填空题Fish Dieting People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behaviour by a team of Australian scientists. "In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had breeding (繁殖) rights within the group," explains Marian Wong. "All other group members are nonbreeding females, each being 5%～10% smaller than its next largest competitor." The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5%～10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up. It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so voluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast. The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small. While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious, Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical (等级的) societies remain stable. The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans. "As yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature," the researchers comment. "Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females" own ideal."

填空题How We Form First Impression 1. We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her—aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits. 2. The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person"s eyes, ears, nose or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information—the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals mean. 3. If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says "familiar and safe". If you see someone new, it says, "new-potentially threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, "This is new. I don"t like this person". Or else, "I"m intrigued". Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures—like your other friends; so your brain says: "I like this person". But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong. 4. When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people—their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character—we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks. 5. However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person"s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking—and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Waste Not，Want Not 1．Bob and Clara Darlington，who own and run a farm in the North of England，have always looked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow．Their success began when they established a shop on their farm，so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them． 2．The business was an immediate Success，and soon scored top marks in a competition set up by the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country．The Association's inspectors found the Darlingtons' shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetables． 3．Clara Darlington is a trained chef and，in addition to a range of home-grown foods and other local produce，she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen．A small care alongside the farm shop was soon added，with everything that visitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop． 4．Clara admits that starting the business was expensive，and she has worked very hard，but maintains that if the product is good，the public recognize this and buy jt．“I aim to offer the highest quality to our customers，whether they come in for a loaf of bread，or take a whole dinner-party menu．I take it as a compliment(恭维) if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves．” 5．So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop．Clara，not wishing to see them get thrown away，decided to turn them into soup． 6．The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produces ten different varieties．She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail，doing presentations of the soups．As a result，they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores． A．Time well spent is rewarded B．Professional recognition is obtained C．A necessary alternative to farming D．Professional skills are exploited E．Continuing investment in high standards F．Ensuring that nothing gets wasted

填空题How to Interview People Interviewing (采访) is one of those skills that you can only get better at. You will never again feel so ill at ease as when you try it for the first time, and probably you"ll never feel entirely comfortable trying to get from another person answers that he or she may be too shy to reveal. 1 The rest is instinct, which can all be learned with experience. The basic tools for an interview are paper and two or three well-sharpened pencils. But keep your notebook or paper out of sight until you need it. There"s nothing less likely to relax a person than the arrival of someone with a note-taking pad. 2 Take a while just to chat, judging what sort of person you"re dealing with, getting him or her to trust you. Never go into an interview without doing whatever homework you can. If you are interviewing a town official, know his voting record. If it"s an actor, know what plays he has been in. 3 Many beginning interviewers are afraid that they are forcing the other person to answer questions and have no right to inquire about his personal secrets. 4 Unless the person really hates being interviewed, he is delighted that somebody wants to interview him. Most men and women lead lives that are uninteresting, and they grasp any chance to talk to an outsider who seems eager to listen. This doesn"t necessarily mean that it will go well. In general you will be talking to people who have never been interviewed before, and they will get used to the process awkwardly, perhaps not giving you anything that you can use. 5 You will both even begin to enjoy it-proof that you aren"t forcing your victim to do something he doesn"t really want to. A. Come back another day; it will go better. B. But at least half of the skill is mechanical. C. As one philosopher interviewed in the film notes, they lack irony. D. You will not be liked if you inquire about facts that you could have learned in advance. E. This fear is almost 100 percent unnecessary. F. Both of you need time to get to know each other.

填空题Taste Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone's preference is that it's one person's opinion. (46) We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca -Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for Coca - Cola Classic or Pepsi, Diet Coke, or DietPepsi. (47) We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. (48) Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. (49) While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. (50) A. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the re- cords statistically to compare the participants ' choices with what mere guess - work could have accomplished.B. There are many Coca - Cola and Pepsi Cola fans around the world.C. These were people who thought they'd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.D. But because the two big cola companies - Coca - Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively (攻势地), we've wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty.E. The diet - cola drinkers did a little worse - only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.F. Our preference test result suggests that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and pric

填空题Brands The word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses (包含)other narrower terms. (46) A brand differentiates one sener's products from those of competitors. A brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. (47) A trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. (48) All trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. They may also include a pictorial design. Some people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand. One major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns them—producers or middlemen. (49) The terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership ,respectively. (50) To say that the brand of poultry (家禽)feed marketed in three states by a small Birmingham, Alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of Penhey's or Sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private.A. It is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.B. Thus trademark is essentially a legal term.C. However, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology.D. A brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers.E. Sunbeam, Florsheim, Spalding ( athletic products), and Sara Lee are producers'brands, while Allstate, Shurfine, Sysco, Craftsman, and Penncrest are middlemen's brands.F. Among various methods of classifying brands, the one based on ownership is widely accepte

