填空题A. Importance of Learning from Failure B. Quality Shared by Most Innovator C. Edison's Innovation D. Edison's Comment on Failure E. Contributions Made by Innovators F. Miseries Endured by Innovators

填空题Voice Your Opinion--Change is Needed in Youth Sports Everywhere you look, you see kids bouncing a basketball or waving a tennis racquet (网球拍). And these kids are getting younger and younger. In some countries, children can compete on basketball, baseball, and volleyball teams starting at age nine. 1 And swimming and gymnastics classes begin at age four, to prepare children for competition. It"s true that a few of these kids will develop into highly skilled athletes and may even become members of the national Olympic teams. 2 This emphasis on competition in sports is having serious negative effects. Children who get involved in competitive sports at a young age often grow tired of their sport. Many parents pressure their kids to choose one sport and devote all their time to it. 3 But 66 percent of the young athletes wanted to play more than one sportfor fun. Another problem is the pressure imposed by over-competitive parents and coaches. Children are not naturally competitive. In fact, a recent study by Paulo David found that most children don"t even understand the idea of competition until they are seven years old. 4 The third, and biggest, problem for young athletes is the lack of time to do their homework, have fun, be with friends--in short, time to be kids. When they are forced to spend every afternoon at sports practice, they often start to hate their chosen sport. A searchers found that 70 percent of kids who take part in competitive sports before the of twelve quit before they turn eighteen. 5 Excessive competitive away all the enjoyment. Need to remember the purpose of youth sports--to give kids a chance to have developing strong, healthy bodies. A. Survey found that 79 percent of parents of young athletes wanted their children to concentrate on one sports. B. The young soccer organization has teams for children as young as five. C. Many of them completely lose interest in sports. D. Sports for children have two important purposes. E. But what about the others, the average kids? F. Very young kids don"t know why their parents are pushing them so hard?

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Why Would They Falsely Confess?{{/B}} Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police questioning is enormous.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}"The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess. " Developmental psychologist Mary Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}Of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12- to 13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, a psychology professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results.{{U}} (49) {{/U}} Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning—and still, most participants falsely confessed. {{U}} (50) {{/U}}"In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision." A．In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. B．Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. C．"It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. D．"But the baseline is that adults are highly vulnerable too. " E．The court found him innocent and he was released. F．Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题Longer Lives Are Happier Lives 1 In recent years, scientists have been studying ways to change the body's chemistry to reduce the signs and effects of aging. 2 One group of researchers in Britain has performed experiments on a kind of worm. They have managed to increase the worm's normal life span of 20 days by up to 400%. They hope that they will be able to use this research to help humans live longer. However, this is a long way in the future. Another disadvantage is that when (or if) the new technology is successfully developed, it will probably be very expensive. The chance to live longer will only be available to a very few, very rich people. 3 Another group of scientists is studying people who have reached a very old age. They believe that this may show what has kept these people healthy and alive for so long. So, if we look at people who have lived into very old age, what do they have in common? Usually they have led a physically active life. This does not mean going to a gym or running ten miles every day. Simple, enjoyable activities like walking seem to be more likely to keep you healthy. Very old people also eat a good, varied diet. Simple foods like vegetable, rice, pasta and fish are the best. 4 However, there may be one thing even more important than physical factors like diet and exercise. Research shows that personality, and the way a person thinks, play an important part in how long they will live. People who live into very old age always seem to enjoy life. They have a sense of humor and get satisfaction from simple things. They do not constantly think about the past, but are interested in the present and the future. They do not let life get boring, but have interests and hobbies which keep their minds active and they are open to new ideas. One Japanese man who lived to be 120 commented that the secret of his long life was "not worrying". To express it simply, people who are happy and positive about life are more likely to live longer. 5 So, eat well, exercise well, and enjoy life, and you will have a good chance of living to a healthy, happy old age. A How to live happy old age B Disadvantages of the project C The study of old people D Personality and other mental factors are more important E Worms live longer than humans F Live simple lives

填空题Adult Education 1. Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education. Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults. Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training, find out about new technological developments, seek better self-understanding, or develop new talents and skills. 2. This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs and professional associations. 3. Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place: people were moving from rural areas to cities; new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults. 4. The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institution in Glasgow. Benjamin Franklin and some friends found the earliest adult education institution in the U.S. in Philadelphia in 1727. 5. People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today. For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work or even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs.

填空题"Happy Birthday to You" The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won't stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it's soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. (1) .They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America." (2) . The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why it spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. (3) ."Happy Birthday to You," for instance , is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. (4) The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock 'n' roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in American as well, as being "low-class," and then as "a danger to our nation's youth." (5) .And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the US. A. As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B. But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C. American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D. The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E. American food has become popular around the world too. F. This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.

填空题More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep — for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake." he said.

