单选题Technology Transfer in Germany When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation's vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit. Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies. Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years. While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer. Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12, 000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the U. S. and Asia.

单选题The English first attempted to settle in Maine at the {{U}}mouth{{/U}} of the Kennebec River in 1607.

单选题I like George; he is so down-to-earth.A. practicalB. friendlyC. amusingD. honest

单选题It is said that Joe comes from a wealthy family.A. poorB. largeC. richD. happy

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}}Shrinking Water Supply Poses Threat to Peace{{/B}} "Water, which is essential for life, costs nothing. On the other hand, diamonds, which are essential for nothing, cost a lot." Unfortunately, the world has changed considerably since an 18th century economist made this remark. What was true over 200 years ago is certainly no longer true now, in a number of countries people pay as much for water in their homes as they do for electricity. Like health, we ignore water when we have it — unless there are floods, of course. Once there is a threat to our water supply, however, water can quickly become the only thing that matters. We know only too well that, without water, there can be no life. The situation is now becoming so bad that environmentalist feel it may be necessary to shock the world into saving water in a similar way to the shock caused by the oil crises in the 1970s. At that time, the oil crisis became such a serious threat to the lives of everyone in the developed countries that it made people conscious of the importance of saving oil and provided powerful encouragement for governments to look for other forms of energy. The result undoubtedly was of major benefit to energy conservation. There is now no longer and unlimited supply of fresh water. About 97 per cent of the planet's water is seawater. Another 2 per cent is locked in icecaps and glaciers. There are also reserves of fresh water under the earth's surface but these are too deep for us to use economically. Unfortunately, competition is growing fiercely for what little water is available. It may be a matter of time before that competition becomes a conflict. To make matters worse, the world's population is increasing so rapidly that it is expected to grow to about 8 billion in 30 years — an increase of 60 per cent. Moreover, in many developed countries throughout the would, flush lavatories and washing machines mean the average person now uses 300 litres of water a day compared with 50 at the beginning of the century. At the other extreme, according to the World Health Organization, one qu0rter of the world's population still lacks safe drinking water and proper sanitation. Most live in the southern hemisphere, where supplies of fresh water are put in jeopardy through dirty industrial practices, poor irrigation and erosion. The social stability of the world is no longer threatened by global wars, the Cold War, ... However, the supply of water could soon become the chief threat to such stability. There is already evidence of this happening, especially in Africa. Recently the Egyptian Government threatened 'to destroy any dams built on the Nile if they considered the dams would affect their supply of fresh water. What is required immediately is an awareness of the true value of water and the formation of sensible water conservation strategies. It is also of vital importance to have a consensus on how best to use shared Water resources for the benefit of all the countries in the world as well as an examination of the best methods for the distribution of the world's water.

单选题Smoking Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.

单选题Jesse had a good time in his friends' home.

单选题He seems {{U}}bizarre{{/U}} these days. A. unusual B. absent-minded C. crazy D. lunatic

单选题It"s prudent to start any exercise program gradually at first.

单选题The local authorities will take measures to deal with noise pollution in the area. A. power B. control C. learning D. government

单选题By advocating moderate change, they think that they can keep consumer costs low.

单选题Breakfast Studies show that children who eat breakfast do better in school. It doesn"t take much further thought to believe that adults will feel better and perform better at work as well. Whether you work at home, on the farm, at the office, at school, or on the road, it is not a good idea to skip (故意略去) breakfast. If we don"t eat breakfast, we are likely to become tired when our brains and bodies run low on fuel. By mid-morning, a lot of us grab a cup of coffee, or wolf down a sugary candy bar to wake up again. This might work for a few minutes, but by lunchtime we are hungry, bad-tempered, and perhaps our mood might make us a little more likely to make unhealthy choices at lunch. Eating a good breakfast sets the tone for the rest of the day. People who eat breakfast are generally more likely to maintain a healthy weight. Many people believe that they will lose weight if they skip meals, but that isn"t a good idea. The body expects to be refueled a few times a day, so start with a healthy breakfast. A healthy breakfast should contain some protein (蛋白质) and some fiber (纤维). Protein can come from meat, eggs, beans, or soy (大豆). Fiber can be found in whole cereals (谷物), grains or in fruits. A good example of a healthy breakfast might be something simple like a hard boiled egg, an orange, and a bowl of whole grain cereal with soy milk.

单选题Scotland: A Land of Wisdom In the 1740s, the famous French philosopher Voltaire said, "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization." That"s not a bad advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education. According to the American author Arthur Herman, the Scots invented the modern world itself. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends—everything from the scientific method to market economics. Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals, but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world. It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment (启蒙运动), which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800. Before that, philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, the proper study of humanity was mankind itself. Their reasoning was practical. For the philosopher David Hume, humanity was the right subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how people think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved for universal benefit. Hume"s enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method—the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh, Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade, he argued, was a form of information. In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets, we all come to benefit each other. Smith"s idea has dominated modern views of economics. It also has wide applications. He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich, free and powerful through peace, trade and invention. Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago, the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin (构成……的基础) our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation (方向).

