单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} Dorothea Dix left home at an early age-of her own free will-to live with her grand-mother. At fourteen, Dorothea was teaching school at Worcester, Massachusetts. A short time after she had begun teaching, she established a school for young girls in her grandparents' home. Stress was placed on moral character at Dorothea's school, which she conducted until she was thirty-three. She was forced to give up teaching at her grandparents' home, however, when she became ill. A few years of inactivity followed. In 1841 Dorothea began to teach again, accepting a Sunday school class in the East Cambridge, Massachusetts, jail. Here, she first came upon insane people locked up together with criminals. In those days insane people were treated even worse than criminals. There were only a few asylums(精神病院)in the entire country. Therefore jails, poorhouses, and houses of correction were used to confine the insane. Dorothea Dix made a careful investigation of the inhuman treatment of the insane. It was considered, unfeminine (不适合女性的)for a woman to devote herself to such work at this time. But this did not stop Dorothea Dix in her efforts to provide proper medical care for the insane. Gradually, because of her investigations, conditions were improved. More than thirty mental institutions were founded or re-established in the United Stated because of her efforts. Dorothea also extended her investigations to England and to other parts of Europe. During the Civil War, Dorothea served as superintendent(管理人)of women hospital nurses in the Union army. When the war was over, she returned to her work of improving conditions for insane people.

单选题He"s spent years cultivating knowledge of art.

单选题High Stress May Damage Memory According to a report issued in May 1998, elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more, high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus, a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory. The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal, "healthy" range can actually acceIerate brain aging. The study results "now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield of the University of Kentucky in Lexington in their editorial. Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys. Over a 5 to 6-year period. Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers, most of whom were in their 70s. Despite wide variation in cortisol levels, the participants could be divided into three subgroups: those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently high (increasing/high); those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently moderate (increasing/moderate); and subjects whose cortisol decreased, but was currently moderate (decreasing/moderate). The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group. The groups did not differ on tests of immediate memory, but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group. The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions. The results suggest that " ... brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging," write Porter and Landfield. "This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of hippocampus. /

单选题After the show, the crowd {{U}}poured {{/U}}out of the theatre.

单选题 27．If a person puts himself up above others in the dream，he may__________. 28．If a person dreams of being chased by others，he may__________. 29．If a person dreams of going over the edge of a cliff，he may__________. 30．If a person dreams of failing to do something in public，he may__________.

单选题First Self Contained Heart Implanted A patient on the brink of death has received the world"s first self-contained artificial heart—a battery powered device about the size of a softball that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest. Two surgeons from the University of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a seven-hour operation at Jewish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient was "awake and responsive" Tuesday and resting comfortably. It refused to release personal details. The patient had been expected to die within a month without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to extend the person"s life by only a month. But the device is considered a major step toward improving the patient"s quality of life. The new pump, called Abio Cor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside the body. The most famous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pumping device and was attached to an apparatus about the size of a washing machine. "I think it"s potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart development," said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American Heart Association. However, he said the dream of an implantable, permanent artificial heart is not yet a reality: "This is obviously an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated." Only about half of the 4, 200 Americans on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of the rest died. Some doctors, including Robert Higgins, chairman of cardiology at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hearts. "A donor heart in a good transplant can last 15 to 30 years," he said. "It"s going to be hard to replace that with a machine." The Abil Cor has a 2-pound pumping unit, and electronic controls that adjust the pumping speed based on the body"s needs. It is powered by a small battery pack worn outside the body that transmits current through the skin.

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} Focus on preventing disease As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease-especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有营养的) foods, who feels ok but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who is excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. Both types have simply been called "well". In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and im prove their body's condition. Most importantly, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well", in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. "Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the way in which people face the challenges of daily life.

单选题Harmless Revenge Revenge is one of those things that everyone enjoys. People don't like to talk about it, though. Just the same, there is nothing more satisfying or more rewarding than revenge. The purpose is not to harm your victims but to let them know that you are upset about something that they are doing to you. Careful plotting can provide you with relief from bothersome coworkers, gossiping friends, or nagging family members. Coworkers who make comments about the fact that you are always fifteen minutes late for work can be taken care of very simply. All you have to do is get up extra early one day. Before the sun comes up, drive to each coworker's house. Reach under the hood of your coworker's car and disconnect the center wire that leads to the distributor cap, the car will be unharmed, but it will not start, and your friends at work will all be late for work on the same day. If you're lucky, your boss might notice that you are the only one there and will give you a raise. Gossiping friends at school are also perfect targets for a simple act of revenge. A way to trap either male or female friends is to leave phony messages on their lockers. If the friend that you want to get is male, leave a message that a certain girl would like him to stop by her house later that day. With any luck, her boyfriend will be there. The girl won't know what's going on, and the victim will be so embarrassed that he probably won't leave his home for a month. When Morn and Dad and your sisters and brothers really begin to annoy you, harmless revenge may be just the way to make them quiet down for a while. The dinner table is a likely place. Just before the meal begins, throw a handful of raisins into the food. Wait about five minutes and, after everyone has begun to eat, cover your mouth with your hand and begin to make odd noises. When they ask you what the matter is, point to a raisin and yell, "Bugs!" They dump their food in the disposal, jump into the car, and head for McDonald's. That night, you'll have your first quiet, peaceful meal in along time. A well-planned revenge does not have to hurt anyone. The object is simply to let other people know that they are beginning to bother you.

