填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2、4、5、6段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} The History of the Fridge{{/B}} 1．The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with he label: "store in the refrigerator."2．In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3．The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed--natural cooling drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling… 4．What refrigeration did promote was marketing--marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. 5．Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6．The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.

填空题 The History of the Fridge 1．The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with he label: "store in the refrigerator."2．In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3．The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed--natural cooling drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling… 4．What refrigeration did promote was marketing--marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. 5．Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6．The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.

填空题The first four minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes," he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: 1 A lot of people"s whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he as just met. 2 If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his won needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I"m not a friendly, self-confident person. That"s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to at that way." 3 We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn"t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don"t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin,"total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one"s health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one"s opinions and impressions. 4 For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. 5 that is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other person"s shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone.

填空题A. to find jobsB. to do low-skill lobsC. to feed its peopleD. to handle disputesE. to make a profitF. to worry about the British economy

填空题A to develop a maglev train rail system B To explain why maglev trains are faster C to pull and push the train forward D to create a magnetic field E to experiment with the maglev train F to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours

填空题Every Dog Has His Say Kimiko Fukuda always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. 1 When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following "human" translation appears on its screen: "Please take me with you." "I realized that"s how he was feeling," says Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world"s first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. 2 "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara. "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts. 3 The translation is done in the gadget using a database containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. 4 In this way, the database scientifically matches a bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda"s house recently, the dog barked a loud "bow wow". 5 It was followed by "I"m stronger than you" as the dog growled and sniffed (嗅) at the visitor. The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US $120. It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog"s emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog"s collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. This translated as "Don"t come this way". D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let"s play", "Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".

填空题A. Events That Took place Before the Earth ExistedB. Power of the TelescopeC. Details of Eta CarinaeD. Invention of a Time MachineE. Biggest Telescope

填空题A be costly B be harmful C save a life D still open to debate E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer F reduced to the minimum

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 I Know Just How Yon Feel Do you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique．Well，think again．Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified，according to Mind Reading，a DVD displaying every possible human emotion．It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel：the first visual dictionary of the human heart．Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s，when Darwin divided the emotions into six types-anger，fear，sadness，disgust，surprise and enjoyment．{{U}} (46) {{/U}}Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin's small group．More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture．But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide．{{U}} (47) {{/U}}The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions． The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism(孤独症)，who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions．But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses．Actors and teachers，for example，need to understand a wide range of expressions．The professor and his research team first had to define an“emotion”．{{U}} (48) {{/U}} Using this definition，1，512 emotion terms were identified and discussed．This list was eventually reduced to 412，from“afraid”to“wanting”． Once these emotions were defined and classified，a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them．In Mind Reading，each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds．{{U}} (49) {{/U}} The explanation for this is simple：we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words，but we instantly recognise one when we see it on someone's face．“It was really clear when the actors had got it right，”says Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD．“Although they were given some direction，”says Ms Collis，“the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move．{{U}} (50) {{/U}}”For example，when someone feels contempt，you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down． Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American，Professor Paul Ekman，who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion．The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “action units”．These can be combined into more than 10，000 visible facial shapes．Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion． A．We thought of trying to describe each emotion，but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules for this． B．These particular muscles are difficult to control，and few people can do it． C．Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read emotional expressions． D．They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by“I feel”or“he looks”or“she sounds”． E．He said that the expression of these feelings was universal and recognisable by anyone，from any culture． F．Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions，such as words，would have been far less effective．

填空题Some Unusual Celebrations Some holidays are well-known all around the world. Among them are New Year"s Eve celebrations. Also common are days in honor of love and friendship, like Valentine"s Day. Each country has its own special holidays, too, often to mark important events in its history. Schools, banks, and government offices all close on-days, like these. 1 A few of them are really very strange. Of course, they are not strange to the people who celebrate them. Perhaps that is because the celebrations have long traditions. Consider April Fool"s Day, for example. No one knows when or why it began. Today it is celebrated in many countries-France, England, and Australia, among others. On this day, people play practical jokes. 2 The ones who laugh are the ones playing the jokes. The people they fool often get angry. Does celebrating this day make sense to you? Dyngus Day in Poland seems strange, too. On this day, it is traditional for boys to pour water over the heads of girls. Here is the strangest part: ZThey do it to girls they like. Other unusual celebrations take place in a single city or town. A holiday called La Tomatina is celebrated in Bunol, Spain. Every year, in late August, big trucks carry more than 200,000 pounds of tomatoes into this little town. 3 For two hours, people in the streets throw tomatoes at each other. Everyone ends up red from head to toe. August 10 marks the start of the Puck Fair, an Irish festival with a very unusual tradition. People from the town of Killorglin go up into the mountains and catch a wild goat. 4 There are also some celebrations that are really strange. In the United States, sometimes one person gets an idea for a new holiday and tries to get others to accept it. Whose idea was Public Sleeping Day? That one is on February 28. It may seem strange, but it sounds like more fun than the one on February 9. 5 Do you like the idea of inventing a new holiday? If you do, then you will want to mark March 26 on your calendar. That is Make Up Your Own Holiday Day. A. They bring him back to town, put a crown on his head, and make him king for three days. B. Some of the days people celebrate, however, are less serious. C. That is supposed to be Toothache Day. D. Then begins the world"s biggest food fight. E. Some people have fun imagining new holidays. F. Jokes are supposed to be funny, but these jokes do not make everyone laugh.

