复合题OneoftheprincipalthemesofWalzer’scritiqueofliberalcapitalismisthatitisinsufficientlyegalitarian.Walzer’scaseagainsttheeconomicinequalitygeneratedbycapitalismandinfavorofaradicalredistributionofwealth”ispresentedinawidelycitedessayentitledInDefenseofEquality.ThemoststrikingfeatureofWalzer’scritiqueisthat,farfromrejectingtheprincipleofrewardaccordingtomerit,Walzerinsistsonitsvalidity.Peoplewhoexcelshouldreceivethesuperiorbenefitsappropriatetotheirexcellence.Butpeopleexhibitagreatvarietyofqualities—”intelligence,physicalstrength,agilityandgrace,artisticcreativity,mechanicalskill,leadership,endurance,memory,psychologicalinsight,thecapacityforhardwork—evenmoralstrength,sensitivity,theabilitytoexpresscompassion.”Eachdeservesitsproperrecompense,andhenceaproperdistributionofmaterialgoodsshouldreflecthumandifferencesasmeasuredonallthesedifferentscales.Yet,undercapitalism,theabilitytomakemoney(“thegreenthumbofbourgeoissociety”)enablesits,possessortoacquirealmost“everyothersortofsocialgood,”suchastherespectandesteemofothers.ThecenterpieceofWalzer’sargumentistheinvocationofaquotationfromPascal’sPensees,whichconcludes:“Tyrannyisthewishtoobtainbyonemeanswhatcanonlybehadbyanother.”Pascalbelievesthatweowedifferentduties(conductduetoparentsandsuperiors:RESPECT)todifferentqualities.Sowemightsaythatinfatuationistheproperresponsetocharm,andawetheproperresponsetostrength.Inthislight,Walzercharacterizescapitalismasthetyrannyofmoney(oroftheabilitytomakeit).AndWalzeradvocatesasthemeansofeliminatingthistyrannyandofrestoringgenuineequality“theabolitionofthepowerofmoneyoutsideitssphere.”WhatWalzerenvisionsisasocietyinwhichwealthisnolongerconvertibleintosocialgoodswithwhichithasnointrinsic(adj.natural)connection.Walzer’sargumentisapuzzlingone.Afterall,whyshouldthosequalitiesunrelatedtotheproductionofmaterialgoodsberewardedwithmaterialgoods?Isitnottyrannical,inPascal’ssense,toinsistthatthosewhoexcelin“sensitivity”or“theabilitytoexpresscompassion”meritequalwealthwiththosewhoexcelinqualities(suchas“thecapacityforhardwork”)essentialinproducingwealth?YetWalzer’sargument,howeverdeficient,doespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalism—namely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimatelytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.Someevenargueplausiblythatthisweaknessmaybeirremediable:inanysocietythat,likeacapitalistsociety,seekstobecomeeverwealthierinmaterialtermsdisproportionaterewardsareboundtoflowtothepeoplewhoareinstrumentalinproducingtheincreaseinitswealth.

复合题Inthissection,youwillreadapassage.Answerthequestionsafterreadingthepassage.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.TheUniversityinTransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturistsSohailInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow’suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandnon-Westernperspectives.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday.ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity—avoluntarycommunitytoscholars/teachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld’sgreatlibraries.YettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware,producedbyafewsuperstarteachers,marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarket,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregHearn.Ontheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoplaysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation,thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontent—orotherdangers—willnecessarilyfollow.Counter-movementsarealsoatwork.Manyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation.Whatif,forinstance,insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld?FeministscholarIvanaMilojevicdarestodreamwhatauniversitymightbecome“ifwebelievedthatchildcareworkersandteachersinearlychildhoodeducationshouldbeoneofthehighest(ratherthanlowest)paidprofessionals?”Co-editorJenniferGidleyshowshowtomorrow’suniversityfaculty,insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch,maytakeonthreenewroles.Somewouldactasbrokers,assemblingcustomizeddegree-creditprogramsforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrominstitutionsallaroundtheworld.Asecondgroupmentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday’sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.Thiswouldrequirethemtoconstantlybelearningfromtheirstudentsaswellasinstructingthem.Athirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley’sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers:charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudents/colleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldproblems.Moreover,thereseemslittlereasontosupposethatanyoneformofuniversitymustnecessarilydriveoutallotheroptions.Studentsmaybe“enrolled”incoursesofferedatvirtualcampusesontheinternet,between—orevenduring—sessionsatarealworldproblemfocusedinstitution.Asco-editorSohailInayatullahpointsoutinhisintroduction,nofutureisinevitable,andtheveryactofimaginingandthinkingthroughalternativepossibilitiescandirectlyaffecthowthoughtfully,creativelyandurgentlyevenadominanttechnologyisadaptedandapplied.Eveninacademia,thefuturebelongstothosewhocareenoughtoworktheirvisionsintopractical,sustainablerealities.