单选题U.S. Eats Too Much Salt People in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, government health experts said on Thursday. They found nearly 70 percent ofU. S. adults are in high-risk groups that would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than 1,500 mg per day, yet most Consume closer to 3,500 mg per day. "It's important for people to eat less salt. People who adopt a heart-healthy eating pattern that includes a diet low in sodium (钠) and rich in potassium (钾) and calcium (钙) can improve their blood pressure," Dr. Darwin Labarthe of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in a statement. "People need to know their recommended daily sodium limit and take action to reduce sodium intake ," Labarthe said. The study in CDC's weekly report on death and disease used national survey data to show that two out of three adults should be consuming no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day because they are black or over the age of 40, which are considered high-risk groups. Yet studies show most people in the United States eat 3,436 mg of sodium per day, according to a 2005-2006 CDC estimate. Most of the sodium eaten comes from packaged, processed and restaurant foods. The CDC said it will join other agencies in the Health and Human Services department in working with major food manufacturers and chain restaurants to reduce sodium levels in the food supply. Nationwide, 16 million men and women have heart disease and 5.8 million are estimated to have had a stroke. Cutting salt consumption can reduce these risks, the CDC said.

单选题Her faith upheld her in times of sadness.

单选题Fermi Problem On a Monday morning in July, the world"s first atom bomb exploded in New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood. After a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb"s energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised. Fermi"s genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction, leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermi"s death in 1954, no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist(实验师) and a leading theoretician(理论学家). Like all virtuosos(大师), Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bits talent we all can use in our daily lives. To develop this talent in his students, Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you haven"t the remotest notion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems, each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution. Suppose you want to determine earth"s circumference without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3,000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. Three hours is one-eighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation(旋转), so its circumference must be eight times 3,000 or 24,000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24902.45 miles, by less than four percent. Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions. It doesn"t matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches your life.

单选题What Is Anthrax(炭疽)? There's been a lot of talk about anthrax on the news lately. Some people are worried that anthrax may be connected to terrorist attacks or that terrorists may spread the germ that (51) the disease. Federal officials and police are investigating this and taking (52) to protect us. In the meantime, it's important not to panic over anthrax. The chances that you and your Family (53) at risk are very tiny. One of the ways you can feel better is to learn about anthrax. When you know what it is and (54) you can get it, it doesn't seem quite as scary. So, what (55) is anthrax? Here are the facts on anthrax： Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by a germ Although it's most common in farm (56) , like sheep, COWS, pigs, horses, and goats, there's a very small chance that people can get it, too, Anthrax spores(孢子)(a version of the germ in a protective shell that can live in the soil for years)cause the disease. People may get anthrax if they are exposed to anthrax (57) But here's the important part：just being exposed to these spores doesn't mean that a person will get (58) . For a person to get sick, he would have to breathe in thousands of these spores all the way Into his (59) . Or he'd have to eat meat contaminated with anthrax or handle (60) that has anthrax spores This may sound scary,but even when a person comes (61) contact with the spores, it's unlikely that he'll get sick. (62) the bacteria do not get into the skin, digestive tract, or lung, the disease won't develop. Anthrax is not spread from person to person the way the flu can spread from family member to (63) member or classmate to classmate Anthrax can almost always be successfully treated with antibiotics(抗生素). Anthrax is very rare. Until recently, anthrax wasn't even talked about because it was so rare-and it still (64) !Even with all of the anthrax cases you are hearing about right now, a person's chances of getting anthrax are about the (65) as they were before you heard about anthrax on the news very, very low

单选题The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September.

单选题I catch cold now and then .

