填空题The Paper Chase 1. "Running a house is a lot like running a business," says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips. 2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can"t devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a roiling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work, whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room. 3. When in doubt, throw it out. The first step to implementing a workable filing system is to eliminate paper you don"t use, don"t need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you"ll never have an opportunity to use or even read. 4. Set aside two clays a month to pay bills. If a monthly due date doesn"t fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date. Keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills—one to correspond with each bill-paying day— and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaced. 5. Think of your filing system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filing system is both mentally and physically flexible. Everyone"s needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would 17 look for this?" Create main headings for your filing system, such as Investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的位置上。 {{B}} How We Form First Impression{{/B}} We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits. The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in a how a person's eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. Theses incoming "signals" are compared against a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex (大脑皮层) system to determine what these new signals "mean". If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says "familiar and safe". If you see someone new, it says, "new--potentially threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, "This is new. I don't like this person." Or else, "I am intrigued." Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures--like your other friends; so your brain says: "I like this person." But theses preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong. When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people--their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character--we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks. However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person's character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking--and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

填空题 Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades that ant—which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can pro-vide a near-perfect barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}Ants are used simply because they are so common and comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land quickly than others. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there," says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it: "That's the great thing about ants." Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their re-suits when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} A. This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery. B. Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely. C. Employing those people are expensive. D. They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys. E. The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem. F. Others will die out for lack of food.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1) 第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中第2、4、5、6每段选择1个最佳标题；(2) 第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 Drug Abuse 1 The term "drug abuse" most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs. 2 Pharmacologists, who study the effects of drugs, classify psychoactive drugs according to what they do to those who take them. Drugs that speed up signals passing through the nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and produce alertness and arousal and, in higher doses, excitability, and inhibit fatigue and sleep, are called stimulants. Drugs that retard, slow down, or depress signals passing through the central nervous system and produce relaxation, a lowering of anxiety, and, at higher doses, drowsiness and sleep, are called depressants. One distinct kind of depressants are those which dull the mind's perception of pain and in medicine are used as painkillers, or analgesics. These drugs called narcotics. 3 It is not always easy to determine exactly when simple drug use becomes abuse. Thus it is far easier to study who uses illegal psychoactive drugs than it is to study who abuses them. When re searchers describe patterns of drug abuse, then, they usually describe the more general phenomenon of drug use, whether it leads to abuse or not. 4 Drinking on the job is a social and economic problem with a long history. With the growing popularity of illegal drugs in the 1960s and 1970s, it was to be expected that their use in the workplace would emerge as a major issue by the 1980s. Estimates of employee drug use vary greatly, ranging from 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the job. The safe performance of some occupations among them is done by airline pilots in air traffic. 5 From the 1920s until the 1960s, treatment of drug abuse in the United States was practically nonexistent. During this period many officials did not believe that treatment was effective or necessary. Drug abusers and sellers were simply arrested and imprisoned, thereby discouraging use. The dramatic explosion in the use and abuse of a wide range of different drugs during the 1960s demonstrated the weakness of this theory. As a result, two treatment programs were developed during the 1960s. A. Patterns of drug abuse B. Treatment C. Drug testing in the workplace D. Classification of psychoactive drugs E. Definition of drug abuse