复合题Passage BThey poison the mind and corrupt the morals of the young, who waste their time sitting on sofa immersed in dangerous fantasy worlds. That, at least, was the charge leveled against novels during the 18th century by critics worried about the impact of a new medium on young people. Today the idea that novels can harm people sounds silly. And that is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. This week European justice ministers met to discuss how best to restrict the sale of violent games to children. Some countries, such as Germany, believe the answer is to ban some games altogether. That is going too far.Criticism of games is merely the latest example of a tendency to regard new and unfamiliar forms of entertainment as devils. In 1816 waltzing was condemned as a “fatal infection” ; in the 1950s comic books were accused of turning children into drug addicts and criminals. In each case the pattern is the same: young people adopt a new form of entertainment, older people are frightened by its unfamiliarity and condemn it, but eventually the young grow up and the new medium becomes accepted—at which point another example appears and the Cycle begins again.The opposition to video games is founded on the mistaken belief that most gamers are children. In fact, two-thirds of gamers are over 18 and the average garner is around 30. But the assumption that gamers are mostly children leads to a double standard. Violent films are permitted and the notion that some films are unsuitable for children is generally understood. Yet different rules are applied to games. Aren’ t games different because they are interactive? It is true that video games can make people feel excited or aggressive, but so do many sports. There is no evidence that video-gaming causes long-term aggression.Games ought to be age-rated, just as films are, and retailers should not sell adult-rated games to children any more than they should sell them adult-rated films. Ratings schemes are already in place, and in some countries restrictions on the scale of adult-rated games to minors have the force of law. But many games for children are bought by parents. Rather than banning some games outright, the best way to keep grown-up games away from children is to educate non-gaming parents that, as with films, not all games are suitable for children.Oddly enough, Hillary Clinton, one of the politicians who has led the criticism of the gaming industry in America, has recently come round to this view. But this week some European politicians seemed to be moving in the other direction: the Netherlands may follow Germany, for example, in banning some games outright. Not all adults wish to play violent games, just as not all of them enjoy violent movies. But they should be free to do so if they wish.What is the attitude of Germany towards some video games?

复合题Directions: In this part you will read 10 sentences, eachof which contains ONE grammatical error. Please correctthe sentences and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.EXAMPLE:

复合题Directions: Please read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only the information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your Answer Sheet.(1) Why should anyone buy the latest volume in the ever- expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. (2) But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1, 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 years’ time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published, Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50, 000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1, 068 in Missing Persons in the shade. (3) When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100, 000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to ‘ other quality newspapers’ too. ) As soon as her committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’ t file copy on time: some who did send too much: 50, 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls. (4) There remains the dinner-party game of who’ s in, who’ s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in. Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America) . (5) It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known. (6) Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments “Whether or not Hugo was a wall- painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility” . Then there had to be more women, too (12 percent, against the original DBN’ s 3) , such as Roy Strong’ s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks “Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory(草率的) . ” Doesn’ t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, “except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke” .

