go beyond this limited area; for example, whether or not to smoke, exercise, drive a motorbike, or drink alcohol really. The ways we reach decisions and form attitudes about our health are only just beginning to be understood. The main paradox is why people consistently do things which are known to be very hazardous. Two good examples of this are smoking and not wearing seat belts. Both these examples underline elements of how people reach decisions about their health. Understanding this process is crucial. We can then more effectively change public attitudes to hazardous, voluntary activities like smoking. Smokers run double the risk of contracting heart disease, several times the risk of suffering from chronic bronchitis and at least 25 times the risk of lung cancer, as compared to non-smokers. Despite extensive press campaigns ( especially in the past 20 years) , which have regularly told smokers and car drivers the grave risks they are running, the number of smokers and seat belt wearers has remained much the same. Although the number of deaths from road accidents and smoking are well publicised, they have aroused little public interest. If we give smokers the real figures, will it alter their views on the dangers of smoking? Unfortunately not. Many of the "real figures" are in the form of probabilistic estimates, and evidence shows that people are very bad at processing and understanding this kind of information. The kind of information that tends to be relied on both by the smoker and seat belt non-wearer is anecdotal, based on personal experiences. All smokers seem to have an Uncle Bill or an Auntie Mabel who has been smoking cigarettes since they were twelve, lived to 90, and died because they fell down the stairs. And if they don't have such an aunt or uncle, they are certain to have heard of someone who has. Similarly, many motorists seem to have heard of people who would have been killed if they had been wearing seat belts. Reliance on this kind of evidence and not being able to cope with "probabilistic" data form the two main foundation stones of people's assessment of risk. A third is reliance on press-publicised dangers and causes of death. American psychologists have shown that people overestimate the frequency (and therefore the danger) of the dramatic causes of death (like aeroplane crashes)and underestimate the undramatic, unpublicised killers (like smoking) which actually take a greater toll of life. What is needed is some way of changing people's evaluations of and attitudes to the risks of certain activities like smoking. What can be done? The "national" approach of giving people the "facts and figures" seems ineffective. But the evidence shows that when people are frightened, they are more likely to change their estimates of the dangers involved in smoking or not wearing seat belts. Press and television can do this very cost-effectively. Programmes like Dying for a Fag (a Thames TV programme) vividly showed the health hazards of smoking and may have increased the chances of people stopping smoking permanently. So a mass-media approach may work. But it needs to be carefully controlled. Overall, the new awareness of the problem of health decisions and behaviour is at least a more hopeful sign for the future. {{B}}For answers 51-55, mark{{/B}} Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

填空题TaskI（10points）

填空题A number of antonyms of the keyword are shown. Take one letter from each of the antonyms, in order, to spell out another antonym of the keyword. KEYWORD: OMNIPOTENT ANTONYMS: INFERIOR, IMPOTENT, POWERLESS, VULNERABLE, FRAIL, INCAPABLE What is it?

填空题It was a good pastime to which they could devote their intelligence and passion .

填空题Find the letter that goes inside the brackets to complete the sequence. 108 (O) 648 (S) 325 (T) 214 ( )

填空题whichtwosquaresaremissing?

填空题 Directions: There are 15 blanks in the passage. For each blank, some letters of the word have been given (not exceeding 3 letters). Read the passage below and think of the word which best fits each blank. Use only one word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. There is no doubt that the environment is in trouble. Factories burn fossil fuels which produce ac {{U}}(76) {{/U}} rain, and this kills trees. At the same time, green house gases rise into the air and contribute to global w {{U}}(77) {{/U}}, which threatens to melt the polar ice cap. Meanwhile farmers clear huge areas of rain forest in places such as the Amazon to produce feeding land for cattle or produce w {{U}}(78) {{/U}} for building. Rivers and oceans are so heavily contaminated by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to go sw {{U}}(79) {{/U}}. Cars pump out poisonous gases which we all have to breathe in. Poaching and overfishing are killing off millions of animals, including whales, elephants and other end {{U}}(80) {{/U}} species. In fact, all around us, all living things large and small which comprise our finely balanced ecosystem are being systematically des {{U}}(81) {{/U}} by human greed and thoughtlessness. There is a lot we can do, however, to help prevent this. The easiest thing, of course, is to rec {{U}}(82) {{/U}} waste material such as paper and glass so that we can use it again. We should also check that the things we buy from sup {{U}}(83) {{/U}} are packed in biodegradable packaging which decomposes easily. At the same time, we should make a conscious effort to avoid foods which are gen {{U}}(84) {{/U}} modified. Of course, if you are truly committed to protecting the environment, you should only buy org {{U}}(85) {{/U}} fruit and vegetables, safe in the knowledge that they have been naturally cultivated. Finally, we should buy a small car that uses unleaded petrol which is less bar {{U}}(86) {{/U}} to the environment or, even better, make more use of public transport. The serious env {{U}}(87) {{/U}}, however, do much more. They are aware of the global issues involved and will actively involve themselves in conservation programmes by m {{U}}(88) {{/U}} sure our forests are kept safe for future generations. They will op {{U}}(89) {{/U}} activities which are harmful to animals. And they will campaign to keep the Green Belts around our towns and cities free from new building. We cannot all be as committed as them, but we can at least do our own little bit at grass roots level. We, as humans, have inherited the earth, but that doesn't mean we can do wha {{U}}(90) {{/U}} we like with it.