填空题Earth Angels 1 Joying Brescia was 8 years old when she noticed that cigarette butts (烟头) were littering her hometown beach in Isle of Palms, South Carolina. When she learned that it takes five years for the remains of a cigarette to disintegrate, she decided to take action. Joying launched a "No Butts on the Beach" campaign. She raised money and awareness about the need to keep the beaches clean. With the help of others, Joying also bought or received donations of gallonsize plastic ice-cream buckets. The buckets were filled with sand, and placed at all public-access areas of the beach. The buckets allowed people to dispose of their cigarettes before hitting the beach. Two years later, Joying says the buckets are full and the beach in nearly free of cigarette debris (残片). 2 People who live in or visit Steamboat Springs, Colorado, have Carter Dunham to thank for a new state wildlife refuge that preserves 20 acres of marshland and many species of wildlife. Carter and other students wrote a management plan for the area around the Yampa River. The plan was part of a class project when Carter was a freshman at Steamboat Springs High School. Working with the Colorado Division of Wildlife, Carter and his classmates mapped the area and species of animals living there. They also made decisions about, among other things, where fences and parking areas should be built. 3 Barbara Brown and her friends collect oil. It started as a project for their 4H Club after one of the girls noticed her father using motor oil to kill weeds on their farm in Victoria, Texas. They did some research and discovered that oil can contaminate ground water—a real danger in rural areas, where people live off the water on their land. The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue. Now, the "Don't Be Crude" program runs oil-collection sites—tanks that hold up to 460 gallons—where people in the community can dispose of their oil. 4 Five years ago, ll-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream, for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water. His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn't have clean water, and that as little as $ 70 could build a well. "We really take water for granted," says Ryan, of Kemptville, Ontario, in Canada. "In other countries, you have to plan for it. "Ryan earned the first $ 70 by doing extra chores (零工), but with the help of others, he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. His efforts led to the start of the Ryan's Well Foundation, which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries. A Provide Clean Water B Dig Oil Wells C Save Clean Water D Don't Litter E Don't Be Crude F Protect Wildlife

填空题The Fridge 1 The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator." 2 In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3 The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed—natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling... 4 What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. 5 Consequently, most of the world"s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expanse, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house—while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6 The fridge"s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don"t believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers hut at least you"ll get ride of that terrible hum.

填空题 下面的短文后2项测试任务： (1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段第段选择1个最佳的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求所给的6个选项中选择6个选项为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 {{B}}Museums in the Modern World{{/B}}1 Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days. Action and democracy are words used in descriptions of museums now.2 At a science museum in Ontario, Canada, you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at 17th century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modem Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As these examples show, museums are reaching out, to new audiences, particularly the young, the poor, and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is increasing.3 More and more, museums directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a computer. He can experiment with glass blowing and paper making. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage. Many museums now provide educational services and children's departments. In addition to the usual displays, they also offer film showings and dance programs. Instead of being places that one "should" visit, they are places to enjoy.4 One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time. Another cause is the rising percentage of young people in the population. Many of these young people are college students or college graduates. They are better educated than their parents. They see things in a new and different way. They are not content to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in. The same is true of science and history. In the US, certain groups who formerly were too poor to care about anything beyond the basic needs of daily life are now becoming curious about the world around them. The young people in these groups, like young people in general, have benefited from a better education than their parents received. All these groups, and the rest of the population as well, have been influenced by television, which has taught them about other places and other times.5 The effect of all this has been to change existing museums and to encourage the building of new ones. In the US and Canada alone, there are now more than 6,000 museums, almost twice as many as there were 25 years ago. About half of them are devoted to history, and the rest are evenly divided between the arts and sciences. The number of visitors, according to the American Association of museums, has risen to more than 700 million a year.6 In fact, the crowds of visitors at some museums are creating a major problem. Admission to museums has always been either free or very inexpensive, but now some museums are charging entrance fees for the first time or raising their prices. Even when raised, however, entrance fees are generally too low to support a museum, with its usually large building and its highly trained staff.