复合题Passage BWe live in southern California growing grapes, a firstgeneration of vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyardsand the winery. Its a very pretty place, and in order toearn the money to realize our dream of making wine, weworked for many years in a business that demanded severalhousehold moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking andlong absences from my husband. When it was time, we tradedin our old life, cinched up our belts and began thecreation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives aredictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of theliving vines. The vines start sprouting tiny greentendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin toform in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped ingold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in earlyfall, and when their sugar content is at the right level,they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in smalllots. The wine is fermented and tended until it is readyto be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves; the vinesare pruned and made ready for the dormant months—and thenext vintage.It sounds nice, doesnt it? Living in the country, ourdays were spent in the ancient routine of the vineyard;knowing that the course of our lives as vintners waschoreographed long ago and that if we practiceddiligently, our wine would be good and wed besuccessful. From the start we knew there was a price forthe privilege of becoming a winemaking family, connectedto the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panicover the daily emergencies, and we are nimble at solvingproblems as they arise. Some hazards to completing asuccessful vintage are expected: rain just beforeharvesting that can cause mold; electricity unexpectedlyinterrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine candamage it, a delayed payment from a major client when themoney is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production andtake patience, good will and perseverance. For example,the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulatesevery facet of the wine business. A winerys records areaudited as often as two or three times a year and everylabel—newly written for each years vintage—must beapproved.The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almostmade us lose heart came out of a lawyers imagination.Our little winery was served notice that we were named ina lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health byusing lead foils on our bottles (it was the only materialused until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk. ” There it was, our winerys name listedwith the industrys giants.I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money ifthe lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I neverwas able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and theirlawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was broughtin on behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumersmust get something if it was proved that a lead foil wasdangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumerclaimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuitslike this. It is an immense danger to the smallbusinessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink ofan eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as itspossible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we areall in danger. As long as the legal profession allowsmembers to practice law dishonorably and lawyers arecongratulated for winning big money in this way, wellall be plagued with a corruptible justice system.According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled by _____.

复合题WHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever- expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree.But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1, 068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 year’ s time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50, 000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1, 068 in Missing Persons in the shade.When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100, 000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to other quality newspapers’ too. ) As soon as the committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn’ t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50, 000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls. There remains the dinner-party game of who’ s in, who’ s out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America) .It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not yew memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known.Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: “Whether or not Hugo was a wall- painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility. ” Then there had to be more women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN’ s 3) , such as Roy Strong’ s subject, the Tudor painter Levina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ” Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory. ” Doesn’ t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist? Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, ” except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke” .The writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume _____.

复合题Directions: In this sections there are three reading passages followed by a total of 10 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write you answers on your answer sheet.Passage 2

复合题Directions: This section consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether I0 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (A) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it and put a slash (/) in the blank.Example:

复合题Passage AThere are few more sobering online activities thanentering data into college-tuition calculators and gaspingas the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists sayfamilies about to go into debt to fund four years ofpartying, as well as studying, can console themselves withthe knowledge that college is an investment that, unlikemany bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the“labor-market premium to skill” —or the amount collegegraduates earned thats greater than what high-schoolgraduate earned—decreased for much of the 20th century,but has come back with a vengeance (报复性地) since the1980s. In 2005, the typical full-time year-round U. S.worker with a four-year college degree earned $50, 900, 62%more than the $31, 500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.Theres no question that going to college is a smarteconomic choice. But a look at the strange variations intuition reveals that the choice about which college toattend doesnt come down merely to dollars and cents.Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board$49, 260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return thanattending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35, 542) ? Probably not. Does being anout-of-state student at the University of Colorado atBoulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17, 380) there? Not likely.No, in this consumerist age, most buyers arentevaluating college as an investment, but rather as aconsumer product—like a car or clothes or a house. Andwith such purchases, price is only one of many crucialfactors to consider.As with automobiles, consumers in todays collegemarketplace have vast choices, and people search for theone that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction inline with their budgets. This accounts for the willingnessof people to pay more for different types of experiences(such as attending a private liberal-arts college or goingto an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program) . And just as two auto purchasers mightspend an equal amount of money on very different cars,college students (or, more accurately, their parents)often show a willingness to pay essentially the same pricefor vastly different products. So which is it? Is collegean investment product like a stock or a consumer productlike a car? In keeping with the automotive worldshottest consumer trend, maybe its best to characterizeit as a hybrid (混合动力汽车) ; an expensive consumerproduct that, over time, will pay rich dividends.What’ s the opinion of economists about going to college?