填空题How did She Conquer the American? African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the world"s most powerful celebrity, according to Forbes magazine. 11 Winfrey, 51, draws 30 million viewers weekly in the United States. Her talk show reaches 112 countries. She earned US $225 million over the past 12 months to rank second in celebrity riches. The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings. 12 "After 21 years, her exciting chat show still rules the airwaves. It created new celebrities and hundreds of millions of dollars in profits," the magazine said. Winfrey is most popular with her popular talk show "The Oprah Winfrey Show". She can always attract the superstars and let them open up to her intimate interviewing style. Last month, American actor Tom Cruise, 42, surprised fans when he celebrated his new romance with 26-year-old actress Katie Holmes. He jumped up and down, shouting "I"m in love." Only a few years ago, Cruise and his ex-wife Nicole Kidman appeared separately on the same show telling the news of their divorce. 13 Winfrey"s approach appears to be simple. She is in pursuit of self-improvement and self-empowerment (自强). This has proved to be just what people, especially women, want. Winfrey often talks about her personal secrets on her show. That pulls in viewers. For example, she revealed that she had been sexually abused as a child, and has spoken freely of her struggle with her weight. Winfrey was born to a poor family in Mississippi in 1954. 14 At the age of 19, she became the youngest person and the first African-American woman to anchor (主持) a news programme. Her success has not just been on the screen. Her media group includes a women"s TV network and websites for women. Winfrey"s work has extended to social change. 15 She testified before the US Senate to establish a national database of dangerous child abusers. President Bill Clinton later signed "Oprah Bill" into law. A. But it also looks at the celebrity"s presence on the Internet and in the media. B. In 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection Act. C. She was not a very successful woman. D. She began broadcasting while still at high school. E. It placed Winfrey at the top of its annual ranking of the 100 people last week. F. The couple had been tight-lipped about their break-up.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Travel and Tourism{{/B}}1 Remote places with strange-sounding names attract the traveller with promises of excitement, different forms of entertainment, and new kinds of food. The urge to travel is as old as civilization. Hundreds of years age. A young man from Venice named Marco Polo set out with his father for China, and his writings opened the Far East to Europeans of his time.2 The modern travel industry is organized to meet every need and desire of the individual traveller. While travel was once an uncertain and dangerous event, it is now an easily planned adventure that has been revolutionized by great improvements in transportation, computer technology, and networks of international communication.3 The individual traveller is concerned about where to go, how to get there, where to stay, where to eat, and what to eat. The travel industry is organized to meet these concerns in a variety of ways; travel agents and tour companies, transport companies, hotel arrangement and restaurant reservation systems, and local of national tourism boards.4 The age of international travel was revolutionized on Oct. 26,1958,when Pan American World Airways flew a Boeing 707 jet airplane from New York City to Paris with 123 people on board. Jets cut long-distance air travel time in half. In the following decades, the airline industry expanded greatly and used a variety of airplanes.5 Eating out poses few problems for a tourist who speaks the language of the country that he is visiting, but menus in other languages can be confusing and frustrating. It has been suggested that menus be printed in several languages, and restaurants in many major tourist centers now follow this practice.

填空题Rainmaking 1 The idea of rainmaking is almost as old as man, but it was not until 1946 that man succeeded in making rain. In ancient times, rainmakers had claimed to bring rain by many methods: dancing, singing, killing animals (including humans). 2 For a long time, men have understood where rain comes from. Water from the surface of oceans and lakes becomes part of the air, where it forms clouds from which rain falls. But exactly what starts the formation of raindrops was not known until quite recently. A man named John Aitken proved that drops of water gather around tiny bits of dust or other matter. The centers of the drops are so small that the human eye cannot see them. Without such centers, it seems raindrops do not form. 3 During World War Ⅱ, Dr. Irving Langmir, and his assistant Schaefer, were hired by the General Electric Company to study how and why ice forms on the wings of airplanes. They went to a mountain in New Hampshire, where snowstorms are common and cold winds blow. They were surprised to find that often the temperature of the clouds surrounding them was far below the freezing point, and yet ice did not form in the clouds. 4 After the War, Schaefer experimented with a machine that created cold, moist air similar to the air found in clouds. To imitate the moist air of a cloud, Schaefer would breathe into the machine. Then he would drop into the freezer a bit of powder, sugar, or some other substance. For weeks and months he tried everything he could imagine. Nothing happened. No crystals of ice were formed. None of the substances would serve as the center of a snow crystal or raindrops. 5 One July morning, Schaefer was dropping in bits of various substances and watching the unsuccessful results. Finally, a friend suggested that they go to eat lunch and Schaefer went with him. As usual, he left the cover of the freezer up, since cold air sinks and would not escape from the box. 6 Returning from lunch, Schaefer found that the temperature of the freezer had risen to a point higher than that required for ice crystals to remain solid. There were two choices now. He could close the cover and wait for the freezer itself to lower the air temperature, or he could make the process occur faster by adding dry ice—a gas in solid form that is very, very cold. He chose the latter plan. As he dropped the steaming white dry ice into the freezer, he happened to breathe out a large amount of air. And there, before his eyes, it happened! He had made ice crystals, not by adding centers to the moisture, but by cooling the breath so much that the liquid had to form crystals! Then he began to blow his breath into the freezer and drop large pieces of dry ice through it to create crystals which became a tiny snowstorm falling slowly to the floor of his laboratory. 7 After planning carefully, Schaefer made an experiment by dropping dry ice from his plane to the clouds below him. As was expected, snow formed and fell from the bottom of the cloud. Schaefer succeeded. He made history.

