Itisobviousthathumansareunlikeallotheranimals.Itisalsoobviousthatweareaspeciesofbigmammal.Thatcontradictionisthemostfascinatingfeatureofthehumanspecies.Itisfamiliar,butwestillhavedifficultygraspinghowitcametobeandwhatitmeans.Ontheonehand,betweenourselvesandallotherspeciesliesaseeminglyunbridgeablegulfthatweacknowledgebydefiningacategorycalled"animals".Itimpliesthatweconsidercentipedes,chimpanzeesandclamstosharedecisivefeatureswitheachotherbutnotwithus,andtolackfeaturesrestrictedtous.Amongthesecharacteristicsuniquetousaretheabilitiestotalk,write,andbuildcomplexmachines.Thus,forpracticalandlegalpurposes,humansarenotanimals.WhenDarwinintimatedin1859thatwehadevolvedfromapes,itisnowonderthatmostpeopleinitiallyregardedhistheoryasabsurd.Ontheotherhand,weobviouslyareanimals,withtheusualanimalbodyparts,moleculesandgenes.Itisevenclearwhatparticulartypeofanimalwean:.Externally,wearesosimilartochimpanzeesthateighteen-centuryanatomistswhobelievedindivinecreationcouldalreadyrecognizeouraffinities.Moleculargeneticstudiesoverthelasthalf-a-dozenyearshaveshownthatwecontinuetoshareoverninety-eightpercentofourgeneswiththeothertwochimps.Theoverallgeneticdistancebetweenusandchimpsisevensmallerthanthedistancebetweensuchcloselyrelatedbirdspeciesasred-eyedandwhite-eyedvireos,orwillowwarblersandchiffchaffs.Sowestillcarrymostofouroldbiologicalbaggagewithus.SinceDarwin'stime,fossilizedbonesofhundredsofcreaturesvariouslyintermediatebetweenapesandmodernhumanshavebeendiscovered,makingitimpossibleforareasonablepersontodenytheoverwhelmingevidence.Yetthediscoveriesofmanymissinglinkshaveonlymadetheproblemmorefascinating,withoutfullysolvingit.Thetwopercentofourgenesthatdifferfromthoseofchimpsmusthavebeenresponsibleforallofourseeminglyuniqueproperties.Weunderwentsomesmallchangeswithbigconsequencesratherquicklyandrecentlyinourevolutionaryhistory.Whatwerethosefewkeyingredientsthatmadeushuman?Sinceouruniquepropertiesappearedsorecentlyandinvolvedsofewchanges,thosepropertiesoratleasttheirprecursorsmustalreadybepresentinanimals.Whatarethoseanimalprecursorsofartandlanguage,ofgenocideanddrugabuse?Ouruniquequalitieshavebeenresponsibleforourpresentbiologicalsuccessasaspecies.Nootherlargeanimalisnativetoallthecontinents,orbreedsinallhabitatsfromdesertsandtheArctictotropicalrainforests.Nolargewildanimalrivalsusinnumbers.Butamongouruniquequalitiesaretwothatnowjeopardizeourexistence:ourpropensitiestokilleachotherandtodestroyourenvironment.Ofcourse,bothpropensitiesoccurinotherspecies:lionsandmanyotheranimalskilltheirownkind,whileelephantsandothersdamagetheirenvironment.However,thesepropensitiesaremuchmorethreateninginusthaninotheranimalsbecauseofourtechnologicalpowerandexplodingnumbers.Questions71to75Completethesummarybelowwithinformationfromthepassage,usingthreewordsorfewerforeachblank.Wearestillnotclearaboutour________historyandwhatitmeanstous.Humanswithuniqueattributesareobviouslynotanimals,butjudgingfromtheappearanceaswellas________,weareaspeciesof________.Humanspossesssomeuniquequalitieswhichmakeusaspeciesandsurpassotheranimals.Twoofourqualitiesthreaten________,namely,ourpropensitiestokilleachotherandtodestroyourenvironmentwith________andgreatnumbers.

{{B}}Part I Listening Comperhension{{/B}}

The Nobel Peace Prize is______by the vast fortune Alfred Nobel______selling explosives.

What is the accident happening in Regent Street?