复合题In the place of the King, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors or leaders, but later received the title of consuls. The participation of a colleague in the exercise of supreme power and limitation of the tenure to one year prevented the chief magistrate from becoming autocratic. The character of the Senate was altered by the enrollment of the plebeian members, known as conscripti, and hence the official designation of the senators thereafter was patres conscripti (conscript fathers) . As yet, only patricians were eligible for the magistracies, and the discontent of the plebs led to a violent struggle between the two orders and the gradual removal of the social and political disabilities under which the plebs had labored.In 494 B. C. a secession of plebeian soldiers led to the institution of the tribune plebes, who were elected annually as protectors of the plebs; they had the power to veto the acts of patrician magistrates, and thus served as the leaders of the plebs in the struggles with the patricians. The appointment of the decemvirate, a commission of ten men, in 451 B. C. resulted in the drawing up of a famous code of laws. In 445 B. C. , under the Canuleian law, marriages between patricians and members of the plebs were declared legally valid. By the Licinuian- Sextian laws, passed in 367 B. C. , it was provided that one of the two consuls should thenceforth be plebeian. The other magistracies were gradually opened to the plebs: in 365 B. C. the dictatorship, an extraordinary magistracy, the incumbent of which was appointed in times of great danger; in 350 B. C. , the censorship; in 337 B. C. , the praetorship; and in 300 B. C. , the pontifical and augural colleges.These political changes gave rise to a new aristocracy, composed of patrician and wealthy plebeian families, and admission to the Senate became almost the hereditary privilege of these families. The Senate, which had originally possessed little administrative power, became a powerful governing body, dealing with matters of war and peace, foreign alliances, the founding of colonies, and the handling of the state finances. The rise of this new nobilitas brought to an end the struggles between the two orders, but the position of the poorer plebeian families was not improved, and the marked contrast between the conditions of the rich and the poor led to struggles in the later Republic between the aristocratic party and the popular Party.The external history of Rome during this period was chiefly military. Rome had acquired the leadership of Latium before the close of the regal period. Assisted by their allies, the Romans fought wars against the Etruscans, the Volscians, and the Aequians. The military policy of Rome became more aggressive in the 60 years between 449 and 390 B. C. The defeat of the Romans at Allia and the capture and burning of Rome by the Gauls under the leadership of the chieftain Brennus in 390 B. C. were great disasters, but their effect was temporary. The capture of the Etruscan city of Veii in 396 B. C. by the solider and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus spelled the beginning of the end of Etruscan independence. Other Etruscan cities hastened to make peace, and by the middle of the 4th B. C. all southern Etruria was kept in the check by Roman garrisons and the denationalized by an influx of Roman colonists. Vistories over the Volscians, the Latins, and the Hernicans gave Romans control of central Italy and brought them into conflict with the Samnites of southern Italy, who were defeated in a series of three wars, extending from 343 to 290 B. C. A powerful coalition was at this time formed against Rome, consisting of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls in the north, and of Lucanians, Bruttians, and Samnites in the south; this coalition endangered the power of Rome, but the northern confederacy was defeated in 283 B. C. and the southern states soon after.Which one is not true about the magistrate?

复合题Whatcomestomindwhenyouheartheword—diversity?Issuesofraceorgendermayspringtomind.Equalrights?Orminorityissues?Iencouragepeopletolookatamuchwiderdefinitionoftheword.Iwouldtendtosaydiversityis“differentness”inanyform.Agoodexampleofthiskindofdiversityhasbeenexperiencedbyeverypersonwhoeverleftbehindthecomfortsofhomeandmovedintounchartedterritory.Issuesofdiversityareinformednotonlybyyourculturalbackgroundandcontext,butalsobyyourreligion,age,fieldofwork,familysituation,personality,andcountlessotherfactorsthatmakeusunique.Diversityaffectseveryone.It’sforthisreasonthatdiversityhasbecomesuchabuzzword.Thebuzzhappensbecauseit’sallabouthowyouhandleit.Ifsverymuchlikethejobacomposerhaswhencreatingagreatmusicalcomposition.Ifthecomposerunderstandswhateachuniquenoteanddynamicmarkiscapableofincombinationwiththeotherparts,theresultachievedisextraordinary.If,however,noneofthepartsiscommunicatingwiththeothers,we’releftwithacacophony.Onapersonallevel,it’sthisunderstandingandacceptanceof“theother”whichrestsatthecoreofdiversity.Whetherwe9retalkingaboutnavigatingthroughamulticulturalurbanenvironmentoruprootingandmovingtoanewforeignsocialcontext,itisnecessarytosetasiderigidassumptionsabout“theother”andputoneselfintheother’sshoes.Sohowdowemakethisleap?It’softenassimpleasaskingquestionsandbeingcarefulnottoassumethatwhatyouseeisnecessarilywhattheothersidesees.OfteninmyworkshopsIgiveamagiclessontotheaudiencetoillustratethisprinciple.Ifirstpresentthemagicandaccomplishthe“impossible”.Theparticipantsreceivethesamepropsbutsimplycan5tmanage.Welookmorecarefullyatthesituationandrealizethattheassumptionstheymadeaboutitactuallyblockedthemfromachievingthisfeat;afeattheysuddenlyareempoweredtodowhich,momentsago,wasimpossible.Thegoalinbeingsensitivetodiversityistocultivateacultureofrespectforpeople’sdifferencesandunderstandthatsuchanenvironmentisbeneficialtoeveryoneinvolved.Diversityawarenessisanevolution.Wecan’tgettherebysnappingourfingers,anditisn’tamatteroftrainingpeopletohavetextbookpoliticallycorrectattitudes.Insteadifsacaseoflookingatthebigpictureofhowweseetheworld,understandingwhyweseeitthatway,andthenmakingsurewedoourparttogenuinelyvaluedifferenceandbenefitfromit.