填空题Population The advantages and disadvantages of large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists (46) . To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. (47) . Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, (48) . One of the difficulties in carrying out a worldwide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, (49) .In a highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment (50) .When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or in decline.A. which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify themB. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limitedC. it will be the first concern of government to plane a limit on the birth rate, whatever the consequences may beD. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than could be obtained with a smaller populationE. A small population may mean lower productivity, but a higher average incomeF. because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods

填空题Cars Are Good for the Environment Britain's motor industry is planning a major publicity campaign to counter what it sees as an official anti-car bias and to improve the environmental image of the cars, according to documents leaked to the pressure group, Friends of the Earth (FOE). (46) The internal document which was produced last month by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, says that the "ultimate objective of the campaign must be to protect the long term commercial freedom of the motor industry and the lifestyle freedom of car users". (47) European car manufacturers have already agreed with the European Commission to reduce CO2 emissions from new cars by 25 per cent to target of 140 grams per kilometre by 2008. However, the document also reveals that the industry is some way from meeting the target. (48) To help control these emissions, the government has proposed replacing the flat rate annual tax on cars with a tax related to engine size so that owners of large gas-guzzler(耗油量大的汽车)would pay more than owners of small cars. (49) Richard Barnet, the society's media manager, says: "We will work with the government to practise a practical system." (50) A. The campaign will highlight the motor industry's efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)B. But the motor industry opposes taxes on persons owning cars preferring taxes on useC. The five-year campaign could cost up to ￡ 12 millionD. The reason why cars are good for the environment is obviousE. But Ian Willmore of FOE says the industry "may pose as partners of the government, but its real intention is to frustrate serious attempts to reduce traffic levels"F. For example, last year's new cars exceed an average of 192 grams per kilometre—some 37 percent above the target

填空题A. how much someone wants it to succeed B. a form of deep thought C. a condition similar to sleep D. have increased self-control and a reduced sense of pain E. hypnosis can't reduce or end a patient's pain F. persons can't be forced to do something they would normally oppose

填空题Pain All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely pain rarely. (46) Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system. (47) Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors, knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. (48) But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. (49) Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. (50) It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals.A. And others have painful attacks all the time.B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord (脊髓) to the brain, and back down again.C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it.D. They knew little about the process of pain itself.E. The other message moves at a speed of only 013～meter a second.F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题The ability to establish fine relations with others will keep you ______.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} The Safeness of IUDs for HIV-positive Women{{/B}} 1. Women infected with the most common form of HIV may safely use the intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception, provided they see a doctor regularly, new study findings suggest. 2. World Health Organization guidelines currently state that, in general, HIV-infected women should avoid IUDs. "Those guidelines were essentially made on theoretical concerns, and there are really very little data on what contraceptive is appropriate for HIV-infected women," said the lead author Dr. Charles S. Morrison in North Carolina. 3. Morrison and colleagues gathered information on IUD-related complications at 1, 4 and 24 months after placement of the device in 636 women living in Nairobi, Kenya. Of these women, 156 had HIV infection. Participating physicians did not know the patients' HIV status. There was "little difference in any side effects in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that the IUD is likely an appropriate method for HIV-infected women," Morrison said. "This is an important issue, because there are now 16 million women living with HIV and a lot of them have a critical need for contraception," he added. 4. The researchers did find that women with infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia at the study's outset were at increased risk of IUD complications, confirming current guidelines suggesting that women with sexually transmitted diseases not use IUDs. 5. In addition, there was no difference in the amount of virus the HIV-positive women were releasing from their cervix, or shedding8, at the beginning of the study compared with 4 months after the IUD was inserted, the researchers reported in the August issue of the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conversely, some studies have shown a relationship between increased cervical HIV shedding and the use of oral contraceptives. 6. "What this study suggests is that you need to avoid IUD use in women with a cervical infection but not women with HIV infection," Morrison said. "Women with cervical infections are at increased risk of complications; women with HIV infection are not."

填空题Ebola Outbreak 1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are battling an Ebola outbreak. Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection. Scientists believe that humans contracted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals. It is now believed that bats are the primary carriers of the virus. 2 To date, there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. However, other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders. 3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries, your risk of contracting the virus is virtually zero. Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS, the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infected person. Specifically, Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids. Though the virus is transmittable, only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable. 4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them after a week of contracting the virus. Symptoms may appear as early as two days or as late as three weeks after initial infection. Symptoms include disgust, weakness and stomach pain. More uncommon symptoms include chest pain, bleeding and sore throat. 5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every, organ of the body. This causes an overstimulation of the body"s inflammatory response, causing the flu-like symptoms. The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the body"s normal clotting mechanism (凝血机制), making bleeding even more severe. Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注) ultimately lead to organ failure and death. 6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years. While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable, Ebola is one of the world"s most fatal viral infections. Ebola"s fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.

