单选题 The Diminishing Scientific Leadership of the U.S. With the rapid globalization of science itself (more than 40 percent of scientific Ph.D. students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals, roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin), the once undisputed U.S. scientific lead, whether relevant to product lead or not, is diminishing. The competition of foreign students for positions in U.S. graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U.S. students, because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative rewards of this career path. For the best and brightest from low-income countries. A position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive, whereas the best and brightest U.S. students might now see better options in other fields. Science and engineering careers to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition (whether imported or available through better communication), also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U.S. students. With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process the speculative boom of the 1990s (which, among other things, made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly) was largely unexpected. The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible. For a while, the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened. But during the next few decades, this path will likely revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish, in a healthy way, the more traditional (and more independent) relationship between the basic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services. In the intervening years, another new force also greatly facilitated globalization: the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication. Today, complex design activities can take place in locations quire removed from manufacturing, other business functions and the consumer. Indeed, there is now ample opportunity for real-time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations. For example, software are development, with all its changes and complications, can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U.S. customer. Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away. The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into even more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U.S. labor: unskilled in the case of call centers; more highly skilled in the case of programmers.

单选题阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 {{B}} Human and Culture{{/B}} Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life processes common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same. However, biological understanding is not enough:{{U}} (51) {{/U}}itself, it can never tell us what human beings are.{{U}} (52) {{/U}}to our physical equipment—the naked human body—we are not an{{U}} (53) {{/U}}animal. We are tropical creatures, nearly hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us get it. In the purely physical{{U}} (54) {{/U}}, our species seems a poor{{U}} (55) {{/U}}for survival. But we have survived—survived and multiplied and{{U}} (56) {{/U}}the earth. Some day we will have a{{U}} (57) {{/U}}living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. In spite of its limitations, our physical equipment has some important{{U}} (58) {{/U}}. We have excellent vision and hands that can{{U}} (59) {{/U}}objects with a precision unmatched by any other{{U}} (60) {{/U}}. Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost{{U}} (61) {{/U}}number of neural connections. We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth our tropical bodies need{{U}} (62) {{/U}}clothing, shelter, and{{U}} (63) {{/U}}heat. If a million people, want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and{{U}} (64) {{/U}}deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations. It was not always{{U}} (65) {{/U}}. Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no culture and lacked the physical capacity to use it.

单选题France has {{U}}kept intimate links{{/U}} with its former African territories.

单选题During the SARS period, it is especially important to ventilate the room.A. dustB. cleanC. removeD. air

单选题 The Public Health System One of the biggest changes since 1990 is the degree to which bioterrorism has become a public health priority. Although there had long been concern about vulnerability to biowarfare and bioterrorism the anthrax episode in the fall of 2001 made it clear that the concern is no longer theoretical. Until very recently, the important role of public health at the frontlines of bioterrorism preparedness was unrecognized. Although concern about emerging infections has helped stimulate funding for the chronically under-appreciated public health system, the threat of bioterrorism motivated the first real infusion of new money into public health in decades. Many of the capabilities needed to defend against bioterrorism are the same : as those needed to combat natural emerging infections. In both instance, the problem is an unexpected outbreak of infectious disease, of which the first indication is likely to be sick people in emergency rooms or clinics. Indeed, as with the anthrax attacks, the public health and medical responses may be under way before the true nature of the outbreak is recognized. Public health and the interface with the health care system are therefore key elements in any effective response to bioterrorism. Whether the biggest threat is natural or engineered, much remains to be done. Efforts to strengthen surveillance and response worldwide and to improve communication must be accelerated and sustained. Further, we have only scratched the surface in terms of under-standing the ecology of infections diseases and developing strategies for regulating microbial traffic. We need tools for better predictive epidemiologic modeling when a new infection first appears and for better analysis of the factors that transfer pathogens across species. One encouraging development is the program in the ecology of infectious diseases that was started a few years ago be the National Science Foundation in cooperation with NIH. SARS is a good yardstick of our progress during the past 13 years. The syndrome was unusual because novel infections that spread from person to person are relatively rare. Once cases were finally reported, the public health response was vigorous. WHO warned health care providers, researchers rapidly identified a candidate virus, and prototype diagnostic tests quickly became available. The vast reach of the Internet was instrumental in sharing in formation and coordinating activities worldwide. Despite these advances SARS had already spread to many countries. In fact had the disease been as transmissible as influenza, it would have invaded virtually every country in the world by the time the public health response had begun. So what SARS tells us is that although we have come long way since 1990, we still have a long way to go.