复合题Passage BOne of the qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one’ s mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like “I was wrong about that, ” and it is even harder to say “I was wrong, and you were right about that. ”I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood where I grew up, and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons. Then he related an incident and I began to remember vaguely the incident he was describing.I was about eight years old at the time, and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly grocery shopping. On that particular day, I must have found my way to the dairy food department where the incident took place.There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive display of eggs in dozen and half-dozen cartons. The cartons were stacked three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reasons, I decided it was up to me to put the display back together, so I went to work.The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared, I was on my knees inspecting some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken, but to him it looked as though I was the culprit. He severely reprimanded me and wanted me to pay for any broken eggs. I protested my innocence and tried to explain, but it did no good. Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident, apparently the manager did not.Who was to blame for knocking off the stacks of cartons?

复合题In the place of the King, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors or leaders, but later received the title of consuls. The participation of a colleague in the exercise of supreme power and limitation of the tenure to one year prevented the chief magistrate from becoming autocratic. The character of the Senate was altered by the enrollment of the plebeian members, known as conscripti, and hence the official designation of the senators thereafter was patres conscripti (conscript fathers) . As yet, only patricians were eligible for the magistracies, and the discontent of the plebs led to a violent struggle between the two orders and the gradual removal of the social and political disabilities under which the plebs had labored.In 494 B. C. a secession of plebeian soldiers led to the institution of the tribune plebes, who were elected annually as protectors of the plebs; they had the power to veto the acts of patrician magistrates, and thus served as the leaders of the plebs in the struggles with the patricians. The appointment of the decemvirate, a commission of ten men, in 451 B. C. resulted in the drawing up of a famous code of laws. In 445 B. C. , under the Canuleian law, marriages between patricians and members of the plebs were declared legally valid. By the Licinuian- Sextian laws, passed in 367 B. C. , it was provided that one of the two consuls should thenceforth be plebeian. The other magistracies were gradually opened to the plebs: in 365 B. C. the dictatorship, an extraordinary magistracy, the incumbent of which was appointed in times of great danger; in 350 B. C. , the censorship; in 337 B. C. , the praetorship; and in 300 B. C. , the pontifical and augural colleges.These political changes gave rise to a new aristocracy, composed of patrician and wealthy plebeian families, and admission to the Senate became almost the hereditary privilege of these families. The Senate, which had originally possessed little administrative power, became a powerful governing body, dealing with matters of war and peace, foreign alliances, the founding of colonies, and the handling of the state finances. The rise of this new nobilitas brought to an end the struggles between the two orders, but the position of the poorer plebeian families was not improved, and the marked contrast between the conditions of the rich and the poor led to struggles in the later Republic between the aristocratic party and the popular Party.The external history of Rome during this period was chiefly military. Rome had acquired the leadership of Latium before the close of the regal period. Assisted by their allies, the Romans fought wars against the Etruscans, the Volscians, and the Aequians. The military policy of Rome became more aggressive in the 60 years between 449 and 390 B. C. The defeat of the Romans at Allia and the capture and burning of Rome by the Gauls under the leadership of the chieftain Brennus in 390 B. C. were great disasters, but their effect was temporary. The capture of the Etruscan city of Veii in 396 B. C. by the solider and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus spelled the beginning of the end of Etruscan independence. Other Etruscan cities hastened to make peace, and by the middle of the 4th B. C. all southern Etruria was kept in the check by Roman garrisons and the denationalized by an influx of Roman colonists. Vistories over the Volscians, the Latins, and the Hernicans gave Romans control of central Italy and brought them into conflict with the Samnites of southern Italy, who were defeated in a series of three wars, extending from 343 to 290 B. C. A powerful coalition was at this time formed against Rome, consisting of Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls in the north, and of Lucanians, Bruttians, and Samnites in the south; this coalition endangered the power of Rome, but the northern confederacy was defeated in 283 B. C. and the southern states soon after.According to the last paragraph, we know that _____.