WaterforLifeWaterisessentialforlife.Yetmanymillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldfaceawater________(short).Manymillionsofchildrendieeveryyearfromwater-bornedi________anddroughtregularlyafflictssomeoftheworld'spoorestcountries.Theworldneedstorespond________moreeffectively.Weneedtoincreasewaterefficiency,especiallyinagriculture.Weneedtofreewomenandgirlsfromthedailychoreof________(get)water,oftenfromgreatdistances.Wemustinvolvetheminmakingadecisionaboutwatermanagement.Weneedtomakesanitationapriority.Thisis________progressislagging(滞后)most.Wemustalsoshowthatwaterresourcesneednotbeasourceofconflict.Ins________,theyshouldbeacatalyst(催化剂)forcooperation.Significantgainshavebeenmade,butamajoref________isstillrequired.Thatiswhythisyearmarksthebeginningofthe"WaterforLife"Decade.Ourg________istomeettheinternationallyagreedtargetsforwaterandsanitationby2015,andtobuildafoundationforfur________progressintheyearsahead.Thisisanurgentmatteraffectinghuman________(develop),andhumandignity.

—Must I renew the book now? —Yes, of course. In fact, you______that yesterday.

Adrian: Boris. To what do I owe this honor?Boris: Just a social call, Adrian. Good to find you all at home. Adrian: I'd like you to meet my family. Boris: ______

________ThereareafewsmalldifferencesinthegrammarandthereareafewwordsthataredifferentoneithersideofAtlantic,butthebigdifferenceistheaccent.SomeBritishfilmshavesubtitlesinAmericabecausepeoplecan'tunderstandwhattheactorsaresaying,andsomeAmericanTVseriesaredifficultfortheBritishtounderstand.________TheproblemsarewiththedifferentkindsofAmericanandBritishEnglish.Thesedifferentdialectsandaccentsdependonpeople'ssocialclassandthegeographicalareawheretheylive.Itispossible,forexample,thatamiddle-classspeakerfromthesouthofEnglandwillfinditdifficulttounderstandaworking-classspeakerfromthenorth.Inthesameway,awealthyCalifor-nianmaynotunderstandaworking-classNewYorker.Allofthesepeoplehaveaccents,butthemiddle-classaccentsareusuallyclosertoStandardEnglish.________WhatsortofEnglishshouldtheylearn?IsAmericanEnglishbetterthanBritishEnglish,ortheotherwayround?TheanswerdependsontheirreasonsforlearningEnglish.IftheyarelearningEnglishfortheirwork,thechoicewillprobablybeeasy.Butformanystudents,itdoesn'tmatter.Whatmattersisthattheyunderstandandareunderstood.________MostEnglishthatyouhearandseearoundtheworldisspokenorwrittenbynon-nativespeakers—between,forexample,aGreekandaGerman,orbetweenaRussianandanItalian.Englishisthemainlanguageofbusiness,academicconferencesandtourism,ofpopularmusic,homecomputersandvideogames.EnglishhasbecometheLatinofthemodernworld.________MoreandmorepeoplenowtalkaboutEnglishasanInternationalLanguage—alanguagethatisnotAmericanorBritish.Ithashundredsofdifferentaccents,butifpeoplecanunderstandwhatyouaresaying,noproblem.Questions61—65Completethepassagewiththefollowingsentences.Therearetwoextrasentencesthatyoudonotneedtouse.A.WithsomanydifferentEnglishes,itisdifficultforlearnersofthelanguage.B.Becauseofthis,thequestionofAmericanorBritishEnglishisbecominglessandlessimportant.C.TheBritishandtheAmericansliketotalkaboutthedifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish.D.HowmanynewwordsentertheEnglishlanguageeveryyear?E.TheworldischangingandEnglishisnolongerthepropertyoftheBritish,AmericansorAustralians.F.Historically,Englishhashadalotofcontactwithspeakersofmanyotherlanguages.G.However,ifyoulistentoStandardEnglishinBritainortheUS,therearenoproblemsofunderstandingatall.

{{B}}Section B{{/B}}

I don't see any______in going on a picnic in such bad weather.

{{B}}Section C{{/B}}

The student's problem is that he has not been paid.

