填空题Farmers' Markets Charlotte Hollins knows she faces a battle. The 23-year-old British farmer and her 21-year-old brother Ben are fighting to save the farm from developers that their father worked on since he was 14. (1) "You don't often get a day off. Supermarkets put a lot of pressure on farmers to keep prices down. With fewer people working on farms it can be isolating," she said. "There is a high rate of suicide and farming will never make you rich! " Oliver Robinson, 25, grew up on a farm in Yorkshire. (2) "I'm sure dad hoped I'd stay," he said. "I guess it's a nice, straightforward life, but it doesn't appeal. For young, ambitious people, farm life would be a hard world. " For Robinson, farming doesn't offer much "in terms of money or lifestyle. " Hollins agrees that economics stops people from pursuing farming rewards: "providing for a vital human need, while working outdoors with nature. " Farming is a big political issue in the UK. (3) The 2001 foot and mouth crisis closed thousands of farms, stopped meat exports, and raised public consciousness of troubles in UK farming. Jamie Oliver's 2005 campaign to get children to eat healthily also highlighted the issue. This national concern spells (带来) hope for farmers competing with powerful supermarkets. (4) "I started going to Farmers' Markets in direct defiance (蔑视) of the big supermarkets. (5) It's terrible," said Londoner Michael Samson. A．But he never considered staying on his father and grandfather's land. B．While most people buy food from the big supermarkets, hundreds of independent Farmers' Markets are becoming popular. C．While confident they will succeed, she lists farming's many challenges. D．Young people prefer to live in cities. E．I seriously objected to the super-sizing of everything—what exactly DO they put on our apples to make them so big and red? F．"Buy British" campaigns urge (鼓励) consumers not to buy cheaper imported foods.

填空题Many people like to visit casinos, bet on horses at the racetrack, buy lottery tickets, or play cards. For most people, occasion gambling is a safe and entertaining form of recreation. ______ But some people become compulsive gamblers. Compulsive gambling is a form of addiction, similar to alcoholism and drug addiction. Like these other more visible forms of addiction, compulsive gambling can ruin a person's life, sometimes even driving the gambler to thoughts of suicide.A. Compulsive gamblers generally go through phases of addiction.B. These people gamble infrequently with friends or family members, and decide beforehand how much money they are willing to lose.C. They become irritable and may begin to lie to friends and family about gambling losses.D. Eventually, however, gamblers begin to bet larger and larger amounts, feeling that they can't lose.E. Once compulsive gamblers have reached the desperation phase, they are not far from hitting rock bottom.F. Compulsive gamblers really can't stop gambling at this point and are obsessed with winning back the money they've lost.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Natural Gas 1．Natural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earth's surface．It is a fossil fuel(矿物燃 料)，meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of years ago．The main component of natural gas is methane(甲烷)． 2．The popularity，and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure(基础设施)has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential，commercial and industrial customers worldwide．Today，natural gas service is available in all 50 states in the U．S．，and is the leading energy choice for fueling American homes and industries． More than 65 million American homes use natural gas．In fact，natural gas is the most economical source for home energy needs，costing one-third as much as electricity．In addition to heating homes，much of the gas used in the United States is used as a raw material to manufacture a wide variety of products，from paint，to fibers for clothing，to plastics for healthcare，computing and furnishings．Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electricity-generating power plants． 3．Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available．It emits(发出)less pollution than other fossil fuel sources．When natural gas is burned，it produces mostly carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)and water vapor-the same substances emitted when humans breathe．Compared with some other fossil fuels，natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted(燃烧)-making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of all． 4．The United States consumes about one-third of the world's natural gas output，making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world．The U．S．Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025． 5．There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earth's surface．The largest reserves of natural gas Can be found in Russia，West and North Africa and the Middle East．LNG(液化天然气)has been produced domestically and imposed in the United States for more than four decades．Today，the leading importers of LNG are Japan，Korea，France and Spain． A．Clean fuel of choice B．Natural gas prices C．Natural gas consumption D．Popularity and use of natural gas E．Disadvantages of natural gas F．Natural gas reserves and supply

填空题Reinventing the Table An earth scientist has rejigged (调整) the periodic table (元素周期表) to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. 1 But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions (离子) of each element rather than just the elements themselves. "I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students," he says, criss-crossing (交叉) his hands in the air and pointing to different hits of a traditional table. 2 But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which. "Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what"s going on with the elements," says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge. 3 4 He explains that sulphur (硫), for example, shows up in three different spots—one for sulphide (硫化物), which is found in minerals, one for sulphite (亚硫酸盐), and one for sulphate, which is found in sea salt. He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. 5 A. And the size of element"s symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth"s crust. B. The traditional periodic table was well drawn. C. Railsback has listed some elements more than once. D. "I imagine that this would be good for undergraduates." E. There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev made it up in 1871. F. Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.