单选题It is a {{U}}complicated{{/U}} problem．

单选题Free Concerts in America Some of the most popular attractions across America are the many free concerts offered to public throughout the year. These involve not only amateur performers, hut professional artists as well. The public parks of many cities across the country usually have bandstands and large lawns. As a service to citizens, they rent out space to performers free of charge. Amateur groups, with nothing more than a desire to perform offer their talents freely to public. Semi-professional artists are pleased to get the chance to perform before the public to perfect their craft and nurture the hope of being discovered before beginning a professional career. Famous professionals also give free concerts to make contact with their admiring fans. Often such concerts are sponsored by a large corporate organization and offered to the public free of charge as a cultural service and support for the arts. The free concerts feature all kinds of music from rock and roll, jazz, country-western to the classics. In addition, free performances may include the plays of Shakespeare or experimental theater of modem dramatists. In New York's Central Park there has long been a summer Shakespeare festival which draws huge crowds to the free performances. Of these concerts the ones held on a summer evening in the park are the most popular. They take on a festive air. Friends and groups gather together after work and spread out a blanket on the lawn facing the performers' stage. The early comers get the best locations and enjoy a picnic supper while it is still daylight. The free seating is on a first come basis. Therefore, by the time the concert begins, as many as five thousand or more people may be in attendance. The concerts usually begin at 8 p.m. and are performed under the stars. The sound is made sufficiently loud so that no matter where one chooses to sit, he can hear very well. The only disturbance may be the sound of an overhead airplane on its final approach to an airport or the far-off siren (警笛声) of an ambulance on its way to the hospital. This matters little! What counts is to soak up the atmosphere created by the music and to be with friends in the fresh open air. The best part of it all is that it's free!

单选题They had a far better yield than any other farm miles away around this year.A. goodsB. soilC. climateD. harvest

单选题Our plan is to allocate one member of staff to handle appointments.______

单选题Newborn babies can discriminate between a man"s and a woman"s voice.

单选题 The Influence of Western Movie Why does the Western movie especially have such a hold (影响) on our inclination? Chiefly, because it offers serious insights into the problem of violence such as can be found almost nowhere else in our culture. One of the well-known peculiarities of modem civilized opinion is its refusal to acknowledge the value of violence. This refusal is a virtue, but like many virtues it involves a certain deliberate blindness and it encourages hypocrisy (虚伪). We train ourselves to be shocked or bored by cultural images of violence, and our very concept of heroism tends to be a passive one. We are less drawn to the brave young men who kill large numbers of our enemies than to the heroic prisoners who endure torture without surrendering. And in the criticism of popular culture, the presence of images of violence is often assumed to be in itself a sufficient ground for condemnation. These attitudes, however, have not reduced the element of violence in our culture but have helped to free it from moral control by letting it take on the air of "liberation". The celebration of acts of violence is left more and more to the irresponsible. The gangster (匪徒) movie, with its numerous variations belongs to a cultural "underground" which praises violence aid sets it against all our higher social attitudes. It is a more "modern" style than the Western movie, perhaps even more profound, because it confronts industrial society on its own ground-the city and because, like much of our advanced art, it gains its effects by a coarse insistence on its own narrow logic. But it is anti-social resting on fantasies of irresponsible freedom. If we are brought finally to concede to the denial of these fantasies, it is only because they have been shown to be dangerous, not because they have given way to higher values of behavior. In war movies, certainly, it is possible to present violence within a framework of responsibility. But there is the disadvantage that modern war is a co-operative enterprise in which violence is largely impersonal and heroism belongs to the group more than to the individual. The hero of a war movie is most often simply a leader supposed to be brave; you are supposed to get the job done and stay alive (this too, of course, is a kind of heroic posture, but a new and "practical" one). At its best, the war movie may represent a more civilized point of view than the Western, and if it were not continually spoiled by ideological sentimentality we might hope to find it developing into a higher form of drama. But it cannot supply the values we seek in the Western.

单选题A Success Story At 19,Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have 1 their fortune through the Internet. 2 makes Ben"s story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was 3 by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write 4 . "I wanted to prove them 5 ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used 6 find goods in online shopping malls. When he was eight, his local authorities provided him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was 7 to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and 8 by his father, he soon began 9 people ￡ 10 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he 10 up his own computer consultancy, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to (61) all his time to business. "By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a 11 of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start doing business with 12 companies." It was his ability to consistently 13 difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal 14 ￡ 25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine.