填空题A. because of their similarityB. that we would not be able to understand it at all.C. to the popularization of English as a world language D the trend to become a global languageE. what once happened to LatinF. but the speed with which

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}The Drink Your Body Needs Most{{/B}}1 Our bodies are estimated to be about 60 to 70% water. Blood is mostly water, and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物)to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs.2 We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is an obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty.3 A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane.4 'It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don't need.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women There is a range of reasons why thin women think they're too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest. Researchers found that among more than 2400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} According to the study authors,led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society Copenhagen," society's ideal" female body is moving toward an underweight physique (体格). {{U}}(47) {{/U}} To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires (调查表)to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index was at the low end of normal. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed (使破灭) , were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} In contrast, traumatic (使人不快的)events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} A. The same was true for women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old. B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image. C. "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one's) own body weight may be established early in life. "Kjaer and her colleagues write. D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less. E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight,it will help to talk to someone about it. F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.

填空题Seek Health and Wellness 1 Whether you are busy studying or starting clerkship, it is absolutely essential to maintain health and well-being throughout your medical career. Some ways are useful in trying to stay healthy and active. Hopefully you can take them! 2 Staring at a laptop screen for a prolonged (长时间) period of time not only dries out our eyes but also begins to take a toll on our efficiency. If you find yourself staring at the same slide for more than 15 minutes, take a nice walk outside! 3 Different types of nuts are great brain food! Nuts of any kind can easily be absorbed into your daily meals. They go great with milk and salads. To add in the nutritious value of nuts, they serve as a source of protein (蛋白质) while helping to raise HDL, the "good cholesterol" (胆固醇) in our bodies. 4 If you"re a coffee lover, try switching it up from time to time. Carbonated water is a good substitute every now and then. There are no calories, compared to regular sodas (碳酸饮料), and the carbonation adds a little fizz (嘶嘶声) that can help keep you awake and refreshed. 5 It"s easy to feel nervous about medical practice, but if you keep your mind focused on the big picture and acknowledge what you"ve done instead of what you haven"t, your mindset will take a turn for the greater good. Being confident and staying positive changes your mood and outlook making the workload more manageable. 6 We may have something called "puppy therapy". It"s important to have something that is "your thing", something that you enjoy doing that helps you connect with the outside world. That can be anything that can relax your mind and re-energize your body without taking a huge mass out of your busy day.

填空题Organ Donation and Transplantation 1. Organ donation (捐献) and transplantation (移植) refers to the process by which organs or tissues from one person are put into another person"s body. 2. The number of people needing a transplant continues to rise faster than the number of donors. About 3,700 transplant candidates are added to the national waiting list each month. Each day, about 77 people receive organ transplants. However, about 18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can"t take place because of the shortage of donated organs. 3. There are no age limits on who can be an organ donor. Newborns as well as senior citizens have been organ donors. If you are younger than 18, you must have a parent"s or guardian"s consent (同意). If you are 18 yearsold or older, you can show you want to be an organ and tissue donor by signing a donor card. 4. Many people think that if they agree to donate their organs, the doctor or the emergency room staff won"t work as hard to save their life. This is not true. The transplant team is completely separate from the medical staff working to save your life. The transplant team does not become involved with you until doctors have determined that all possible efforts to save your life have failed. 5. If you need an organ transplant, your doctor will help you get on the national waiting list. Your name will become part of a pool of names. When an organ donor becomes available, all the patients in the pool are compared to the donor. Factors such as blood and tissue type, size of the organ, medical urgency(紧急) of the patient"s illness, time already spent on the waiting list, and distance between donor and recipient(接受者) are considered.

填空题The development of the university relies to a certain extent on ______.

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Why Do People Shrink?{{/B}} Did you ever see the movie Honey, I shrunk the kids? It's about a wacky(古怪的)dad (who's also a scientist) who accidentally(偶然的) shrink's his kids with his homemade miniaturizing (使小型化) invention. Oops! The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. {{U}} (46) {{/U}}It takes place over years and may add up to only one inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less), and this kind of shrinking can*t be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. But why does shrinking happen at all? {{U}} (47) {{/U}}As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) take hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae(椎骨), may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}. But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis (骨质疏松症). Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy(海绵) bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. {{U}}(49) {{/U}}. Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people—especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with—are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act? You aren't as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}. Don't worry, though. Once you get a good night's rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you're standing tall again. A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter. B. That's because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it's not being replaced. D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E. For older people, shrinking isn't that dramatic or sudden at all. F. There are a few reasons.