单选题IQ-gene In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences, one little fact gets overlooked: no one has identified any genes (other than those that cause retardation) that affect intelligence. So researchers led by Robert Plomin of London"s Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some. They figured that if you want to find a smart gene, you should look in smart kids. They therefore examined the DNA of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early—and still score at Princeton-caliber levels. The scientists found what they sought. "We have" says Plomin, "the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence." Plomin"s colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each, all 6 to 15 years old and living in six counties around Cleveland. In one group, the average IQ is 103. All the children are white. Isolating the blood cells, the researchers then examined each child"s chromosome 6. Of the 37 landmarks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out: a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in the high-IQ group as in the average group—32 percent versus 16 percent. The study, in the May issue of the journal Psychological Science, concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene that contributes to intelligence. Some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study. One is the possibility that Plomin"s group fell for "chopsticks fallacy". Geneticists might think they"ve found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all they"ve really found is a gene more common in Asians than, say, Africans. Similarly, Plomin"s IQ gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement. "What is the gene that they"ve found reflects ethnicity?" asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University. "That alone might explain the link to intelligence, since IQ tests are known for being culturally sensitive and affected by a child"s environment." And Neil Risch of Standford University points out that if you look for 37 genes on a chromosome, as the researchers did, and find that one is more common in smarter kids, that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. Warns Feinberg: "I would take these findings with a whole box of salt."

单选题The mail was delayed for a week because of the flood.A. held inB. held onC. held offD. held down

单选题His new girlfriend had {{U}}omitted{{/U}} to tell him that she was married. A. failed B. deleted C. refused D. rejected

单选题 阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从 4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 {{B}}What Is Cancer?{{/B}} Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells. Cells are the very small units that make up all{{U}} (51) {{/U}}things, including the human body. There are billions of cells{{U}} (52) {{/U}}each person's body. Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow{{U}} (53) {{/U}}spread very fast. Normal body cells grow and divide and know when to stop growing. Over time, they also die.{{U}} (54) {{/U}}these normal cells, cancer cells just continue to grow and divide out of control and don't die. Cancer cells usually group together to form tumors A growing tumor becomes a lump of cancer cells{{U}} (55) {{/U}}can destroy the normal cells around the{{U}} (56) {{/U}}and damage the body's healthy tissues. This can make someone very{{U}} (57) {{/U}}. Sometimes cancer cells break away from the original tumor and travel to other areas of the{{U}} (58) {{/U}}, where they keep growing and can go on to form new tumors. This is how cancer{{U}} (59) {{/U}}. The spread of a tumor to a new place in the body is{{U}} (60) {{/U}}metastasis (转移). People with cancer may feel pretty sick at times--but can usually still do lots of normal things.{{U}} (61) {{/U}}they are very sick, kids and teenagers with cancer may still be able to go to school. They may be tired or bruise (出现青肿) easily, but they {{U}} (62) {{/U}}sometimes go to camp, movies, and sleepover (在外过夜的) parties. People with cancer still like the same things they did{{U}} (63) {{/U}}they got sick. Cancer in kids is rare--but today, many kids who do get cancer go on living normal lives. The number of kids who beat cancer goes{{U}} (64) {{/U}}every year because of new cancer treatments. So a lot of kids with cancer will some day drive cars, go to college, have careers, and even get{{U}} (65) {{/U}}and have families of their own.

单选题At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.

单选题Diabetes (糖尿病) and Eye Damage Over 2 million Canadians have diabetes. It is the leading cause of blindness in North Americans under 65 years of age. Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot produce enough insulin (胰岛素) or cannot respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important because it moves glucose (葡萄糖), a simple sugar, to the body"s cells from the blood. The food people eat provides the body with glucose, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. If insulin isn"t available or doesn"t work correctly to move glucose from the blood into the cells, glucose will stay in the blood, leading to high blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels, including the tiny blood vessels in the eye. This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy (糖尿病型视网膜病). The retina (视网膜) is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals. With diabetic retinopathy, some blood vessels in the retina are lost, and some of the other blood vessels begin to "leak" blood. This causes the retina to swell, and gradually cuts off its supply of oxygen and nutrients (滋养物 ). Eventually, the retina starts to grow new blood vessels to replace the damaged ones. Unfortunately, these new vessels are not as strong as the old ones. They are more likely to break, causing bleeding in the eye. At first, people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms. As the disease gets worse, they may notice blurred (模糊地) vision, black spots or flashing lights. As time goes on, it can progress to blindness. Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy, and the risk increases the longer you"ve had diabetes. Fortunately, you can reduce your risk. If you do not have diabetes, but think you may be at risk for this condition, visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes. If you do have diabetes: · Have frequent eye check-ups. · Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and use your medications as recommended by your doctor. There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar under tight control can slow down eye damage. ·If you have high blood pressure, follow your recommended diet and medications to keep it under control. If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure, or whether your blood pressure is under control, discuss this with your doctor.