填空题 English and English Community 1. There is no doubt that English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. 2. A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the community share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in a neighborhood (街坊), a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live. 3. We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience (方便), we may divide the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on. 4. Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional (虚构的) lives of people and their culture; a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage. A. Threat Posed by English B. Definition of a Speech Community C. Benefits of Learning a Second Language D. Advantages of Learning Chinese E. Two Groups of the English Speech Community F. A Widely Used Language

填空题 A. sports news B. our decisions and opinions C. mass communication D. our messages E. source of information F. the mass media

填空题Keeping Cut Flowers 1 While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around their house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible. This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts. 2 An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature. For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12℃ than when kept at 26℃. Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care. 3 Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long. Their biological purpose is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees, for pollination (授粉). After that, they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸), generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color. The making of seeds also depends on this energy. While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration. A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high. Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies. 4 How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration. How is respiration con- trolled? By controlling temperature. We know that respiration produces heat, but the reverse is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flowers will age more slowly. 5 Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to "drink" water that is dirty or otherwise polluted. Even when water looks and smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (含漂白剂) can be used in small quantities. It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each liter of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

填空题Some people fear that changes in the citizenship test will do little ______.

填空题Paragraph 5___________

填空题Einstein Named "Person of the Century" Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel (解决) the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday. A man whose very name is synonymous (同义的) with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology. "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological--technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science," wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. (46) . Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon (象征) for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics. "What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying (象征，体现)the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom," said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. (47) . He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams. In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. (48) . Everything else--mass, weight, space, even time itself--is a variable (变量) . And he offered the world his now-famous equation (公式): energy equals mass times the speed of light squared--E=mc2. (49) . "There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. (50) Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.A. "Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics," Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices.B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein.C. "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.F. In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.

填空题 Memory Test 1. "I am going to give you five techniques that will enable you to remember anything you need to know at school," promised lecturer an Robinson to a hundred school children. He slapped his hand down on the table. "When I've finished in two hours' time, your work will be far more effective and productive. Anyone not interested, leave now." The entire room sat still. 2. Robinson calls himself the Mind Magician (魔术师). He specializes in doing magic tricks that look totally impossible, and then he reveals that they involve nothing more mysterious than good old-fashioned trickery (骗术). "I have always been interested in tricks involving memory being able to reel off (一口气说出) the order of cards in a pack, that sort of thing." he explains. 3. Robinson was already lecturing to schools on his magic techniques when it struck him that students might find memory techniques even more valuable. "It wasn't difficult area to move into, as the stuff's all there in books." So he summarized everything to make a two-hour lecture about five techniques. 4. "You want to learn a list of a hundred things? A thousand? No problem," says Robinson. The scandal is that every child is not taught the techniques from the beginning of their school life. The schoolchildren who were watching him thought it was brilliant. "I wish I'd been told this earlier," commented Mark, after Robinson had shown them how to construct "mental journeys" . 5. Essentially, you visualize (想象) a walk down a street, or a trip round a room, and pick the points where you will put the things you want to remember the lamppost, the fruit bowl. Then in each location you put a visual representation of your list-phrasal verbs, historical dates, whatever making them as strange as possible. It is that simple, and it works. 6. The reaction of schools has been uniformly enthusiastic. "The pupils benefited enormously from lan's presentation," says Dr Johnston, head of the school where Robinson was speaking. "ideally we should run a regular class in memory techniques so pupils can pick it up gradually." A. Good results B. An ancient skill C. Gaining attention D. Memory tricks E. A lecture on memory techniques F. Ways to improve memory

填空题Birds vs. Environmentalists? In Wyoming, it's the sage grouse (松鸡). In Colorado, it's the lesser prairie chicken. In the Northwest, it's the Washington ground squirrel. Across the country, a growing number of species are finding themselves at the center of a new battle being waged by environmentalists and developers. The issue—species being threatened by encroaching (侵占)human development—is nothing new, of course. (46) Wind energy has been touted as cost - effective to produce clean energy as well as jobs. (47) But not every environmentalist is happy about that development. Critics charge that wind - energy development can cause habitat fragmentation—a displacement of a species that can eventually reduce its numbers—as well as the deaths of birds and bats that collide with the wind turbines' (涡轮) massive rotor blades (动叶片). (48) That's a low estimate, says Michael Frr of the American Bird Conservancy (美国鸟类保护协会). According to his group, turbines kill three to 11 birds per megawatt(兆瓦特) of wind energy they produce. Right now, there are about 20, 000 megawatts produced in the United States, which can mean—at worst—up to 220,000 bird fatalities a year. (49) Whatever the number, the wind industry is hoping to avoid damaging its green reputation and is struggling with finding the right solution. Portland has been experimenting with curtailment at its 34.5 - megawatt Casselman, Pa. , wind farm with some success, reducing bat mortality by 70 percent in a 2008 study. The company, which created the industry's first Avian and Bat Protection Plan in 2008, has also pioneered a radar technology that detects approaching migratory birds and shuts down the turbines accordingly. (50) "The best option is to avoid putting it in those locations in the first place," says Doug Inkley, a senior scientist at the National Wildlife Federation. Members of the wind industry think that the issue may be, well, overblown. It's not wind energy versus nothing; it's wind energy versus some other form of energy which will also invariably have an impact—potentially more of an impact than a wind project.A. Now, the natural habitat that nurtured wildlife, 300 species of birds, thousands of species of fish, flora, and other ecological systems is rapidly disappearing.B. What is new? The encroachers aren't the usual suspects but the environmentally friendly wind - energy industry.C. But environmentalists argue that these measures aren't enough, especially in areas like the Texas coast.D. That promise, along with new government subsidies, has helped wind turbines pop up on hills and fields throughout America.E. A 2007 study by the National Academy of Sciences puts the number of birds killed each year at about 20,000 to 30,000.F. With wind energy expected to produce 20 percent of this country's energy by 2030, output would grow tenfold and, environmentalists worry, deaths could increase at a similar rat

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1、2、3、4、5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Hurricanes 1 Did you know that before 1950, hurricanes had no names? They were simply given numbers. The first names were simply Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. but in 1953, females' names were given because of the unpredictability (不可预知) factor of the storms. In 1979, realizing the sexist (性别歧视的) nature of such names, the lists were expanded to include both men and women. 2 Hurricanes and typhoons (台风) are the same things. If they form in the Atlantic, we call these strong storms hurricanes, from the West Indian word hurricane, meaning "big wind". And if they are Pacific storms, they are called typhoons from the Chinese taifun, meaning "great wind". To be classified as a hurricane, the storm must have maximum winds of at least 75 mph. These storms are big, many hundreds of miles in diameter. 3 Hurricanes get their power from water vapor as it gives out its stored-up energy. All water vapor gives out heat as it condenses (凝结) from a gaseous state to a liquid state over fixed points on the equator (赤道). To make a hurricane, you must have extremely wet, warm air, the kind of air that can only be found in tropical region. 4 Scientists have determined that the heat given out in the process of water condensation can be as high as 95 billion kilowatts per hour. In just one day alone, the storm can produce more energy than many industrialized nations need in an entire year! The problem is that we don't know how to make sure such great energy work for us. 5 Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters. It moves at a typical speed of 15 mph. But not always. Some storms may race at twice this speed, then suddenly stop and remain in the same location for several days. It can be maddening (发疯的) if you live in a coastal area that may be hit. 6 The biggest advance in early detection is continuous watch from weather satellites. With these, we can see the storms form and track them fully, from birth to death. While they can still kill people and destroy property, hurricanes will never surprise any nation again.A．A short history of naming hurricanesB．Harnessing the hurricane energyC．Difficulty in forecasting the course of a hurricaneD．Huge energy stored in a hurricaneE. Forecasting a hurricane through satellite watchingF. Different names for the same things