填空题Reinventing the Table An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. (46) But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves. "I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students," he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. (47) But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which. "Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what's going on with the elements," says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge (48) (49) He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one-for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance. He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. (50) A. There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871.B. Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.C. "I imagine this would be good for undergraduates."D. Railsback has listed some elements more than once.E. And the size of element's symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth's crust.F. The traditional periodic table was well drawn.

填空题 Many Benefits from Cancer Organization 1. Do you know a child who survived leukemia? Do you have a mother, sister or aunt whose breast cancer was found early thanks to a mammogram? Do you have a friend or coworker who quit smoking to reduce their risk of lung cancer? Each of these individuals benefited from the American Cancer Society's research program. 2. Each day scientists supported by the American Cancer Society work to find breakthroughs that will take U.S. one step closer to a cure. The American Cancer Society has long recognized that research holds the ultimate answers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 3. As the largest source of nonprofit cancer research funds in the United States, the American Cancer Society devotes over $100 million each year to research. Since 1946, they've invested more than $2.4 billion in research. The investment has paid rich dividends. In 1946, only one in four cancer patients was alive five years after diagnosis; today 60 percent live longer than five years. 4. Investigators and health professionals in universities, research institutes and hospitals throughout the country receive grants from the American Cancer Society. Of the more than 1,300 new applications received each year, only 11 percent can be funded. If the American Cancer Society had more money available for research funding, could nearly 200 more applications considered outstanding be funded each year? 5. You can help fund more of these applications by participating in the American Cancer Society Relay for Life, a team event to fight cancer. More funding means more cancer breakthroughs and more lives being saved. To learn more, call Donna Hood, chair with the Neosho Relay for Life of the American Cancer Society at 451-4880. A. What Could Be Done with More Money B. Establishment of the American Cancer Society C. Significance of Funded Research D. Other Sources of Funding for Cancer Research E. Benefits Achieved Through Investment F. How You Can Offer Help

填空题 How to Argue with Your Boss 1. Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss's secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss's secretary, there are keys to timing: don't approach the boss when he's on deadline; don't go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don't go in just before or after he has taken a vacation. 2. If you're mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don't let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then, maybe he will dismiss you. 3. Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it. 4. Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can't put forward an immediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can't get past the secretary. 5. To deal effectively with a boss, it's important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals. A. Keep Your Voice Low All the Time B. Put Yourself in the Boss's Position C. Propose Your Solution D. Don't Go In When You Are Angry E. Make the Issue Clear F. Never Give In

填空题Sleep is part of a person's daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles. If you are an average sleeper, (46) . When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes. (47) . For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. The lower your stage of sleep, (48) . Then, about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness, you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, (49) . The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep. (50) . Provided that you do not wake up during the first REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep--only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.A. your brain activity level will increase again slightly.B. The slower your brain waves will be.C. Your brain is still working when you are sleeping.D. Your sleep cycle is as follows.E. It is during REM sleep that most dreams seem to occur.F. This is called stage i sleep.

填空题A typical feature of people with autism is their uneven

填空题A Baby"s Growth 1 To describe a baby"s growth, the old saying "one thing leads to another" should really read, "one thing leads to an explosion". The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world. 2 You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world. 3 If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell"s measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there. He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother"s face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further. His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination. 4 An early attachment to one object—a toy or a stuffed animal—is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby"s interests are going beyond himself. Most babies do not prefer one toy this early, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a "lovey". A "lovey" will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and "talked to". These "loveies" give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother. A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby"s extension of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a "lovey" is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.

填空题Lung Cancer 1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars. 2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers—21 to 30 cigarettes per day—the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected that the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect. 3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time when an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained. Modem X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed. 4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma, so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy. 5 Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.