填空题A. Necessity for developing adult education B. Early days of adult education C. Ways of receiving adult education D. Growth of adult education E. Institutions of adult education F. Definition of adult education

填空题 Why Do People Shrink? Did you ever see the movie Honey, I shrunk the kids? It's about a wacky dad (who's also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} For older people, shrinking isn't that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only one inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less), and this kind of shrinking can't be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) take hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people—especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with—are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act? You aren't as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That's because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don't worry, though. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter. B. Once you get a good night's rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you're standing tall again. C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it's not being replaced. D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. F. But why does shrinking happen at all?

填空题Things to Know about the UK 1 From Buckingham Palace to Oxford, the UK is loaded with wonderful icons (标志) of past eras. But it has also modernized with confidence. It's now better known for vibrant (充满活力的) cities with great nightlife and attraction. Fashions, fine dining, clubbing, shopping - the UK is among the world's best. 2 Most people have strong preconceptions about the British. But if you're one of these people, you'd be wise to abandon those ideas. Visit a nightclub in one of the big cities, a football match, or a good local pub and you might more readily describe the English people as humorous and hospitable. It's certainly true that no other country in the world has more bird-watchers, sports supporters, pet owners and gardeners than the UK. 3 Getting around England is pretty easy. Budget (廉价的) airlines like Easyjet and Rynnair fly domestically. Trains can deliver you very efficiently from one major city to another. Long distance express buses are called coaches. Where coaches and buses run on the same route, coaches are more expensive (though quicker) than buses. London's famous black cabs are excellent but expensive. Minicabs are cheaper competitors, with freelance (个体的) drivers. But usually you need to give a call first. London's underground is called the Tube. It's very convenient and can get you to almost any part of the city. 4 The UK is not famous for its food. But you still need to know some of the traditional English foods. The most famous must be fish and chips. The fish and chips are deep fried in flour. English breakfast is something you need to try. It is fried bacon, sausages, fried eggs, black pudding, fried tomatoes, fried bread and baked beans, with toast and a pot of tea. Other things like shepherd's pie and Yorkshire pudding are also well-known as a part of English food culture. 5 Pubbing and clubbing are the main forms of English nightlife, especially for the young. Pubbing means going to a pub with friends, having drinks, and chatting. Clubbing is different from pubbing and includes going to a pub, or a place of music, or a bar, or any other places to gather with friends. Clubbing can be found everywhere. Usually there is some kind of dress code for clubbing, such as no jeans, no sportswear, or smart clubwear, while pubbing is much more casual.

填空题Those high school graduates who can enter Stanford University ______.

填空题Stories One of the most successful fashion companies in the world is Benetton. The Benetton family opened their first shop in Italy in 1968. 1 Benetton followed four marketing principles in order to achieve their success. The first principle in Consumer Concept. To build a successful business, you have to develop products around things people value, especially quality. 2 He created clothes to match people"s wants: the style is casual; the colors and patterns are bold; and the quality is excellent. The System Link is another feature of good marketing. For Benetton, this means waiting to get information about what customers like and what they dislike before making the clothes. 3 The Information Link means making sure the company responds quickly to people"s demands. 4 This information is then sent to the main office in Italy. Benetton can use this information to identify popular products and to continue making them, it can also identify less popular products and stop making them. A final important marketing principle is the Retail Link. There are Benetton stores in countries around the world. All the stores have the same clothing, the same window display, and the same approach to sales. 5 The things people like about Benetton stores are that the quality is always high and the prices are generally low. And that spells success. A. The founder of Benetton began by asking people what they wanted. B. There used to be a good reason for this. C. When something is sold at a Benetton store, the store records information about the type, size, and color of the item. D. Today, there are Benetton shops in major cities all over the world. E. This means that customers can go into any Benetton store in the world and be sure of what they are buying. F. In other words, Benetton"s clothes are made to order.

填空题 Air Transportation 1. Airplanes are used to carry passengers, cargo and mail. Air transport companies operate scheduled airlines and non-scheduled services over local, regional, national, and international routes. The aircraft operated by these companies range from small single-engine planes to large multiengine jet transports. 2. The first air passenger services began in 1910, when dirigibles began operation between several German cities. The first scheduled airplane service to carry passengers began in the U.S. in 1914. Several experimental airmail flights took place in India, Europe, and the United States before World War I, but air transport service did not become a true business until after the war. 3. During World War Two, intercontinental air transport became firmly established. After the war, the new long-distance transports with advanced facilities were increasingly able to avoid storms and strong wind and make flights more economical and consistent. A new generation of "jumbo-jet" transports began operations in 1970, and the supersonic transport entered passenger service in 1976. 4. During the 1970s the number of domestic passengers on U.S. airlines increased about 78%, and during the I980s the figure was up about 58%. In 1990 there were 41.8 million international passengers, the figure was a 75% increase over 1980. The total cargo flown by U.S. airlines almost doubled during the 1980s, from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion ton-miles in 1990. 5. Major airports provide a wide range of facilities for the convenience of millions of travelers. These range from such basic services as ticket-sales counters and restaurants to luxury hotels, shopping centers and play areas for children. International airports must also have customs areas and currency exchange counters and so on. A. Airport services B. Training of pilots C. Beginning period D. Rapid growth in the U.S. E. Development F. Competition