填空题On Drug Abuse Nowadays, millions of people misuse and even overuse pain medications (药物) and other drugs. Research by the American National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, 1999) shows that around 2% of the population over age 12 were using drugs non-medically. NIDA views medications as a powerful force for good in the contemporary world. They reduce and remove pain for millions of people suffering from illness and disease. They make it possible for doctors to perform complicated surgery to save lives. Many people afflicted by serious medical conditions are able to control their symptoms (症状) and become active, contributing citizens. NIDA points out that most individuals who take these drugs use them in a reason. Nevertheless, overuse of drugs such as opioids (阿片类药物), central nervous system (CNS) depressants (抑制剂) and stimulants (兴奋剂) does lead to harmful reliance in some people and is therefore becoming a serious public health concern. Although this abuse affects many people worldwide, particular trends of concern to the medical profession in the US appear among older adults, teenagers and women. Though it may be a surprise to many, the misuse of medications may be the most common form of drug abuse among the elderly. Dr Kenneth Schrader of Duke University, North Carolina states that although the elderly represent about 13% of the US population, those aged 65 and over account for the consumption of one third of all drugs. People in this age group use medications roughly three times more than the general population and have poorer compliance (遵守) with instruction for use. In another study of elderly patients admitted to treatment programs, 70% were women who had overused medicines. Unfortunately, this trend among women does not only affect those aged over. In general, among women and men who are using either an anti-anxiety drug or a sedative (镇静剂), women are twice as likely to become addicted. In addition, statistics compiled for 12-17 year olds show that teenage girls are more likely than teenage boys to begin overusing psychotherapeutic medication such as painkillers (止痛药), tranquillizers (安定药), stimulants and sedatives.

填空题Robots 1. The most sophisticated (先进的) Japanese robots, which have vision systems and work at very high speeds, are still based on American designs. Studies of robots, particularly computer control software, are considered to be generally less advanced in Japan than in America or Europe. 2. Although industrial robots were originally developed as devices for simply handling objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray-painting and assembling components. 3. In Britain, robot sales appropriately peaked in 1984, but have been declining ever since. This is partly because British wage rates are too low to make robots financially attractive and partly because engineers now have more experience with robots and are more aware of the difficulties of introducing them effectively. 4. It has been calculated that a robot uses on average about 100 times more energy than a human to do an equivalent job. 5. It is estimated that 20% of all comic book heroes in Japan are robots. This is an enormous number because comics are so popular that they make up a third of all materials published in Japan. 6. The reliability of robots is measured in their M. T. B. F. or mean time between failures. This has risen from about 250 hours in the mid-1970s to about 10,000 hours today (equivalent to working 18 hours a day for two years). One way robot manufacturers have increased reliability is to test every single component they buy, instead of the normal procedure of just testing a small sample. 7. The biggest single benefit of introducing robots claimed by Japanese companies is that they increase quality control. Once programmed, the robots can work more accurately and consistently than humans, who can get tired and bored.

填空题Mt. Desert Island The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northern most coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline (46) At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier (冰川) descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea. As the mountains sank, ocean, water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, former a series of twisting inlets and lagoons(咸水湖). The highest parts of the former mountain in range, nearest the shore, remained as islands (47) Marine fossils found here were 225 feet above sea level, indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier. The 2,500-mile long rocky coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles. Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands (48) . For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently though, Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well. But, the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because tile island sits on the boundary line between the temperate(温带) and sub-Arctic zones, the is land suppers the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach inland, and alpine(高山的)plants. (49) The establishment of Acadia National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as welt as enjoy camping, cycling and boating Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island. The best view on Mr. Desert Island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain. (50) From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by a retreating glacier.A. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.B. Mt. Desert island is one of the most famous of all the islands left behind by the glacier.C. The wealthy residents of Mr. Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves.D. The term comes from the activity of the ice age.E. This mountain rises 1,532 feet, making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seaboard.F. It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow stretch of water, seven miles lon

填空题A. Reason for naming hurricanesB. Warning of an approaching hurricaneC. Deadly womenD. History of naming hurricanesE. Organization responsible for naming hurricanesF. Ways to track hurricanes