复合题Decide which the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your ANSWER SHEET.Successful scientists have often been

复合题Passage AIt can be shown in facts and figures that cycling is thecheapest, most convenient, and most environmentallydesirable form of transport in towns, but such coldcalculations do not mean much on a frosty winter morning.The real appeal of cycling is that it is so enjoyable. Ithas none of the difficulties and tensions of other ways oftravelling so you are more cheerful after a ride, eventhough the rush hour.The first thing a non-cyclist says to you is “But isn’ tit terribly dangerous?” It would be foolish to deny thedanger of sharing the road with motor vehicles and it mustbe admitted that there are an alarming number of accidentsinvolving cyclists. However, although police recordsindicate that the car driver is often to blame, the answerlies with the cyclists. It is possible to ride in such away as to reduce risks to a minimum.If you decide to join the thousands in Britain who are nowreturning to cycling as a cheap, satisfying form oftransport, your first problem will be trying to decidewhat bike to buy. Here are three simple rules for buying abike:1)Always buy the best you can afford. Of course there hasto be a meeting point between what you would really likeand economic reality, but aim as high as you can and youwill get the benefit not only when you ride but also ifyou want to sell. Well-made bikes keep their value verywell. And don’ t forget to include in your calculationsthe fact that you’ ll begin saving money on fares andpetrol the minute you leave the shop.2) Get the best frame, the main structure of the bicycle,for your money as you can. Cheap brakes, wheels or gearscan easily be replaced by more expensive ones, but theframe sets the upper limit on any transformation. Youshould allow for the possibility that your cyclingambitions will grow with practice. When you begin, thefour miles to work may be the most you ever dream of, butafter a few months a Sunday ride into the country beginsto look more and more desirable. The best thing is to buya bike just a little bit better than you think you’ llneed, and then grow into it. Otherwise, try to get a modelthat can be improved.3) The fit is vital. Handlebars and seat height can beadjusted but you must get the right sized frame. On thewhole it is best to get the largest size you can manage.Frame sizes are measured in inches and the usual adultrange is from 21 inches to 25 inches, though extreme sizesoutside those measurements can be found. Some people sayif you take four inches off from your inside legmeasurement you will end up with the right size of bike.The basic principle though is that you should be able tostand with legs either side of the crossbar (the bar thatgoes from the handlebars to the seat) with both feetcomfortably flat on the ground.The author thinks that the main attraction of cycling is _____.

复合题ProtestsattheuseofanimalsinresearchhavetakenanewandfearfulcharacterinBritainwiththeattemptedmurderoftwoBritishscientistsbytheterroristtechniqueofthepre-plantedcar-bomb.Theresearchcommunitywillrightlybealarmedatthesedevelopments,whichhavetwoobjectives:toarousepublicattentionandtofrightenpeopleworkinginresearchwithanimals.Thefirstneedisthateverythingshouldbedonetoidentifythoseresponsibleforthecrimesandtoputthemontrail.TheDefenseResearchSocietyhastakenthepracticalstepofofferingarewardof10,000poundsforinformationleadingtothoseresponsible,butpastexperienceisnotencouraging.Peopleareunlikelytobetemptedbysuchoffers.Theprofessionalpolicewillsimilarlybeconfrontedbytheusualproblemoffindinganeedleinahaystack.ThatiswhytheintellectualcommunityinBritainandelsewheremustactmorevigorouslyinitsowndefense.Thereareseveralstepsthatcanbetaken,ofwhichthechiefoneistodemandofalltheorganizationsthatexistwiththedeclaredobjectivesofsafeguardingtheinterestsofanimalsthattheyshoulddeclareclearlywheretheystandonviolencetowardspeople.Anditwillnotbeenoughforthechairmenandchairwomenoftheseorganizationstoutterplacatorystatementsonbehalfofalltheirmembers.Thesepeopleshouldalsoundertakethatitwillbeatestofcontinuingmembershipintheirorganizationsthatmembersandwouldbemembersshoulddeclarethattheywilltakenopartinactsofviolenceagainsthumanbeings.Evensuchundertakingswouldnotbefullyeffective:people,afterall,canlie.Butatleasttheywoulddistinguishtheorganizationsentitledtoacontinuingvoiceinthedialoguewiththeresearchcommunityabouttherightsofanimalsinresearchfromtheorganizationsthatdeservenosay.