填空题Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arrest. The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victim"s mouth and repeated presses on the chest. 1 However, a new Japanese study questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in the British medical magazine, The Lancet. Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest. In all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen. More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only. 2 The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patient"s survival. But, they said those people treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability. 3 The American Heart Association changed its guidelines for CPR chest presses in 2005. 4 Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that appeared with the Study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this would save lives. 5 Cardiac arrest kills more than 300,000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get to a medical center. A. So far, we have not known exactly yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really useless in CPR. B. Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability. C. CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain. D. His studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease. E. It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given. F. No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them.

填空题The Drink Your Body Needs Most 1 Our bodies are estimated to be about 60%to 70%water. Blood is mostly water. and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients(滋养物)to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs. 2 We lose water through urination(排尿), respiration(呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration(脱水)include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation(便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is all obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. 3 A good rule of thumb(好的做法)is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces(盎司)of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane 4 It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don't need A. Ounces of Water Needed Per Day B. Importance of Water C. Composition of Water D. Signs of Dehydration E. Supply of Water F. Necessity for Bringing a Bottle for Water with Yon

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} First Aid{{/B}}1 First aid is the kind of medical that are given to a victim of an accident or sudden sickness before trained medical help can arrive. First aid techniques are often simple. They can be taught to people of all ages. And learning them is important. Knowing how to treat someone in an emergency can mean the difference beween life and death.2 Thousands of persons die each year after eating or drinking poison substances. Experts say most accidental poisonings happen in or near the home. And most are caused by substances we commonly use at home: medical supplies, insect poisons or cleaning fluids. There are several common signs of poisoning. A sudden feeling of pain or sickness. Burns in the area of the mouth. Or an unusual smell coming from a person's mouth.3 Health experts generally advise poison victims to drink water or milk. But never give liquids to someone who is not awake or to those having a violent reaction to the poison. Next, seek help from trained medical experts. Save material expelled from the mouth for doctors to examine. Save the container of the suspected poison to answer questions the doctors may have. The container also may describe a substance that halts the poison's effects. Use this substance without delay.4 The American Red Cross says all homes should have at least three substances to deal with poisoning. One, syrup of ipecac(吐根糖浆),is a fluid that helps the body expel material from the stomach. Another, activated charcoal (活性炭), lessens the danger of poisons. The other material, epsom salts(泻盐), helps to speed the release of body wastes. All three should be used only on the advice of a medical expert.5 The Red Cross says expulsion (清除) of material from the stomach—vomiting (呕吐)— sometimes may be started if medical advice is delayed. But it says vomiting should be used only when it is known the victim took too much of what is called a general poison, such as a medicine. The experts say never cause vomiting if the victim was poisoned by a petroleum product or by a substance that was a strong acid or a strong alkali(碱). These victims should be taken to a medical center as soon as possible.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的位置上。 {{B}} More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing{{/B}} Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep--for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake. "he said.

填空题Aspirin — a New Miracle Drug 1. Using aspirin, an over-the-counter pill on sale in every supermarket without a prescription, to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery. But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics, digitalis and other miracle drugs. 2. In its natural form as willow bark and leaves, this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates. In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin. By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant, acetylsalicylic acid, under the name of aspirin. 3. Since then, aspirin and compounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients. As a pain killer aspirin is, according to one study, more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use. It also acts on the body's thermostat, turning down fever. 4. But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently. In 1950 the late Dr. Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight, sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day. None had had a heart attack. He enlarged his group to 8,000 and in 1956 reported: "Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis" and "no major stroke" had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years. But his observations were largely ignored. 5. Then Dr. Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body's prostaglandins hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell. Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever, pain and arthritis. One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries. Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect. 6. Vane's finding caused some researchers to recall Craven's 1956 observations, which now had a possible scientific explanation. Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke. 7. In 1972, ten US medical institutions began two "double-blind" trials of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients, while placebo tablets were given to 150. Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which. After six months, the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs, and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the "controls". The results were so conclusive that aspirin has been used for this purpose widely.

填空题A Biological Clock Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. 1 It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake. Events outside the plant and animal affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. 2 3 German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip, but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended. Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. 4 Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities. Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. 5 Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory"s, production. A. These cells tell a person when to awaken, when to sleep and when to seek food. B. Inner signals control other biological clocks. C. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. D. It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. E. The reason why there is a biological clock is not confirmed. F. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.