单选题Oseola MeCarty Late one Sunday afternoon in September 1999, Oseola McCarty, an elderly cleaning lady passed away in the little wooden flame house where she had lived and worked for most of her life. It may seem like an ordinary end to a humble life, but there was something quite exceptional about this woman. In the summer of 1995, McCarty gave $150, 000, most of the money she had saved throughout her life, to the University of Southern Mississippi in her hometown. The money was to help other African Americans through university. She had started her savings habit as a young child when she would return from school to clean and iron for money which she would then save. She led a simple, frugal existence, never spending on anything but her most basic needs. Her bank also advised her on investing her hard-earned savings. When she retired, she decided that she wanted to use the money to give children of limited means the opportunity to go to university. She had wanted to become a nurse, but had to leave school to look after ill relatives and work. When asked why she had given her life savings away, she replied, "I"m giving it away so that children won"t have to work so hard, like I did." After news of her donation hit the media, over 600 donations were made to the scholarship fund. One was given by media executive, Ted Turner, who reputedly gave a billion dollars. She didn"t want any fuss made over her gift, but the news got out and she was invited all over the United States to talk to people. Wherever she went, people would come up to her to say a few words or to just touch her. She met the ordinary and the famous, President Clinton included. In the last few years of her life, before she died of cancer, McCarty was given over 300 awards: she was honoured by the United Nations and received the Presidential Citizen"s Medal. Despite having no real education, she found herself with two honorary doctorates: one from the University of Southern Mississippi and the other from Harvard University. Her generosity was clearly an inspiration to many and proof that true selflessness does exist.

单选题It is (virtually) impossible to persuade him to apply forthe job,

单选题Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.

单选题The word “devastating” in the last paragraph could be best replaced by

单选题Stress level Tied to Education Level People with less education suffer fewer stressful days, according to a report in the current issue of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior. However, the study also found that when less-educated people did suffer stress it was more severe and had a larger impact on their health. From this, researchers have concluded that the day-to-day factors that cause stress are not random. Where you are in society determines the kinds of problems that you have each day, and how well you will cope with them. The research team interviewed a national sample of 1,031 adults daily for eight days about their stress level and health. People without a high school diploma reported stress on 30 percent of the study days, people with a high school degree reported stress 38 percent of the time, and people with college degrees reported stress 44 percent of the time. "Less advantaged people are less healthy on a daily basis and are more likely to have downward turns in their health," lead researcher Dr Joseph Grzywacz, of Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, said in a prepared statement. "The downward turns in health were connected with daily stressors, and the effect of daily stressors on their health is much more devastating for the less advantaged. " Grzywacz suggested follow-up research to determine why less-educated people report fewer days of stress when it is known their stress is more acute and chronic. "If something happens every day, maybe it's not seen as a stressor," Grzywacz says. "Maybe it is just life. /

单选题They agreed to settle the dispute by peaceful means.

单选题Concrete is a durable, watertight, and incombustible material that is, {{U}}moreover{{/U}}, inexpensive to make.

单选题In the last paragraph the statement "only one became Pele' indicates that

单选题The book took ten years of thorough research.

单选题Solar Power Without Solar Cells A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells. "The researchers found a way to make an optical 1 "said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics. Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect. "This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6 ." What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification," says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light"s electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery. Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light"s magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isn"t this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said. "In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said. "This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, "the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. That"s equivalent to today"s commercial-grade solar cells. "To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . It"s already made in bulk, and it doesn"t require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."

单选题It was a magic night until the Uspell/U was broken.

单选题In the latter ease the outcome can be serious indeed. A. result B. judgment C. decision D. event

单选题She is sick .

单选题A Life with Birds For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's Yeoman Warders, (51) known to tourists as Beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the (52) of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. " (53) our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames. " says David. The Tower of London is famous (54) its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was (55) the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no (56) in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always (57) of the fact that I am (58) a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to (59) sure this doesn't happen!" David (60) about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the (61) that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can 62．a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working. " (63) , David's wife Mo was not (64) on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows we see history (65) around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories. /

单选题Smoking Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful Poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.