复合题Passage BDo mobile phones cause explosions at petrol stations? That question has just been exhaustively answered by Adam Burgess, a researcher at the University of Kent, in England. Oddly, however, Dr. Burgess is not a physicist, but a sociologist. For the concern rests not on scientific evidence of any danger, but is instead the result of sociological factors: it is an urban myth, supported and propagated by official sources, but no less a myth for that. Dr. Burgess presented his findings this week at the annual conference of the British Sociological Association.Mobile phones started to become widespread in the late 1980s, when the oil industry was in the middle of a concerted safety drive, Dr. Burgess notes. This was, in large part, a response to the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, when 167 people died in an explosion on an oil platform off the Scottish coast. The safety drive did not apply merely to offshore operations: employees at some British oil-company offices are now required to use handrails while walking up and down stairs, for example. So nobody questioned the precautionary ban on the use of mobile phones at petrol stations. The worry was that an electrical spark might ignite explosive fumes.By the late 1990s, however, phone makers having conducted their own research realized that there was no danger of phones causing explosions since they could not generate the required sparks. But it was too late. The myth had taken hold. One problem, says Dr. Burgess, is that the number of petrol-station fires increased in the late 1990s, just as mobile phones were proliferating.Richard Coates, BP’ s fire-safety adviser, investigated many of the 243 such fires that occurred around the world between 1993 and 2004. He concluded that most were indeed caused by sparks igniting petrol vapour, but the sparks themselves were the result of static electricity, not electrical equipment. Most drivers will have experienced a mild electric shock when climbing out of their vehicles. It is caused by friction between driver and seat, with the result that both end up electrically charged. When the driver touches the metal frame of the vehicle, the result is sometimes a spark.A further complication was the rise of the internet, where hoax memos, many claiming to originate from oil companies, warned of the danger of using mobile phones in petrol stations. Such memos generally explain static fires quite accurately, but mistakenly attribute them to mobile phones. Official denials, says Dr. Burgess, simply inflame the suspicions of conspiracy theorists.Despite the lack of evidence that mobile phones can cause explosions, bans remain in place around the world, though the rules vary widely. For Dr. Burgess, such concerns are part of a broader pattern of unease about mobile phones. There is a curious discrepancy, he notes, between the way that such phones have been indispensable, and the fact that they are also vaguely considered to be dangerous. The safety of mobile phones would appear to be not so much the province of the hard science of physics, as of the soft science of sociology.According to the expert, why is electrical equipment not the cause of explosions at petrol stations?