填空题Explanation What does a scientist do when he or she "explains" something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. (46) . They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws (47) . Presumably, the person was frightened 'earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response—fear. Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cell. (48) . The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior in physiological terms. (49) . Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes. How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: (50) . A. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. B. A molecular biologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another. C. Most psychologists deal with generalization. D. How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena. E. This means that we must understand "psychologically" why a particular behaviour occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur. F. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics.

填空题Mobile Phones Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. (46) . A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. (47) . As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. (48) . The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 meter radius of school grounds, child care centers, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children, (49) He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates. (50) . According to Robert bell, it is reasonable for tire major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.C. "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised," he saidD. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.F. The conclusion is that mobile phones bring more harm than benefit.

填空题Each day we get a lot of messages from ______.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Even Intelligent People Can Fail 1 The striking thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. Turn oil a light, take a photograph, watch TV, search the web, jet across the Pacific Ocean, talk on a cell phone (手机). The innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze(错综复杂) of wrong turn. 2 We have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of American innovator Thomas Edison's success in heating in thin line to white, hot heat for 14 hours in his lab in New Jersey, US. He did that on October 22,1879 and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight (点亮着的) in an airless space for 45 hours. Three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown Manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he turned it on, on September 4, 1882. 3 "Many of life's failures," the supreme innovator said," are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up. " Before that magical moment in October 1879, Edison had worked out no fewer than 3,000 theories about electric light. But in only two cases did his experiments work. 4 No one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. Mark Gumz, the head of the camera maker Olympus America Inc. , attributes some of the company's successes in technology to understanding failure. His popular phrase is, "You only fail when you quit". 5 Over two centuries, the most common quality of the innovators has been persistence. That is another way of saying they had the emotional ability to keep up what they were doing. Walt Disney, the founder of Disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his office because he could not afford the US $ 1.50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. Pioneering Car maker Henry Ford failed with one company and was forced out of another before he developed the Model T Car. 6 Failure is harder to bear in today's open, accelerated world. Hardly any innovation works the first time. But an impatient society and the media want instant success. When American music and movie master David Geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between Geffen Records (Geffen's company)and the Titanic (the ship that went down) was that the Titanic had better music. Actually, it wasn't. After four years of losses, Geffen had so many hits (成功的) he could afford a ship as big as the Titanic all to himself.A．Importance of Learning from FailureB．Quality Shared by Most InnovatorsC．Edison's InnovationD．Edison's Comment on FailureE. Contributions Made by InnovatorsF. Miseries Endured by Innovators

填空题Robots The most sophisticated (先进的) Japanese robots, which have vision systems and work at very high speeds, are still based on American designs. Studies of robots, particularly computer control software, are considered to be generally less advanced in Japan than in America or Europe. Although industrial robots were originally developed as devices for simply handling objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray-painting and assembling components. In Britain robot sales appropriately peaked in 1984, but have been declining ever since. This is partly because British wage rates are too low to make robots financially attractive and partly because engineers now have more experience with robots and are more aware of the difficulties of introducing them effectively. It has been calculated that a robot uses on average about 100 times more energy than a human to do an equivalent job. It is estimated that 20% of all comic book heroes in Japan are robots. This is an enormous number because comics are so popular that they make up a third of all material published in Japan. The reliability of robots is measured in their MTBF or mean time between failures. This has risen from about 250 hours in the mid-1970s to about 10,000 hours today (equivalent to working 18 hours a day for two years). One way robot manufacturers have increased reliability is to test every single component they buy, instead of the normal procedure of just testing a small sample. The biggest single benefit of introducing robots claimed by Japanese companies is that they increase quality control. One programmed robots can work more accurately and consistently than humans, who can get tired and bored.

填空题 下面的短文后2项测试任务： (1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段第段选择1个最佳的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求所给的6个选项中选择6个选项为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 {{B}}Transport and Trade{{/B}}1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale.2 The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.4 By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.

填空题The Watergate Scandal shows that no one, not even the president, ______.

填空题Garlic From early times man has used garlic (大蒜). The Bible speaks of it. The Israelites (古以色列人) were once far from home. They cried out to Moses, their leader, for the foods they loved: leeks (韭菜), onions, and garlic. The Romans, like the Israelites, loved to eat garlic. And they hung bags of garlic around their necks. (1) They also thought it would keep them from getting sick. A similar idea is still held. Many people take garlic thinking it will prevent or cure disease. Most doctors say it does no such thing. (2) Its smell may force people to stay far apart. At least then they can't pass germs on to each other. (3) What if you're in a play, for instance? Actors have been known to forget their lines because they couldn't stand the garlic smell on a fellow actor's breath. Some have even made up new lines and actions that kept them far away from the one who had eaten garlic. Through the years man has tried to cope with the smell of garlic. (4) We now know why. It's been found that the oils of the garlic do not stick to the teeth, tongue, or gums (齿龈). They go into the lungs instead. From there they are breathed out. They pass out through the skin too. Strange as it seems, food may have a great deal of garlic in it without smelling or tasting strong. It all depends on how it is cooked. French cooks make a good soup with whole cloves (瓣) of garlic. They use more than thirty cloves in one bowl of soup. But they take care not to crush them. And they cook them whole. (5) And as the cloves cook they change in some strange way. The soup turns out to be delicious. It's not strong at all. A. But no medicine, mouthwash, chewing gum, or toothpaste seems to help much. B. As a result, the strong oils stay in the cloves. C. They say it may help in one way, though. D. Many people eat garlic. E. But keeping your distance can be hard at times. F. They hoped it would keep away the evil eye.

填空题The Drink Your Body Needs Most 1. Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物) to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs. 2. We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is all obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. 3. A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in haft. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8 ounces glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane. 4. It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don"t need.

填空题Television, radio and books are all important media of ______.