填空题In "Speed Reading" courses, teachers often asks students to ______.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} The Joy of Living Alone{{/B}} More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}According to a recent U.S. census (人口普查), 25 percent of all households in the U.S. are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It's now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain a one-person household.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, 38. "Once you do it, you can't ever go back to living with others." David C'Debaca, 46, agrees.{{U}} (49) {{/U}} Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking.A. There's more pressure to get married nowadays.B. The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone.C. However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to.D. It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream.E. In fact, a quarter of the 23 million single people in the U.S, are under the age of 35.F. He says, "1 like being by myself."

填空题A Heroic Woman The whole of the United States cheered its latest hero, Ashley Smith, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation saying it was planning to give a big reward to her for having a brave heart and wise mind. (1) She was moving into her apartment in Atlanta, Georgia early on the morning of March 12, when a man followed her to her door and put a gun to her side. "I started walking to my door, and I felt really, really afraid," she said in a TV interview last week. The man was Brian Nichols, 33. He was suspected of killing three people at an Atlanta courthouse (法院) on March 11 and later of killing a federal agent. (2) Nichols tied Smith up with tape, but released her after she repeatedly begged him not to take her life. "1 told him if he hurt me, my little girl wouldn't have a mummy," she said. In order to calm the man down, she read to him from "The Purpose-Driven Life", a best-selling religious book. He asked her to repeat a paragraph "about what you thought your purpose in life was-what talents were you given. " (3) "I basically just talked to him and tried to gain his trust," Smith said. Smith said she asked Nichols why he chose her. "He said he thought I was an angel sent from God, and we were Christian sister and brother," she said. "And that he was lost, and that God led him to me to tell him that he had hurt a lot of people. " (4) She said Nichols was surprised when she made him breakfast and that the two of them watched television coverage (报道) of the police hunt for him. "I cannot believe that's me," Nichols told the woman. Then, Nichols asked Smith what she thought he should do. She said, "1 think you should turn yourself in. If you don't, lots more people are going to get hurt. " Eventually, he let her go. (5) A US $60,000 reward had been posted for Nichols' capture. Authorities said they did not yet know if Smith would be eligible (有资格的) for that money. A. The local police were searching for him. B. Smith is a 26-year-old single mother with a daughter. C. Smith tried very hard to kill Nichols. D. She even cooked breakfast for the man before he allowed her to leave. E. And the two of them discussed this topic. F. Then she called the police.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}The Joy of Living Alone{{/B}} More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}According to a recent US census (人口普查), 25 per cent of all households in the US are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It's now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain a one. Person household.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, "Once you do it, you can't ever go back to living with others." David C' Debaca, agrees.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}.The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A. There's more pressure to get married nowadays. B. The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone. C. However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D. It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream E. In fact, a quarter of the 23 million single people in the US are under the age of 35. F. He says, "I like being by myself."

填空题Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing 1. In today's knowledge economy, nations survive on the things they do best. Japanese design electronics while Germans export engineering techniques. The French serve the best food and Americans make computers. 2. Britain specializes in the gift of talking. The nation doesn't manufacture much of anything. But it has lawyers, stylists and business consultants who earn their living from talk and more talk. The World Foundation think tank says the UK's four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers, teachers and nurses. Instead, they're hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers. But can all this talking keep the British economy going? The British government thinks it can. 3. Although the country's trade deficit was more than ￡60 billion in 2006, UK's largest in the postwar period, officials say the country has nothing to worry about. In fact, Britain does have a world class pharmaceutical industry, and it still makes a small sum from selling arms abroad. It also trades services—accountancy, insurance, banking and advertising. The government believes Britain is on the cutting edge of the knowledge economy. After all, the country of Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a literary tradition of which to be proud. Rock 'n' roll is an English language medium, and there are billions to be made by their cutting-edge bands. In other words, the creative economy has plenty of strength to carry the British economy. 4. However, creative industries account for only about 4 percent of UK's exports of goods and services. The industries are finding it hard to make a profit, according to a report of the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts. The report shows only 38 percent of British companies were engaged in "innovation activities", 3 percentage points below the EU average and well below Germany (61 percent) and Sweden (47 percent). 5. In fact, it might be better to call Britain a "servant" economy—there are at least 4 million people "in service". The majority of the population are employed by the rich to cook, clean, and take care of their children. Many graduates are even doing menial jobs for which they do not need a degree. Most employment growth has been, and will continue to be, at the low-skill end of the service sector—in shops, bars, hotels, domestic service and in nursing: and care homes.