填空题 More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 1. Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. 2. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers. 3. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. 4. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep—for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. 5. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. 6. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake," he said. A. Kripke's Research Tool B. Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep C. Criticism on Kripke's Report D. A Way of Overcoming Insomnia E. Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers F. Classification of Sleep Problems

填空题The Paper Chase "Running a house is a lot like running a business," says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work, whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room. When in doubt, throw it out. The first step to implementing a workable filing system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read. Set aside two days a month to pay bills. If a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date. Keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills—one to correspond with each bill-paying day—and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaced. Think of your filing system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filing system is both mentally and physically flexible. Everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?" Create main headings for your filing system, such as Investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.

填空题To Be an Ichthyologist An ichthyologist (鱼类学家) is a scientist who studies fish. Most people who do this love their work because it is very rewarding and varied. They work not only inside a laboratory, but also outside in field. Fieldwork includes traveling to rivers and lakes in order to collect information about specimens (样本). Reading, writing and speaking are also very important to the job. Fish scientists need to read the research of other scientists. They must be able to write up their research paper clearly so that others can follow it. They also need to be able to give lectures about their findings, so that they can spread knowledge. Ichthyologists who wish to specialize can choose any one of three areas of study. The first area is aquaculture (水产养殖). This involves the study and practice of fish farming and managing. Because it is a rather new study, there are very few job opportunities available. However, as there is so much to dig in, many think it is an exciting area for a new ichthyologist to enter. The second area is fisheries science, which means working with a team of scientists to find out most about different fish species. The third is about the protection of natural fish populations. This is important today, given that many fish are in danger of dying out because of the actions of human beings. To become a successful scientist, you need to have a curious mind and be able to work on your own. You also need to be able to handle equipment and perform experiments; but most importantly, you must love fish. To become an ichthyologist, you will need to stay at a university to pass a Bacherlor of Science degree. For this, you will need to be good at maths, physical science and biology. Then, you will need to study for another year to complete an honours degree in ichthyology. This honours degree contains coursework about all aspects of fish. You also need to complete a research paper.

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Reduce Packaging Pressure increased recently on British supermarkets and retailers to reduce packaging as part of an anti-waste campaign. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. Britain generates 4.6 million tons of household waste every year by packaging. Dozens of people have expressed anger at the excess of plastic wrapping. Campaigners have called on Britain to learn from other European countries. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. When returned bottles are put in a vending machines (自动售货机), the deposit is refunded. Environmentalists warn that Britain lags behind in this. There were reports of growing unease among consumers over the amount of packaging they have to deal with. Trade standards officers also object to excessive packaging. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} In response to a campaign by Britain's The Independent newspaper, leading supermarkets have pointed to various initiatives to win the public confidence. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} But campaigners said retailers and the government could learn much from anti-waste practices on the Continent. In Sweden, non-recyclable batteries have been taxed since 1991 to encourage a switch to alternatives. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} In Germany, plastic bags are unheard of in supermarkets and deposits are paid for reusable plastic and glass beverage bottles.A．If a product is over packaged, don't buy it.B．In Belgium, when you buy something in a plastic or glass container, you make a deposit.C．This is because too much padding can give buyers a false impression of what they are buying.D．This has resulted in a 74 percent reduction in sales.E．Tesco said it was saving 112,000 tons of cardboard a year by switching to reusable plastic crates(装货箱) for transporting its fresh produce.F. The campaign was initiated by The Independent newspaper.

填空题Screen Test 1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully, published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women"s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain"s National Radiological Protection Board(NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 eases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help "optimize the technique" for breast cancer screening. 7. "There is a tradeoff between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That"s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme." A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B. Investing the Effect of Screening C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E. Treatment of Cancers F. Factors That Trigger Cancers

填空题The aging of cut flowers can be slowed down ______.

填空题A Major Composer Ludwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness. Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van tier Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. (46) . Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 be was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn. Beethoven remained unmarried. (47) Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819. (48) . He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. (49) Nothing that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, "I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality. " (50) A．In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.B．Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life.C．His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.D．When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.E．Although Beethoven's personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.F．Today his music is still being played all over the world.