填空题 阅读下而这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}The Weight Experiment{{/B}}Nicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a "calorimeter" (热量测量室) is one way to find out.1 The signs above the two rooms read simply "Chamber One" and "Chamber Two". These are the calorimeters: 4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science. Outside these. rooms another sign reads "Please do not enter - work in progress" and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make. Each day, meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2 Nicola Waiters is one of twenty volunteers who, over the past eight months, have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim, Nicola does not have a weight problem, but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme. A self-employed community dance worker, she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advert for volunteers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise, she thought she would help out.3 The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room. This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks. She arrived at the calorimeter at 8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured. Her every move was noted too, her daily exercise routine timed to the last second. At regular intervals, after eating, she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.4 The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. "The first time, I only took one video and a book, but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time," says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled (踩踏板) for half an hour, watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast.5 It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more, while others satisfy you quickly. Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat, the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions.

填空题 What Is Happiness? 1. The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: mostly things that lead to happiness involve some pain. 2. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment and self-improvement. 3. Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment (应承担的义务), for commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. 4. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole nights sleep or three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. 5. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. A．The Reasons of Marriage B．Pain and Happiness C．Kinds of Liberating Realizations D．Joys of Raising a Child E．Fear to True Happiness F．Seeking Happiness

填空题1. Too Dangerous for College On Tuesday, the Associated Press reported that beer maker Anheuser-Busch has scaled back a promotion called" Fan Cans" in which the company targeted college students by painting cans of Bud Light in school colors. (46) In response, the company agreed to stop selling the special-edition cans where colleges objected. A number of colleges had complained about the campaign, on the grounds that, among other things, it sends the wrong message about drinking. "We think it's an ill-conceived and inappropriate campaign that runs counter to our collective efforts to combat underage drinking," a spokesman for Boston College told the Associated Press. On its face, restricting the ability of beer makers to target college students directly seems like a fine idea. After all, the logic seems to go, these people are old enough to be away from home, but not quite old enough to make responsible decisions. (47) I fwe're going to treat college kids like kids, then beer isn't the only product that ought to have its marketing wings clipped by those who know what's best. Actually there is a list of products that gel marketed to college students every day all across the country, such as cigarettes. Last year, the American Lung Association reported that after 1998, when the tobacco industry signed an agreement with 46 states that restricted tobacco advertising, the industry began targeting college students by spending more money on promotions in bars and nightclubs where those students spend time. (48) Moreover, those promotions seem to work. (49) Should society be concerned about Big Tobacco targeting college kids? You bet: according to the ALA, fully half of occasional college smokers were still smoking four years later. Smoking is arguably as dangerous to students'well-being as alcohol. (50) If we're going to be paternalistic(家长式作风的), let's at least be consistent.A. But if college students area't quick-witted(机敏的) enough to see past colored beer cans. can we really trust them to navigate the slick (狡猾的) marketing campaigns of other dangerous products?B. Yet all of them are marketed at college students.C. Anheuser-Busch got a push front the Federal Trade Commission, which was" concerned that cans will be marketed to fans under the legal age of 21. "D. It is more dangerous for college students nowadays than previous years.E. According to a 2004 paper by researchers at Harvard, students who were exposed to those promotions were more likely to smoke than those who didn't.F. In a 2000-01 survey, students at 115 of the 119 schools studied said they saw tobacco promotions at a bar or nightclu

填空题Financial Risks Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. 1 They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. 2 Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. 3 The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. 4 Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. 5 International Business Machine Corportaion, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C. Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. D. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E. Floating exchange rates of the world"s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F. Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.

