单选题During the game, the {{U}}morale{{/U}} of the athletes is extremely important.

单选题 {{B}}Principles of Governing Persuasion{{/B}} If leadership consists of getting things done through others, then persuasion is one of the leader's essential tools. Many executives have assumed that this tool is beyond their grasp, available only to the charismatic (有魅力的) and the eloquent. Over the past several decades, though, experimental psychologists have learned which methods reliably lead people to concede, comply, or change. Their research shows that persuasion is governed by several principles that can be taught and applied. The first principle is that people are more likely to follow someone who is similar to them than someone who is not. Wise managers, then, ask peers to help make their cases. Second, people are more willing to cooperate with those who are not only like them but who like them, as well. So it's worth the time to unc9ver real similarities and offer genuine praise. Third, experiments confirm the intuitive truth that people tend to treat you the way you treat them. It's sound policy to do a favor before seeking one. Fourth, individuals are more likely to keep promises they make voluntarily and clearly. The message for managers here is to get commitments in writing. Fifth, studies show that people really do defer to (服从) experts. So before they attempt to exert influence, executives should take pains to establish their own expertise and not assume that it's self-evident. Finally, people want more of a commodity when it's scarce; it follows, then, that exclusive information is more persuasive than widely available data.

单选题What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply?

单选题Problems of the Elderly Gerontologists (老年人问题学者) study how old people are treated within a society and how the elderly deal with the inevitable problems of aging, particularly those involving health and income. Health problems include normal losses in hearing, eyesight, and memory, and the increased possibility of chronic(慢性的)diseases. These losses are gradual and proceed at different rates for each individual. In general, the health of old people today is better than that of earlier generation-a condition that is likely to improve still further as more people receive better medical care throught their lives. Because most old people are no longer in the labor force, a steady source of income is necessary. Systems of pensions and benefits are characteristic of industrial societies. One example is Social Security in the U. S. , which is now increased automatically as the cost of living rises. thus reducing somewhat the effect of inflation. Although the income of retired people is about half that of working people, most manage to remain financially independent. Income needs and health are what people consider most when they decide whether to retire or not. Putting an end to the limit on the retirement age is not expected to cause many workers to stay on the job if they can afford to retire. The need to relieve strains on the Social Security System, however, has led to legislation that gradually raises the age at which people can get full benefits. This might force them to work longer in the future. Elderly people themselves often display high spirits, satisfaction with life, and feelings of selfworth. The important factors are health and income. The task of modern societies is to ensure that the aged have their basic needs met and that they can continue to function in the community.

单选题You must shine your shoes.A. lightenB. cleanC. washD. polish

单选题The first watermill was horizontal and resembled a {{U}}rudimentary{{/U}} turbine.

单选题I didn't immediately realize that how serious the situation was.A. once moreB. right nowC. fight downD. once again

单选题 {{B}}University Physics{{/B}} University Physics is intended for students of science and engineering. Primary emphasis is on physical principles and problem-solving; historical background and specialized practical applications have been given a place of secondary importance. Many worked-out examples and an extensive collection of problems are included with each chapter. In this new edition, the basic philosophy and outline and the balance between depth of treatment and breadth of subject-matter coverage are unchanged from previous editions. We have tried to preserve those features that users of previous editions have found desirable, while incorporating a number of changes that should enhance the book's usefulness. The textbook is adaptable to a wide variety of course outlines. The entire textbook can be used for an intensive course two or three semesters in length. For a less intensive course, many instructors will want to omit certain chapters or sections to tailor the book to their individual needs. The arrangement of this edition facilitates this kind of flexibility. Conversely, however, many topics that were regarded a few years ago as of peripheral (外围的、次要的) importance and were omitted from introductory courses have now come to the fore again in the life sciences, earth and space sciences, and environmental problems. An instructor who wishes to stress these kinds of applications will find this textbook a useful source for discussion of the appropriate principles. In any case, it should be emphasized that instructors should not feel constrained (受约束的) to work straight through the book from cover to cover. Many chapters are, of course, inherently sequential in nature, but within this general limitation instructors should be encouraged to select among the contents those chapters that fit their needs, omitting material that is not relevant to the objectives of a particular course.

单选题The Sahara The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for "desert" or "steppe". At 3. 5 million square miles, an area roughly the size of the United States, the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the world. It spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Daytime temperatures can reach as high as 130~F. The humidity sometimes gets into the teens. But it can also be as low as 2.5 percent, the lowest in the world. Most of the Sahara reeeives less than five inches of rain per year, while large areas sometimes have no rainfall at all for years. At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand dunes can be 100 feet tall and several miles long. Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is neither water nor towns. Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there are pools of clear water. Surprisingly, there are groves of date palms. Underground water resources, or oases, sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions. Irrigation ditches run off a creek to water fields. Corn, cassava, tea, peanuts, hot peppers, and orange, lime, and grapefruit trees grow in these fields. Donkeys and goats graze on green grass. The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in loose lines as long as a mile, traveling toward such oasis towns. There a caravan will collect life-sustaining salt, which is mined from watery basins, and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of the desert. The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.

单选题The thief was finally captured two miles away from the village． A．caught B．killed C．found D．jailed

单选题He seems bizarre these days.