填空题 Volts from the Sky 1．Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as an enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago, many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon. 2．Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds, though processes are still not fully understood. Typically, positive charges build at the cloud top, while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning, the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the ground's surfaces, making it become positively charged, The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points. 3．A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes large enough, it breaks through the insulating barrier of air, and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning. 4．Lightning can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between clouds and the ground. The first variety, intra-cloud lightning, is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to -ground lightning, making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges, is what we usually see lightning comes in several forms, including sheet, ribbon, and ball, Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a White sheet, hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds, they can shift the lightning channel sideways, so it looks like a ribbon. The average lightning strike is more than 3 miles long and can travel at a tenth of the speed of light. Ball lightning, the rarest and most mysterious form, derives its name from the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point, moves horizontally, and lasts for several seconds. 5．Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat released in a lightning discharge second. This sudden heating acts as an explosion, generating shock waves we hear as thunder. 6．About 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring in the world at any time, generating about 100 lightning strikes every second, or 8 million daily. Within the United States, lightning strikes are estimated at 20 million a year, or about 22,000 per day. You have a 1-in-600,000 chance of being struck by lightning during your lifetime. Lightning can strike twice or more in the same spot. The Empire State Building in New York is struck by lightning about two dozen times annually. 7．You can measure how far you are from a lightning strike by counting the seconds between viewing the flash and hearing the bang, and then dividing by five. This approximates the mileage.

填空题Keeping Cut Flowers 1. While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around their house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible. This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts. 2. An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature. For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12℃ than when kept at 26℃. Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care. 3. Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long. Their biological purpose" is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees, for pollination (授粉). After that, they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸), generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color. The making of seeds also depends on this energy. While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration. A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high. Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies. 4. How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration. How is respiration controlled? By controlling temperature. We know that respiration produces heat, but the reverse is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flowers will age more slowly. 5. Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to "drink" water that is dirty or otherwise polluted. Even when water looks and smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (含氯漂白剂) can be used in small quantities. It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each liter of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

填空题Keeping Cut Flowers 1 While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around their house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible. This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts. 2 An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature. For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12℃ than when kept at 26℃. Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care. 3 Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long. Their biological purpose is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees, for pollination (授粉). After that, they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸), generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color. The making of seeds also depends on this energy. While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration. A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high. Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies. 4 How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration. How is respiration controlled? By controlling temperature. We know that respiration produces heat, but the reverse is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flowers will age more slowly. 5 Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to "drink" water that is dirty or otherwise polluted. Even when water looks and smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (含氯漂白剂) can be used in small quantities. It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each liter of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

填空题Are Online Friends Real Friends? Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. 1 Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate. Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It"s convenient, it"s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It"s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. 2 They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems. Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. 3 Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can"t be sure of what they really like. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you"re totally sure of who that person is. Can online friendships be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel "as strongly about their online buddies" as they do about their "offline" friends. 4 In contrast, there are many people who believe that it"s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy, says, "It"s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends." 5 They say that it"s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don"t share experiences in person. People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, "A social networking site should only be the "add on" in any relationship." A. Online friends, or virtual friends, are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet. B. In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support. C. Many people would agree. D. Researchers also found that it"s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends. E. Online friends may be of help in many ways. F. When you"re not face to face, it"s much easier to deceive people.

填空题The author wrote this text ______.

填空题Coffee is "health drink" It is a daily routine for millions of Italians--the morning cup of espresso brewed on the kitchen hob or downed swiftly in a care on the way to work. But for years their favorite way of kick-starting the day has had a bad press (46) Now it seems the tide is turning. Forget the scare stories, says dietician Chiara Trombetti. (47) . Coffee can be good for you--the stronger, the better. Coffee contains tannin and antioxidants, which are good for the heart and arteries, Dr Trombetti says. It can relieve headaches. (48) and can help prevent cirrhosis and gallstones. And the caffeine in coffee can reduce the risk of asthma attacks and help improve circulation within the heart. There is no denying that coffee is not for everyone. If you drink too much it can increase nervousness, and cause rapid heartbeat and trembling hands. (49) And even Dr Trombetti says no one should drink more than three or four cups a day. (50) . But Dr Trombetti is adamant that a cup of milky coffee could make the ideal start for the next generation of coffee lovers--Italy's drowsy school kids, stimulating their brains ahead of a day that often lasts from 8:30 until 16:00.A. All of us are advised not to drink coffee any more.B. Pregnant women, heart patients, and anyone with a stomach ulcer are usually advised to avoid it.C. most recently when it was reported that doctors had told British Prime Minister Tony Blair to drink less coffee.D. Many parents might be horrified at the thought.E. There is sound scientific reason to enjoy your morning espresso without worrying about the health effects.F. It is good for the liver.