填空题Things to Know about the UK From Buckingham Palace to Oxford, the UK is loaded with wonderful icons (标志) of past eras. But it has also modernized with confidence. It"s now better known for vibrant (充满活力的) cities with great nightlife and attraetton. Fashions, fine dining, clubbing, shopping—the UK is among the world"s best. Most people have strong preconceptions about the British. But if you"re one of these people, you"d be wise to abandon those ideas. Visit a nightclub in one of the big cities, a football match, or a good local pub and you might more readily describe the English people as humorous and hospitable. It"s certainly true that no other country in the world has more bird-watchers, sports supporters, pet owners and gardeners than the UK. Getting around England is pretty easy. Budget (廉价的) airlines like Easyjet and Rynnair fly domestically. Trains can deliver you very efficiently from one major city to another. Long distance express buses are called coaches. While coaches and buses run on the same route, coaches are more expensive (though quicker) than buses. London"s famous black cabs are excellent but expensive. Minicabs are cheaper competitors, with freelance (个体的) drivers. But usually you need to give a call first. London"s underground is called the Tube. It"s very convenient and can get you to almost any part of the city. The UK is not famous for its food. But you still need to know some of the traditional English foods. The most famous must be fish and chips. The fish and chips are deep fried in flour. English breakfast is something you need to try. It is fried bacon, sausages, fried eggs, black pudding, fried tomatoes, fried bread and baked beans, with toast and a pot of tea. Other things like shepherd"s pie and Yorkshire pudding are also well-known as a part of English food culture. Pubbing and clubbing are the main forms of English nightlife, especially for the young. Pubbing means going to a pub with friends, having drinks, and chatting. Clubbing is different from pubbing and includes going to a pub, or a place of music, or a bar, or any other places to gather with friends. Clubbing can be found everywhere. Usually there is some kind of dress code for clubbing, such as no jeans, no sportswear, or smart clubwear, while pubbing is much more casual.

填空题Even Intelligent People Can Fail 1 The strikin9 thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. Turn on a light, take a photograph, watch TV, search the Web, jet across the Pacific Ocean, talk on a cellphone (手机). The innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze (错综复杂) of wrong turns. 2 We have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of American innovator Thomas Edison"s success in heating a thin line to white-hot heat for 14 hours in his lab in New Jersey, US. He did that on October 22, 1879, and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight (点亮着的) in an airless space for 45 hours. Three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown Manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he turned it on, on September 4, 1882. 3 "Many of life"s failures," the supreme innovator said, "are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up." Before that magical moment in October 1879, Edison had worked out no fewer than 3,000 theories about electric light, but in only two cases did his experiments work. 4 No one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. Mark Gumz, the head of the camera maker Olympus America Inc, attributes some of the company"s successes in technology to understanding failure. His popular phrase is. "You only fail when you quit." 5 Over two centuries, the most common quality of the innovators has been persistence. That is another way of saying they had the emotional ability to keep up what they were doing. Walt Disney, the founder of Disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his office because he could not afford the US $1.50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. Pioneering car maker Henry Ford failed with one company and was forced out of another before he developed the Model T car. 6 Failure is harder to bear in today"s open, accelerated world. Hardly any innovation works the first time. But an impatient society and the media want instant success. When American music and movie master David Geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between Geffen Records (Geffen"s company) and the Titanic (the ship that went down) was that the Titanic had better music. Actually, it wasn"t. After four years of losses, Geffen had so many hits (成功的作品) he could afford a ship as big as the Titanic all to himself.

填空题What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person"s mind and emotions. Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. 1 The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist (精神病学家) Carl Jung was once a student of Freud"s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. 2 For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person"s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. 3 Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. 4 This is not true of women"s dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. 5 The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It"s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. A. For example, the people in men"s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. B. Men and women dream about different things. C. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime. D. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn"t panic. E. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. F. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.

填空题Listening to Understand When difficult people express themselves orally, they generally want at least two things: they"ve been heard and they"ve been understood. As a good communicator should be a good listener, five steps are advocated toward good listening. The first step is cooperating (合作). How does a difficult person know that you"re listening and understanding? In fact, it"s through the way you look while he is talking. You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings. You do this by nodding your head in agreement, making certain sounds of understanding. When the person begins to repeat what"s been said, it"s a signal of step two: turning back. It means that you repeat back some words he is using, sending a clear signal that you"re listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important. Having heard what he has said, the next step is clarifying. At this point, you start to gather information about what is being communicated. Ask some open-ended questions, which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy. The fourth step is to summarize (概括) what you"ve heard. This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person are on the same page. When you do this, two things happen. First, if you"ve shown that you"re making an effort to understand completely. This increases the possibility of gaining cooperation from him. Having listened carefully, you"ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels that his thoughts have been fully voiced. Ask if he feels understood. When enough sincere listening, questioning, and remembering are brought together, understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.