单选题We packed up the things we had accumulated (积累) over the last three years and {{U}}left. {{/U}}

单选题Silent and Deadly Transient ischemic attacks(TIAS), or ministrokes, result from temporary interruptions of blood flow to the brain. Unlike full strokes, they present symptoms lasting anywhere from a few seconds to 24 hours. Rarely do they cause permanent neurological damage, but they are often precursors of a major stroke. "Our message is quite clear," says Dr. Robert Adams, professor of neurology at the Medical College of Georgia in August. "TIAS, while less severe than strokes in the short term, are quite dangerous and need a quick diagnosis and treatment as well as appropriate follow-up to prevent future injury." Unfortunately, ministrokes are greatly underdiagnosed. A study conducted for the National Stroke Association indicates that 2.5% of all adults aged 18 or older(about 4.9 million people in the U.S.) have experienced a confirmed TIA. An additional 1.2 million Americans over the age of 45, the study showed, have most likely suffered a ministroke without realizing it. These findings suggest that if the public knew how to spot the symptoms of stroke, especially ministrokes, and sought prompt medical treatment, thousands of lives could he saved and major disability could be avoided. The problem is that the symptoms of a ministroke are often subtle and passing. Nonetheless, there are signs you can look out for: ? Numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body. ? Trouble seeing in one or both eyes. ? Confusion and difficulty speaking or understanding. ? Difficulty walking, dizziness or loss of coordination. ? Severe headache with no known cause. Along with these symptoms, researchers have identified some key indicators that increase your chances of having a full-blown stroke after a TIA: if you"re over 60, have experienced symptoms lasting longer than 10 minutes, feel weak and have a history of diabetes. As with many diseases, you can help yourself by changing your lifestyle. The first things you should do are quit smoking, limit your intake of alcohol to no more than a drink or two a day and increase your physical activity. Even those who suffer from high blood pressure or diabetes can improve their odds—and minimize complications if they do have a stroke—by keeping their illness under control. If you experience any of the symptoms, your first call should be to your doctor. It could be the call that saves your life.

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}}Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends{{/B}} Obesity can spread from person to person, much like a virus, researchers are reporting today. When one person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too. Their study, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, involved a detailed analysis of a large social network of 12,067 people who had been closely followed for 32 years, from 1971 to 2003. The investigators knew who was friends with whom as well as who was a spouse or sibling or neighbor, and they knew how much each person weighed at various times over three decades. That let them reconstruct what happened over the years as individuals became obese. Did their friends also become obese? Did family members? Or neighbors? The answer, the researchers report, was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese. That increased a person's chances of becoming obese by 57 percent. There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight, however, and family members had less influence than friends. It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away, the influence remained. And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends. There, if one became obese, the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too. The same effect seemed to occur for weight loss, the investigators say. But since most people were gaining, not losing, over the 32 years, the result was, on average, that people grew fatter. Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study, said one explanation was that friends affected each others' perception of fatness. When a close friend becomes obese, obesity may not look so bad. "You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you," Dr. Christakis said. The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years--each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends. Their analysis was unique, Dr. Christakis said, because it moved beyond a simple analysis of one person and his or her social contacts and instead examined an entire social network at once, looking at how a person's friend's friends, or a spouse's sibling's friends, could have an influence on a person's weight. The effects, he said, "highlight the importance of a spreading process, a kind of social contagion, that spreads through the network." Of course, the investigators say, social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight. There is a strong genetic component at work, too. Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights, spanning perhaps 30 or so pounds for each person. But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person's weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom. As people have gotten fatter, it appears that many are edging toward the top of their ranges. The question has been why. If the new research is correct, it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic, making a few people gain weight. Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.

单选题The Changing Middle Class The United States perceives itself to be a middle-class nation. However, middle class is not a real designation, nor does it carry privileges (特权). It is more of a perception, which probably was as true as it ever could be right after World War Ⅱ. The economy was growing, more and more people owned their own homes, workers had solid contracts with the companies that employed them, and nearly everyone who wanted a higher education could have one. Successful people enjoyed upward social mobility. They may have started out poor, but they could become rich. Successful people also found that they had greater geographic mobility. In other words, they found themselves moving to and living in a variety of places. The middle class collectively holds several values and principles. One strong value is the need to earn enough money to feel that one can determine one"s own economic fate. In addition, middle-class morality (道德观) embraces principles of individual responsibility, importance of family, obligations to others, and believing in something outside oneself. But in the 1990s, those in the middle class found that there was a price for success. A U.S. News long commutes became routine; the need for child care put strains on the family; and public schools were not as good as they once were. Members of the middle class were no longer financing their lifestyles through earnings but were using credit to stay afloat. The understanding of just what middle class meant was changing.

单选题Look on The Bright Side Do you ever wish you were more 1 , someone who always expected to be successful? Having someone around who always fears the 2 isn"t really a lot of fun. We all know someone who sees a single 3 on a sunny day and says, "It looks like rain." But if you 4 yourself thinking such things, it"s important to do something 5 it. You can change your view of life, according to psychologists. It only takes a little 6 , and you"ll find life more rewarding as a 7 . Optimism, they say, is partly about self-respect and confidence, but it"s also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to 8 . Optimists are more likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take 9 . Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your 10 to the world. Some people are brought up to depend too much 11 others and grow up forever 12 other people when anything goes wrong. Most optimists, on the 13 hand, have been 14 not to regard failure as the end of the world—they just 15 with their lives.

单选题Extensive reporting on television has helped to {{U}}bring about{{/U}} interest in a wide variety of sports and activities.

单选题His sincerity added much more credibility to the words.

单选题The Family The structure of a family takes different forms around the word and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family, consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America, the elderly often do not live with the family； they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies, such as North America, and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits, who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions, mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans, the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility. The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time, the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents, mother and father, brothers and sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins. In North America today, there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced, separated, or nevermarried individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family, not just in North America, but throughout the world, continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

单选题The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members.