填空题The mass media are important to us because they shape ______.

填空题A if the Gardeners' argument was sound B because she was cleverer than other chimps C when she wanted to eat D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F while Washoe was learning sign language

填空题Stars in Their Eyes The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos edited by David Levy, Macmillan, ￡20, ISBN 0333782933 Previous generations of scientists would have killed to know what we know. For the first time in history, we have a pretty good idea of the material content of the Universe, our position within it and how the whole thing came into being. In these times of exploding knowledge there is a definite need to take stock and assemble what we know in a palatable (受欢迎的) form. 1 The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which in 1994 struck Jupiter with the violence of several full-scale nuclear wars. 2 This is certainly a great collection of essays, but it is not, as the book promises, a seamless (完美的,无缝隙的) synthesis of our current knowledge. Nobody can fault the range of articles Levy has included. There are essays on the planets, moons and assorted debris (碎片) in the Solar System, and on our Galaxy, the Milky Way. 3 The contributors, too, are stars in their own fields. Not many books can boast chapters written by such giants as Erwin Schrodinger and Francis Crick. My personal favorites are a piercingly clear essay by Albert Einstein on general relativity and an article by Alan Guth and Paul Steinhardt on the inflationary (膨胀的) Universe. So much for the book"s content. But Levy has not succeeded in providing an accurate synthesis of our current knowledge of the cosmos, which the book jacket promises. Gathering together previously published articles inevitably leaves subject gaps, missing explanations and so on. 4 But there isn"t one. In fact, surprisingly for a book so densely packed with information, there is no index. Collecting essays in this way is clearly a good publishing wheeze (巧妙的注意). But this approach shortchanges the public, who would be better served by an account moulded into a seamless whole. 5 However, for the next edition, please, please can we have an index? A. Tegmark fears he may hold the record for the longest time taken to read one book. B. In a more positive vein, this is a wonderful collection of essays to dip in and out of if you already have a good overview (概述) of current cosmic understanding. C. Levy is an active astronomer and an accomplished writer, so you"d expect him to provide a broad and accurate picture of our current understanding of the cosmos. D. Scientific American has attempted to cater to this need by bringing together essays that have appeared in the magazine. E. To some extent, these could have been plugged with a glossary (词表) of terms. F. Also included are contributions on the world of subatomic particles, the origin of life on the Earth and the possibility of its existence elsewhere.

填空题How can Britain react to the threats coming from Russia as well as from the developing countries? There is a limit, of course, to what any British government can do on its own. Shipping is an essentially international business, and Britain can only counter the challenges of the developing world and the Russians at an international level. But whom could we count on for support? The EEC is so divided about shipping that it is almost powerless to act. Take the challenge of the developing world. The French do not mind the UNCTAD code on liner shipping because it would help them to increase their share of the liner trade; the same is true for the Germans and the Belgians. (46) . As far as the Russians are concerned, Britain, along with west Germany and Denmark, has been calling for a coordinated response; the monitoring of Russian ship movements and restrictions on the number of Russian ship allowed to call at EEC ports. But, last June, the French, because of their Russian ties, blocked plans along these lines. (47) . British ship-owners are so far happy with the strength of the British government attempts to force the EEC into action. (48) . But they are far less sure about other government ministers, especially those in the powerful industry department, which oversees shipping. Ship-owners fear that saving jobs in Britain's ailing shipyards comes well before saving its merchant fleet. British shipyards are currently churning out (艰难地做出) 24 vessels for Poland. The Poles were lured bo Britain by the gift of a ￡28 million subsidy (补助金、津贴) and the promise that British shipbuilders would raise all the credit; so while our shipping fleet is under attack from communist ships, our government is using British taxpayers money to cut their shipbuilding costs. (49) , India is now a major Third World shipping power, yet Britain is to build six ships for the Indians—for nothing. In the end, British companies could be driven out of shipping altogether. Some, such as P & O, have already moved into other fields, from house-building to oil. Smaller shipping lines do not have the resources to diversify. (50) . And when they go, so does a huge slice of the few traditional industries worth keeping. A. They face extinction. B. We are doing the same for developing countries fleets. C. It will be November before the question is considered again. D. So Britain cannot rely on concerted EEC action on that issue. E. The trade department understands their problem. F. They, believe that the Trade Department, which looks after shipping, under stands their problems.