单选题Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair. (51) her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given (52) waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually (53) until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's (54) to see what had (55) of her brother. Almost without (56) , Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't (57) to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her (58) in her own judgement growing. (59) the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway (60) her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was (61) a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live (62) from her paintings. Of course, she (63) no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune, but she couldn't (64) looking forward to her brother's arrival with (65) satisfaction at what she had achieved.

单选题One of the most important features that distinguishes reading from listening is the nature of the audience. (51) the writer often does not know who will read what he writes, he must attempt to be as clear as possible. Time can be taken to plan the piece of writing so that it is eventually organized into some sort of (52) sequence of events or ideas. When we speak, however, we normally have very little time to plan what we intend to say. (53) , we may begin speaking before we have decided what to say. Our thoughts then tumble out in anything but a logical sequence. Since we are actually (54) our audience face to face we may omit some of the information we believe our audience shares. (55) the more familiar we are with our audience, the more information we are likely to leave out. In any (56) they can always stop and ask a question or ask for clarification if we have left out too much. A reader, however, cannot do (57) but can at least attempt comprehension at his own speed ; (58) , he can stop and go backwards or forwards, (59) to a dictionary or just stop and rest. when we listen we may have to work hard to sort out the speaker's (60) by referring backwards and forwards while the speaker continues. As the speaker struggles to organize his thoughts, he will use filler phrases to give him time to plan. (61) these fillers, he will still make mistakes and repeat what he has already said. His speech will be characterized (62) a limited range of grammatical patterns and vocabulary and the use of idioms to (63) some general meaning quickly. It should be clear, then, that the listener has to take an active part in the process by ignoring the speaker's repetitions and mistakes, and by seeking out the main idea through recall and prediction. To keep the process going (64) he also has to inform the speaker that he has understood (65) actually interrupting.

单选题Our arrangements were thrown into complete turmoil .

单选题Sport or Spectacle? Muhammad Ali is probably the most famous sports figure on earth: he is recognized on every continent and by all generations. The 1 of his illness as Parkinson"s disease after his retirement fuelled the debate about the dangers of boxing and criticism 2 the sport. That, plus his outspoken opposition 3 women"s boxing, made people wonder how he would react when one of his daughters decided to 4 up the sport. His presence at Leila"s first professional fight, however, seemed to broadcast a father"s support. Of course Muhammad All wanted to 5 his daughter fight. The ring announcer introduced him as the "the greatest" and as he sat down at the ringside the crowd chanted. Twenty-one-year-old Leila"s debut fight (首次亮相) was a huge success and there was as much publicity for the 6 as her father"s fights once attracted. 7 , Leila"s opponent was much weaker than she was and the fight lasted just 31 seconds. Since then, Laila has won most of her fights by knocking out her opponent. "She knows 8 she"s doing," said one referee about her, "She knows about moving well, you can see some of her dad"s moves." Laila Ali would rather not 9 herself to her father. She prefers to make her own 10 . Her father supports her decision to enter the sport but he has not spared her the details of what can happen. Laila 11 that her father wants her to understand the worst possible scenario (局面) to see 12 she still wants to go forward with it. She knows she"s going to get hit hard at times, that she may get a broken nose or a swollen (肿胀的) face, but at least she is prepared for it. Laila"s decision to start boxing despite her father"s 13 with the symptoms of Parkinson"s disease has of course sparked a mixture of praise and 14 . But Laila is a determined individual and it is her famous last name that has made her a magnet for worldwide media attention. Of course, the 15 on the boxing scene of a woman with her family history attracts even more questions about whether women"s boxing is sport or spectacle.

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}} Don't Count on Dung{{/B}} Conservationists (自然保护主义者) may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung (粪) the creatures leave behind. The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions, according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in New York. Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. "We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect," says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants. Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays. Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates, however, researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere. But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray (离开正道), says Plumptre. He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around. This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally, says Plumptre. "However accurate your dung density estimate might be, the decay rate can severely affect the result." Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says. "If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached (入侵偷猎) outside." Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows (地洞).