填空题 Air Transportation 1. Airplanes are used to carry passengers, cargo and mail. Air transport companies operate scheduled airlines and non-scheduled services over local, regional, national, and international routes. The aircraft operated by these companies range from small single-engine planes to large multiengine jet transports. 2. The first air passenger services began in 1910, when dirigibles began operation between several German cities. The first scheduled airplane service to carry passengers began in the U.S in 1914. Several experimental airmail flights took place in India, Europe, and the United States before World War I, but air transport service did not become a true business until after the war. 3. During World War Two, intercontinental air transport became firmly established. After the war the new long-distance transports with advanced facilities were increasingly able to avoid storms and strong wind and make flights more economical and consistent. A new generation of "jumbo-jet" transports began operations in 1970, and the supersonic transport entered passenger service in 1976. 4. During the 1970s the number of domestic passengers on U.S airlines increased about 78%, and during the 1980s the figure was up about 58%. In 1990 there were 41.8 million international passengers, the figure was a 75% increase over 1980. The total cargo flown by U.S airlines almost doubled during the 1980s, from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion ton-miles in 1990. 5. Major airports provide a wide range of facilities for the convenience of millions of travelers. These range from such basic services as ticket-sales counters and restaurants to luxury hotels, shopping centers and play areas for children. International airports must also have customs areas and currency exchange counters and so on. A. Airport services B. Training of pilots C. Beginning period D. Rapid growth in the U.S. E. Development F. Competition

填空题Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds which are present in certain foods and are essential to the health of men and other animals. 1 Without these substances, the breakdown and absorption of foods could not occur. Certain vitamins participate in the formation of blood cells, hormones, nervous system chemicals, and genetic materials. 2 Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K. The water-soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the B-vitamin complex. Fat-soluble vitamins are usually absorbed with foods that contain fat. Excessive amounts of these vitamins are stored in the body"s fat, the liver and kidneys. Because fat-soluble vitamins can be stored, they do not have to be consumed every day. 3 A deficiency of Vitamin A leads to skin changes and night blindness, or failure of the eye to adapt to the dark. Vitamin A can be obtained directly from foods of animal origin such as milk, eggs, and liver. 4 Vitamin D acts much like a hormone and regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption and metabolism. Some Vitamin D is obtained from such foods as eggs, fish, liver, butter, and milk. But humans get most of their Vitamin D from exposure of the skin to sunlight. A deficiency of Vitamin D leads to bone problems. The role of Vitamin E in the human body has not been established. 5 Vitamin E is found in seed oil and wheat. Vitamin K is necessary for the clotting of blood. It is produced in sufficient quantities by bacteria in the intestine, but is also provided by leafy green vegetables and eggs. The water-soluble vitamins, C and B complex, cannot be stored and therefore need to be consumed daily to satisfy the body"s needs. Vitamin C is important in the formation and maintenance of connective tissue. It protects gums, skin, and mucous membranes. It is mainly found in fruits like oranges. B-complex vitamins serve a wide range of important metabolic functions and prevent some diseases. They are found mostly in the liver. A. Vitamins are classified into two groups, that is, the fat-soluble (脂溶性的) and the water-soluble (水溶性的) vitamins. B. Their functions are mainly to enhance the metabolism (新陈代谢) of proteins and fats. C. It is necessary for a healthy life. D. Vitamin A is essential for normal growth and for the health of epithelial cells. E. It has been popularly advocated for a great variety of diseases, but no clear evidence exists that it eases any specific disease. F. Vitamin A can also be obtained through eating green and yellow fruits and vegetables.

填空题How to Learn Language Successfully 1 Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. 2 First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guesters who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. 3 Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every world. 4 Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 5 What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above. A．Ways to Learn a Language Successfully B．Learning a Language Purposefully C．Learning a Language Actively D．Learning a Language Independently E．Learning from Mistakes F．Learning to Think in the Target Language

填空题More Rural Research Is Needed 1 Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year, but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead. 2 "The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition and poverty," be said. 3 Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which, in turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world"s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world"s population is expected to rise from 5.8 to 8 billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there"ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia. 4 The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) on research, and the developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries. 5 He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs for Mexico, China or India. 6 "Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently," Dr. Fischer said. 7 Yields of rice, wheat and maize have grown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2-8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth, such as high-yield varieties, fertilisers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. "If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you"re going to have to increase yield," Dr. Fischer said.

填空题Global Warming 1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse (温室) effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. 2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols (浮质) of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide (二氧化物) emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2℃. So the 0.6~C of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃ without aerosols. 4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher-aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters, cutting increases by 1.8℃. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed. 5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means "dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change", the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.