单选题The boys in Jonesboro and Chicago apparently lacked a sense of

单选题Computer Mouse The basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive. Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting, drawing, and even scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel. Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think how it works until it gets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it. We learn to point at things before we learn to speak, so the mouse is a very natural pointing device. Other computer pointing devices include light pens, graphics tablets and touch screens, but the mouse is still our workhorse. The computer mouse was invented in 1964 by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University. As computer screens became more popular and arrow keys were used to move around a body of text, it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would he very useful. The introduction of the mouse, with the Apple Lisa computer in 1983, really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks. How does the mouse work? We have to start at the bottom, so think upside down for now. It all starts with the mouse ball. As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad, it presses against and turns two shafts. The shafts are connected to wheels with several small holes in them. The wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light-emitting diodes (LED) mounted on either side. One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side. As the wheels spin and a hole rotates by, the light beam gets through to the LED on the other side. But a moment later the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place. The LED detects a changing pattern of light, converts the pattern into an electronic signal, and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out of the mouse body. This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its name. The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen. So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used. One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the bail rolls over the surface and picks up dirt. Eventually you have to clean your mouse. The newer optical mice avoid this problem by having no moving parts.

单选题Play Play is the principal business of childhood, and in recent years research has shown the great importance of play in the development of a human being. From earliest infancy, every child needs opportunity and the right materials for play, and the main tools of play are toys. Their main function is to suggest, encourage and assist play. To succeed in this they must be good toys, which children will play with often, and will come back to again and again. Therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child"s development. In recent years research on infant development has shown that the standard a child is likely to reach, within the range of his inherited abilities, is largely determined in the first three years of his life. So a baby"s ability to profit from the right play materials should not be underestimated. A baby, who is encouraged and stimulated, talked to and shown things and played with, has the best chance of growing up successfully. In the next stage, from three to five years old, curiosity knows no bounds. Every type of suitable toy should be made available to the child, for trying out, experimenting and learning, for discovering his own particular ability. Bricks and jigsaws (七巧板)and construction toys; painting, scribbling (涂鸦) and making things; sand and water play; toys for imaginative and pretending play; the first social games for learning to play and get on with others. By the third stage of play development—from five to seven or eight years—the child is at school. But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning, at home or at school. It is easier to see which type of toys the child most enjoys. Until the age of seven or eight, play and work mean much the same to a child. But once reading has been mastered, then books and schools become the main source of learning. Toys are still interesting and valuable, they lead on to new hobbies, but their significance has changed—to a child of nine or ten years, toys and games mean, as to adults, relaxation and fun.

单选题The exploits of the legendary miner, John Henry, have come to symbolize the manual laborer"s stand against mechanization.

单选题I will try not to {{U}}take up{{/U}} too much of your time.

单选题In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed. ______

单选题 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} {{B}}Income{{/B}} Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production--namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP (Gross National Product) because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees. Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to the government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government (which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income. On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy. The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.

单选题Written records seldom tell social scientists all that they want to know about past cultures.A. usuallyB. frequentlyC. hardly everD. never

单选题People from many places were Udrawn/U to the city by its growing economy.

单选题The expert used a picture to give out the illustration.A. lessonB. explanationC. practiceD. show

单选题Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.A. displayedB. shownC. changedD. demonstrated

单选题During the SARS period, it is especially important to ventilate the room.

单选题If we leave now, we should miss the traffic.A. avoidB. mixC. directD. stop

单选题 Step Back in Time Do you know that we live a lot longer now than the people who were born before us? One hundred years ago the average woman lived to be 45. But now, she can live until at least 80. One of the main reasons for people living longer is that we know how to look after ourselves better. We know which foods are good for us and what we have to eat to make sure our bodies get all the healthy things they need. We know why we sometimes get ill and what to do to get better again. And we know how important it is to do lots of exercise to keep our hearts beating healthily. But in order that we don't slip back into bad habits, let's have a look at what life was like 100 years ago. Families had between 15 and 20 children, although many babies didn't live long. Children suffered from lots of diseases, especially rickets (佝偻病) and scurvy (坏血病), which are both caused by bad diets. This is because many families were very poor and not able to feed their children well. Really poor families who lived in crowded cities like London and Manchester often slept standing up, bending over a piece of string, because there was no room for them to lie down. People didn't have fridges until the 1920s. They kept fresh food cold by storing it on windowsills (窗台板), blocks of ice, or even burying it in the garden. Some children had to start work at the age of seven or eight to earn money for their parents. If you had lived 100 years ago, you might well be selling matchsticks (火柴杆) (a job done by many children) or working with your dad by now.

单选题Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes according to one of the few studies to look 1 domestic violence and health among men. "Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don"t hear about it 2 ," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study"s authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don"t tell 3 we don"t ask. We want to get the message out to men who 4 experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to 5 ". The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical 6 , such as threats that made them 7 for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go) , and constant name-calling. Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner 8 in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year. Rates were lower for men 55 and 9 , with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months. Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of 10 violence at some point in their lives. About haft of the violence the men 11 was physical. However, the physical violence men reported wasn"t as 12 suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of 13 . Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems 14 those who had not, especially older men, the 15 found.