填空题Fish Ears Tell Fish Tales Fish have ears. Really. They"re quite small and have no opening to the outside world carrying sound through the body. For the past seven years, Simon Thorrold, a university professor, has been examining fish ears, small round ear bones called otoliths (耳石). Eager to learn about his technology, fish scientists are now lending Thorrold their ears. As fish grow, so do their otoliths. Each day, their otoliths gain a ring of calcium carbonate (碳酸钙). By looking through a microscope (显微镜) and counting these rings, Thorrold can determine the exact age of a young fish. As a fish gets older, its otoliths no longer get daily rings. Instead, they get yearly rings, which can also be counted, giving information about the fish"s age, just like the growth rings of a tree. Ring counting is nothing new to fish scientists, but Thorrold has turned to a new direction. They"re examining the chemical elements (元素) of each otolith ring. The daily ring gives us the time, but chemistry tells us about the environment in which the fish swam on any given day. These elements tell us about the chemistry of the water that the fish was in. It also says something about water temperature, which determines how much of these elements will gather within each otolith ring. Thorrold can tell, for example, if a fish spent time in the open ocean before entering the less salty water of coastal areas. He can basically tell where fish are spending their time at any given stage of history. In the case of the Atlantic croaker (石首鱼), a popular saltwater food fish, Thorrold and his assistant have successfully followed the travelling of young fish from mid-ocean to the coast, a journey of many hundreds of miles. This is important to managers in the fish industry, who know nearly nothing about the whereabouts of the young fish for most food fish in the ocean.

填空题Ha! The Science of When We Laugh and Why It"s certainly possible to over-analyze a joke. 1 Considering the abundant research on the topic, maybe not. Scott Weems, a neuroscientist, takes readers on a wide-ranging tour that explains what humor is and why readers should care. 2 Humor improves interpersonal relationships, and studies show that simply watching a funny movie can lower stress, improve immune system response and even help viewers better solve problems. The complexity of the human brain makes humor possible, Weems argues, and it also helps explain how some people can find a joke hilarious while others deem it grossly offensive. Humor takes many forms—as many as 44 by one researcher"s count—but shares certain traits and themes. From puns and riddles to slapstick (打闹剧), humor is inherently subversive, Weems says, often treating serious subjects with frivolity (轻浮) or even rudeness. 3 Ha! Isn"t a self-help guide to being funny, though a careful reader can find useful nuggets (块金) throughout? 4 Surprise helps, too, whether it"s the incongruity (不协调) of an elephant hiding in a cherry tree or the absolute improbability of Raquel Welch and the pope ending up in the same lifeboat. The final chapter divulges (透露) Weems"s semi-successful attempt at stand-up comedy. He got a few laughs, he says, but not where he expected them. 5 The joke that got Weems the most laughs, and judged by one website"s readers as the best in the world, is a story that he had practiced many dozens, maybe hundreds, of times. A. Prisoners of war and others in dire situations, for instance, often turn to dark humor. B. It turns out that humor influences health and social well-being in many ways. C. The funniest jokes carry a little edginess (急躁), but not too much. D. But can the same be said for humor as a whole? E. Maybe practice does make perfect. F. Laughter is the bridge between dreams and reason, and every good bridge needs abutments.

补全短文Sleep Sleep is part of a persons daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles._________(46). When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for first few minutes._________(47). For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep._________(48 ). Then, about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness, you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long._________(49). The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep._________(50). Provided that you do not wake up during the first REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep—only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later. A. But instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. B. The lower your stage of sleep, the slower your brain waves will be. C. Your brain is still working when you are sleeping. D. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. E. It is during REM sleep that most dreams seem to occur. F. This is called stage 1 sleep.

补全短文The Function of Adrenocorticotriopin Some people can quite accurately time the end of their night''s sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state of consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attentional guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking. The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is therefore not confined to daily rhythms._________(46). _________(47). Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇) increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal system in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part reflects anticipation of the stress’ of the waking phase. _________( 48 ). We made recordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and Cortisol. Lights were turned off at midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at eight 6:00 ( ''short sleep’, on one night) or 9:00(''long sleep'', on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (''surprise'') under the pretence of a technical problem._________(49). We interviewed the volunteers at the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting with short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition. The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep_________(50). The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration. A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to be embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormones. B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were studied during three nights. C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleep. D. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hours. E. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may also facilitate spontaneous waking. F. About 10 million Americans consult doctors sleep problems each year.