复合题Passage TwoPeople with intellectual disability form one of thelargest single disability groups in a community.Intellectual disability refers to a general slowness tolearn and function within society, and the identificationof intellectual disability is usually based on anassessment of a person’ s performance in a variety oftests. An individual’ s level of performance, as assessed,can change with time and circumstances. On occasions, anintellectually disabled person may perform better than atother times. Evidence for this inconsistent level ofperformance comes from modern research and practice whichhave shown that with skilled training and opportunity fordevelopment, people with intellectual disability have muchgreater potential for acquiring skills and forparticipation in community life than previously had beenthought possible.In many western societies, five categories of intellectualdisability have traditionally been used in order toindicate the perceived degree of difficulty an individualhas in learning. All five may occur in either children,adolescents or adults, and show as mild, moderate, severe,profound or multiple intellectual disability. However,undue reliance on such categories and the consequent“pigeonholing” of individuals into one of the fivecategories can result in failure to provide theopportunities for each person to develop.For the majority of intellectual disabilities, there is noidentifiable cause but there are some causes that are welldocumented. They include: brain damage at birth due tolack of oxygen-prolonged labor during childbirth; braindamage before birth due to factors such as rubella drug ordiet-related problems; damage after birth due to illnessessuch as encephalitis or accidents; hereditary defects inthe genes, abnormal chromosome count resulting in, forexample, Down Syndrome.Like everyone else, people with an intellectual disabilityneed a rewarding job, a satisfying place to live and agood social life. But they may need extra support toachieve these things. Good support services are based onthe principle of normalization-which means enabling peopleto be part of the community like everyone else. In turn,normalization needs to be well-integrated into thecommunity, in order to be effective. Some of the servicesneeded include assessment centers, training for employmentand support to keep jobs once they get them, residentialaccommodation that is homelike. For children, earlyeducation and school education appropriate to the child’ sneeds are essential. Without a strong community-basedsystem of care, the intellectually disabled run the riskof becoming a huge under class as in the United States,where thousands of intellectually disabled are homelessbecause of the American policy of deinstitutionalization.With the introduction of the intellectually disabled intocommunities, there is a need to promote awareness ofcommunication. Although many people may have littleexperience in talking with an intellectually disabledperson, and anticipate great difficulty in communication,there are common guidelines that can simplify theinteraction. Firstly, it is useful to remember that peoplewith disabilities have feeling sad can usually understandwhat is said, even though they sometimes may take longerto respond. Speaking in the same friendly manner as youwould to anyone else, and using straightforward languageand uncomplicated sentences, is also recommended. Beingprepared to wait a little longer for replies during aconversation with an intellectually disabled person, wouldundoubtedly benefit the exchange. Above all, it issuggested not to talk about the person with someone elsewithin their hearing. Ultimately, the idea is to encourageintellectually disabled people to do things forthemselves.

复合题The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself asa tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it isat the end of the earth. It is too far south to be aconvenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is muchfarther than a relatively cheap half-days flight awayfrom the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example.Chile, therefore, has to fight hard to attract tourists,to convince travelers that it is worth coming halfwayround the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not onlyin existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but innew territories, in particular the Far East. Marketscloser to home, however, are not being forgotten. Morethan 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearestneighbor, Argentina, where the cost of living is muchhigher.Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as avaluable earner of foreign currency, although it has beenfar more serious than most in promoting its image abroad.Relatively stable politically within the region, it hasbenefited from the problems suffered in other areas. InPeru,guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavyblow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime inBrazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as adream destination for foreigners.More than 150, 000 people are directly involved in Chilestourist sector, an industry which earns the country morethan US $ 950 million each year. The state-run NationalTourist Service, in partnership with a number of privatecompanies, is currently running a worldwide campaign,taking part in trade fairs and international events toattract visitors to Chile.Chiles great strength as a tourist destination is itsgeographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert inthe north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it ismore than 5, 000 km long. With the Pacific on one side andthe Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts naturalattractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standardsbut resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean andun-spoilt and have a high standard of services.But the trump card is the Andes mountain range. There area number of excellent ski resorts within one hours driveof the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in thesouth are home to rare animal and plant species. The parksalready attract specialist visitors, includingmountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficultpeaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in theregions rivers.However, infrastructural development in these areas islimited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts astheir European counterparts and the poor quality of roadsin the south means that only the most determined travelerssee the best of the national parks.Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, atpresent, relatively poor. While Chiles two largestairlines have extensive networks within South America,they operate only a small number of routes to the UnitedStates and Europe, while services to Asia are almost non-existent.Internal transport links are being improved and luxuryhotels are being built in one of its national parks. Noris development being restricted to the Andes. EasterIsland and Chiles Antarctic Territory are also on thelist of areas where the Government believes it can createtourist markets.But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to masstourism is not being welcomed by everyone. Indigenous andenvironmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that manyparts of the Andes will suffer if they become over-developed. There is a genuine fear that areas of Chilewill suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexicoand European resorts.The policy of opening up Antarctica to tourism is alsopolitically sensitive. Chile already has permanentsettlements on the ice and many people see the decision toallow tourists there as a political move, enhancingSantiagos territorial claim over part of Antarctica.The Chilean Government has promised to respect theenvironment as it seeks to bring tourism to these areas.But there are immense commercial pressures to exploit thecountrys tourism potential. The Government will have tomonitor developments closely if it is genuinely concernedin creating a balanced, controlled industry and if theprice of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is notgoing to mean the loss of many of Chiles natural riches.Where did many of Chile’ s tourists used to come from?