Publicholidaysandfestivalsareanimportantpartofacountry'slife.Theygiveeveryoneabreakfromroutineandtheyformpartoftheannuallifeinthatcountry.Sometimestheycelebrateadayinacountry'shistory,commemorateaspecialperson,markthepassingoftimeorcelebrateareligiousfestival.Manynationalfestivalshavebeencelebratedforyears,butoccasionallynewonescomealongandoldonesgraduallydisappear.ThisisunlikelytohappentoBurns'NightorSt.Patrick'sDay,however.Thetwofestivalsarecelebratedfarbeyondtheirnativeland.Thefirstofthese,Burns'Nighton25January,marksthebirthdayoftheScottishpoetRobertBurns(1759—1796).Itiscelebratedbyhiscountrymenandadmirers,notonlyinScotlandbutallovertheworld,fromNewYorktoSydney,fromTorontotoTokyo.OnBurns'Nighttheguestseathaggis.Haggisischoppedmuttonandotheringredientsencasedinsheep'sgut,whichisboiledbeforebeingserved.Thehaggisisbroughtintotheroomtothesoundofthebagpipesandthechiefguest"addresses"itrecitingBurns'poem"OdetotheHaggis".Aftereating,theotherguestsrecitemoreofBurns'poems,singScottishtunesanddrinkalotofwhisky.AnotherwidelycelebratedfestivalisSt.Patrick'sDay(17March),whichcelebratesthelifeofthe5th-centurysaint,St.Patrick.St.PatrickwasBishopofIreland,anditissaidthathegaveIrelanditsnationalsymbolwhenheillustratedhisreligiousteachingwiththeshamrock—athree-leafedclover.Butthefestivalisnowmorethananythingacelebrationof"Irishness",whetherittakesplaceinDublin,Auckland,Melbourne,MontrealorBoston.OnSt.Patrick'sDaytherearebigparades,andpeoplewearshamrocks.Insomeplacespeopleaddgreencolouringtothebeerandeventoriversandstreams.Theygooutandhave"agoodcraic"(pronounced"crack")—Irishforgoodfun.Questions56—60Completethetablewithnomorethanthreewordsfromthepassage.

旅游是全球经济中一个快速增长的领域。【T1】 因而发展中国家正努力从这一产业中获利，以促进海外投资、增加金融储备。 (cash in on)联合国一方面承认，该产业的无序发展会造成严重的环境和社会问题，另一方面却坚持认为这些负面影响可以得到控制和减小。最近我在报纸上看到泰国林业部高官称：“【T2】 人类无法生活在森林里，因为人类不是动物；跟我们人类不同，动物们能够自然地适应荒野和其他环境。 (adapt oneself to)”他的话令我非常困惑。【T3】 这种说法将使政府将数以万计的边远和山区部落人民逐出保护地的计划合法化。 (tens of thousands of)这位负责森林保护的官员正在以“生态旅游”为名义积极推动向海外投资商和游客开放该国的81家森林公园，禁止村民接近林地和自然资源。【T4】 而那些旅游开发商和出手阔绰的游客，却能获准进入这一地区。 (generous)当局认为世世代代生活在这里的当地居民没有能力通过诸如社区森林保护规划之类的方法管理其土地和自然资源。【T5】 他们坚信他们可以在全国生态旅游规划之下，与旅游部门合作，妥善地管理并保护“自然”。 (eco-tourism)

{{B}}Task Ⅱ{{/B}}

In literature, a story in which the events and characters represent ideas or teach a moral lesson is called______.

The senior professor told his students to______on their studies.

I thought someone was standing______me but I didn't dare to turn______.

Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its worldwide exploitation. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part. 【B1】______By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the world's film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pioneered the feature film with spectacular films like Quo Vadis?(1913)and Cabiria(1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan, the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation. 【B2】______Hollywood films appealed because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough of its own resources, it had a great deal of money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition. 【B3】______However, during this "Silent Film" era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film. 【B4】______Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite of the war and postwar economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style of the pre-war Russian cinema to the Emigres who fled westwards to escape the Revolution. 【B5】______For example, Britain had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period: Italy had a brief moment of international fame just before the war: the Scandinavian countries , particularly Denmark, played a role in the development of silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population: and Japan's cinemas developed based primarily on traditional theatrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence. Questions 61 to 65Choose from the sentences A—G the one which best fits each gap of 61—65. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.A. In rencent years, more and more people enjoyed watching Hollywood films.B. Film style differs in different countries.C. Of the countries which developed and maintained distinctive national cinemas in the silent period , the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union.D. There are other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically.E. Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially.F. In the end it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films.G. From early cinema, it was only American slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format.

{{B}}Part Ⅴ Translation{{/B}}