填空题A. as fish doesB. because of its rich natural resourcesC. by the United StatesD. shines day and nightE. only a very small percentageF. a limited amount of the gold found there

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1) 第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2) 第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。 Things to Know about the UK 1 From Buckingham Palace to Oxford, the UK is loaded with wonderful icons (标志)of past eras. But it has also modernized with confidence. It's now better known for vibrant(充满活力的) cities with great nightlife and attraction. Fashions, fine dining, clubbing, shopping—the UK is among the world's best. 2 Most people have strong preconceptions about the British. But if you're one of these people, you'd be wise to abandon those ideas. Visit a nightclub in one of the big cities, a football match, or a good local pub and you might more readily describe the English people as humorous and hospitable. It's certainly true that no other country in the world has more bird-watchers, sports supporters, pet owners and gardeners than the UK. 3 Getting around England is pretty easy. Budget(廉价的)airlines like Easy jet and Rynn air fly domestically. Trains can deliver you very efficiently from one major city to another. Long distance express buses are called coaches. Where coaches and buses run on the same route, coaches are more expensive (though quicker) than buses. London's famous black cabs are excellent but expensive. Minicabs are cheaper competitors, with freelance(个体的) drivers. But Usually you need to give a call first. London's underground is called the Tube. It's very convenient and can get you to almost any part of the city. 4 The UK is not famous for its food. But you still need to know some of the traditional English foods. The most famous must be fish and chips. The fish and chips are deep fried in flour. English breakfast is something you need to try. It is fried bacon, sausages, fried eggs, black pudding, fried tomatoes, fried bread and baked beans, with toast and a pot of tea. Other things like shepherd's pie and Yorkshire pudding are also well-known as a part of English food culture. 5 Pubbing and clubbing are the main forms of English nightlife, especially for the young. Pubbing means going to a pub with friends, having drinks, and chatting. Clubbing is different from pubbing and includes going to a pub, or a place of music, or a bar, or any other places to gather with friends. Clubbing can be found everywhere. Usually there is some kind of dress code for clubbing, such as no jeans, no sportswear, or smart club wear, while pubbing is much more casual. A. Education B. People C. Transport D. Drinks E. Food F. Nightlife

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} A Brief to Singapore{{/B}} 1．Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island the Singapore Island—and more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island; it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq. km. 2．Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.20℃. The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January. 3．Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959. A president, elected to a four-year term is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment(宪法修正案),the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the lawmaking body with its 81 members popularly elected. 4．In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore, several technical colleges, and a teachers college. 5．Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product(GDP) was estimated at $23.7 billion, or $8.870 per person. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During on southwestern Singapore Island. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity(多样化的 ) of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 Singapore 1 Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island the Singapore Island—and more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island, it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq. km. 2 Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.2℃. The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January. 3 Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959, as amended (修正后的). A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be elected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment (修正), the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the law-making body with its 81 members popularly elected. 4 In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore (founded in 1980 with the combination of two major universities), several technical colleges, and a teachers college. 5 Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at ＄ 23.7 billion, or ＄ 8,870 per person. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During, on southwestern Singapore Island. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity (多样化的) of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important. A) Introduction to Singapore B) Education C) Economy D) State System of Singapore E) History of Singapore F) Land and Climate

填空题How to Learn Language Successfully 1. Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. 2. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. 3. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every world. 4. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 5. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Public Relations{{/B}} Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases, designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image. {{U}} (46) {{/U}}Since public relations involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix. {{U}} (48) {{/U}}Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in, toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions. A Publicity may be in the form of news releases that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department. B Furthermore, not all publicity is initiated. by the firm; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised. C Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, usually in the form of press releases or press conferences. D Many factors impact on the public image. E It surely causes heavy losses to the company. F Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences.

填空题The Fridge The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator." In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed--natural cooling, drying, smoking, slating, sugaring, bottling... What refrigeration did promote was marketing--marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of f-ridges hum away continuously, and at vast expanse, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house--while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get ride of that terrible hum.