填空题A Heroic Woman The whole of the United States cheered its latest hero, Ashley Smith, with the Federal Bureau of investigation saying it was planning to give a big reward to her for having a brave heart and wise mind. (46) She was moving into her apartment in Atlanta, Georgia early on the morning of March 12, when a man followed her to her door and put a gun to her side. "I started walking to my door, and I felt really, really afraid," she said in a TV interview last week. The man was Brian Nichols, 33. He was suspected of killing three people at an Atlanta courthouse (法院)on March 11 and later of killing a federal agent. (47) . Nichols tied Smith up with tape, but released her after she repeatedly begged him not to take her life. "I told him if he hurt me, my little girl wouldn't have a mummy," she said. In order to calm the man down, she read to him from "The Purpose—Driven Life", a best-selling religious book. He asked her to repeat a paragraph "about what you thought your purpose in life was what talents were you given. " (48) . "I basically just talked to him and tried to gain his trust," Smith said. Smith said she asked Nichols why he chose her. "He said he thought I was an angel sent from God, and we were Christian sister and brother," she said. "And that he was lost, and that God led him to me to tell him that he had hurt a lot of people. " (49) . She said Nichols was surprised when she made him breakfast and that the two of them watched television coverage(报道) of the police hunt for him. "I cannot believe that's me," Nichols told the woman. Then, Nichols asked Smith what she thought he should do. She said, "I think you should turn yourself in. If you don't, lots more people are going to get hurt. " Eventually, he let her go. (50) . A US $ 60,000 reward had been posted for Nichols' capture. Authorities said they did not yet know if Smith would be eligible(有资格的) for that money. A. The local police were searching for him B. Smith is a 26-year-old single mother with a daughter C. Smith tried very hard to kill Nichols D. She even cooked breakfast for the man before he allowed her to leave E. And the two of them discussed this topic. F. Then she called the police.

填空题A．Ways of Departure from Immature and Simplistic ImpressionsB．Comment on First ImpressionC．Illustration of First ImpressionD．Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories E Threatening Aspect of First Impressions F Differences Among Jocks,Geeks and Freaks.

填空题Robotic Highway Cones A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. 1 They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day, said Shane Farritor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska. For example, if workers arrived at 6 a. m., the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time. 2 "It just seems like a very good application for robots," Farritor said. "The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place," Farritor said in a report on his creation. 3 The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard. The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. "It would look exactly the same," Farritor said. "Normally there"s a kind of rubbery, black base to them. 4 " Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they might need. The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds. "That way you don"t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation," Farritor said. While prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next. 5 He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may benefit from them. A. And they can return to the original place at the end of the day. B. He is thinking about starting a small business. C. Farritor was "Inventor of the Year" in 2003. D. Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. E. We replace that with a robot. F. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made miles away.

填空题Even Intelligent People Ban Fail 1 The striking thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. Turn on a light, take a photograph, watch TV, search the Web, jet across the Pacific Ocean, talk on a cellphone (手机). The innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze (错综复杂) of wrong turns. 2 We have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of American innovator Thomas Edison's success in heating a thin line to white-hot heat for 14 hours in his lab in New Jersey, U. S. He did that on October 22, 1879, and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight (点亮着的) in an airless space for 45 hours. Three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown Manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he turned it on, on September 4, 1882. 3 "Many of life's failures," the supreme innovator said, "are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up." Before that magical moment in October 1879, Edison had worked out no fewer than 3, 000 theories about electric light, but in only two cases did his experiments work. 4 No one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. Mark Gumz, the head of the camera maker Olympus America Inc, attributes some of the company's successes in technology to understanding failure. His popular phrase is: "You only fail when you quit. " 5 Over two centuries, the most common quality of the innovators has been persistence. That is another way of saying they had the emotional ability to keep up what they were doing. Walt Disney, the founder of Disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his office because he could not afford the U. S. $1.50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. Pioneering car maker Henry Ford failed with one company and was forced out of another before he developed the Model T car. 6 Failure is harder to bear in today's open, accelerated world. Hardly any innovation works the first time. But an impatient society and the media want instant success. When American music and movie master David Geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between Geffen Records (Geffen's company) and the Titanic (the ship that went down) was that the Titanic had better music. Actually, it wasn't. After four years of losses, Geffen had so many hits (成功的作品) he could afford a ship as big as the Titanic all to himself.

填空题The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes," he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: (1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he as just met. (2) If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to do in that way." (3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. (4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. (5) that is at least as important as how much we know.A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends.C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E. He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F. He is eager to make friends with everyone. The first four minutes.

填空题Ludwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness. Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. (46) . Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn. Beethoven remained unmarried. (47) . Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819. (48) . He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. (49) Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, "I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality. " (50) .A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life.C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.E. Although Beethoven's personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.F. Today his music is still being played all over the worl

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. (46) "The pressure is important to understand because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do study to (47) . The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed (48) of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk, " says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. (49) a psychology Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation--not hours of aggressive questioning--and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. (50) A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems.B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision."C. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too."E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.