填空题They were about five miles from their destination when the music on the radio was interrupted by a news announcement: "The Cheshire police have issued a serious warning after a man escaped from Colford Mental Hospital earlier this evening. ______ He is described as large, very strong and extremely dangerous. People in the Cheshire area are warned to keep their doors and windows locked, and to call the police immediately if they see anyone acting strangely. "Marie shivered. "A crazy killer. And he's out there somewhere. That's scary. "A. At last! Someone had come!B. He quickly disappeared into the blackness.C. The man, John Downey, is a murderer who killed six people before he was captured two years ago.D. This car is losing power for some reason--it must be that old problem with the carburetor.E. Marie quickly locked the doors and settled down under the blanket in the back for a long wait.F. As they drove, they listened to the local radio station, which was playing classical musi

填空题A Memory Drug? IT'S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory — enhancing drug. (1) Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal. Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. (2) Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout, recognizing familiar objects, and recalling a fear-inducing shock. If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. (3) As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don't have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life? (4) Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory, such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers' names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities? Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can't. The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can't forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? (5) A. Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory. B. A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease. C. What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace? D. We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future. E. There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything. F. The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.

填空题 1. Medical care has three main elements: diagnosis of disease or injury, treatment of disease or injury, and prevention of disease. 2. Serious ailments require diagnosis by an expert, who, in most cases, is a doctor. Doctors use three main types of "clues" in making a diagnosis:the patient's case history, the doctor' s physical examination of the patient, and the results of medical tests. Patients provide their own medical history by answering questions about their physical condition and past illnesses. Doctors use medical instruments, such as a stethoscope to listen to a patient's heart and lungs, to perform a physical examination. Medical laboratories aid diagnosis by making chemical and microscopic tests on body fluids and tissues. A physician may also order tests that use X rays, sound waves or electric waves to detect disease by literally looking inside the body. 3. People usually recover from minor illnesses and injuries without special treatment. In these cases, doctors may simply reassure their patients and allow the body to heal it-self. But serious ailments generally require special treatment. In these cases, a doctor may prescribe drugs, surgery, or other treatment. For thousands of years, drugs and surgery have provided two of the chief methods of treating disease. But modern science has helped make these methods much more effective than they used to be. Penicillin aad other "wonder drugs" help cure many infectious diseases that were once extremely difficult to treat. With the help of machines, surgeons can repair or replace organs that have been seriously damaged, including the heart and kidneys. Science has also helped develop entirely new methods of treatment. Radiotherapy, for example, makes use of X-rays and radioactive rays to treat cancer. 4. Doctors help prevent disease in various ways. They may give vaccinations to guard against such diseases as polio, hepatitis, and measles. They may also order a special diet or drug to strengthen a patient's natural defenses against illness. People can also help themselves remain healthy by exercising, by not smoking, and by avoiding use of alcohol or illegal drugs. Doctors can prevent many diseases from becoming serious by diagnosing and treating them in their early stages. For this reason, most doctors recommend regular physical examinations. 5. Local governments also contribute to the prevention of disease. They do sc by enforcing public health measures. For instance, they make sure that the community has pure drinking water and a system of garbage and sewage disposal. A number of national and international organizations work to improve the quality of medical care. These organizations encourage medical education and research, help standardize medical practice, and enforce codes of professional conduct.

填空题Development in Newspaper Organization One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century 1 , which are known as wire services. Wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue 2 . Today the maj6r wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (PUI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story. Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers 3 . A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and 4 . Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined 5 . Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry. A. to play an important role in newspaper operations B. was the growth of telegraph services C. and they usually enjoy, great prestige D. they are usually operated by a single owner E. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costs F. owned by a single person or organization

填空题Seeing Hands In the Soviet Union several cases have been reported recently of people who can read and detect colors with their fingers (46) . One case concerns an eleven-year-old school girl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid wails. (47) . One day she came into his office and happened to put heir hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, (48) . Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she live and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colors printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colors of a picture hidden under a carpet. (49) . During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers (50) . A. and even described the way they were done up in bundles. B. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. C. and even see through solid doors and walls. D. Anther Russian girl, Rosa Kuleshova, could read blindfold. E. this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet. F. This ability was first noticed by her father.

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. (46) "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is. to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess. " Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do. (47) The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. (48) Of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, a psychology professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. (49) Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning—and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. (50) A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "ah" key, because doing so would crash the systems.B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision. "C. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too."E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.