填空题1. Too Dangerous for College On Tuesday, the Associated Press reported that beer maker Anheuser - Busch has scaled back a promotion called "Fan Cans" in which the company targeted college students by painting cans of Bud Light in school colors. (46) In response, the company agreed to stop selling the special - edition cans where colleges objected. A number of colleges had complained about the campaign, on the grounds that, among other things, it sends the wrong message about drinking. " We think it' s an ill -conceived and inappropriate campaign that runs counter to our collective efforts to combat underage drinking," a spokesman for Boston College told the Associated Press. On its face, restricting the ability of beer makers to target college students directly seems like a fine idea. After all, the logic seems to go, these people are old enough to be away from home, but not quite old enough to make responsible decisions. (47) If we' re going to treat college kids like kids, then beer isn' t the only product that ought to have its marketing wings clipped by those who know what' s best. Actually there is a list of products that get marketed to college students every day all across the country, such as cigarettes. Last year, the American Lung Association reported that after 1998, when the tobacco industry signed an agreement with 46 states that restricted tobacco advertising, the industry began targeting college students by spending more money on promotions in bars and nightclubs where those students spend time. (48) Moreover, those promotions seem to work. (49) Should society be concerned about Big Tobacco targeting college kids? You bet: according to the ALA, fully half of occasional college smokers were still smoking four years later. Smoking is arguably as dangerous to students' well - being as alcohol. (50) If we' re going to be paternalistic (家长式作风的), let's at least be consistent.A. But if college students aren't quick -wined (机敏的) enough to see past colored beer eans, can we really trust them to navigate the slick (狡猾的) marketing campaigns of other dangerous products?B. Yet all of them are marketed at college students.C. Anheuser - Busch got a push from the Federal Trade Commission, which was "concerned that cans will be marketed to fans under the legal age of 21."D. It is more dangerous for college students nowadays than previous years.E. According to a 2004 paper by researchers at Harvard, students who were exposed to those promotions were more likely to smoke than those who didn't.F. In a 2000-01 survey, students at 115 of the 119 schools studied said they saw tobacco promotions at a bar or nightclu

填空题A. put forward the idea of founding the Open UniversityB. than it could admitC. learn through correspondenceD. offer foundation courses in technologyE. charge students a low tuition feeF. be awarded Master's or Pit. D Degrees

填空题Many Benefits from Cancer Organization Do you know a child who survived leukemia? Do you have a mother, sister or aunt whose breast cancer was found early thanks to a mammogram? Do you have a friend or coworker who quit smoking to reduce their risk of lung cancer? Each of these individuals benefited from the American Cancer Society"s research program. Each day scientists supported by the American Cancer Society work to find breakthroughs that will take US one step closer to a cure. The American Cancer Society has long recognized that research holds the ultimate answers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. As the largest source of nonprofit cancer research funds in the United States, the American Cancer Society devotes over $100 million each year to research. Since 1946, they"ve invested more than $2.4 billion in research. The investment has paid rich dividends. In 1946, only one in four cancer patients was alive five years after diagnosis; today 60 percent live longer than five years. Investigators and health professionals in universities, research institutes and hospitals throughout the country receive grants from the American Cancer Society. Of the more than 1,300 new applications received each year, only 11 percent can be funded. If the American Cancer Society had more money available for research funding, nearly 200 more applications considered outstanding could be funded each year. You can help fund more of these applications by participating in the American Cancer Society, Relay for Life, a team event to fight cancer. More funding means more cancer breakthroughs and more lives being saved. To learn more, call Donna Hood, chair with the Neosho Relay for Life of the American Cancer Society at 4514880.

填空题 Looking to the Future When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said. Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would "radiate light" and "change color with the push of a button." Food would be replaced by pills. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2020? {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} The future is much too important to simply guess about the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}But can they? One expert on cities wrote= cities of the future would not be crowded, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in "airbuses", large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents "almost unheard of". Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957. His subject was "The city of 1982". If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it's probably because future study is still a new field. But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, has been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}In October of that year, the stock market had its worst losses ever, ruining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}In 1957, H.J. Rand of the Rad Corporation was asked about the year 2000. "Only one thing is certain, " he answered. "Children will have reached the age of 43. " A. By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen scientists and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. B. School would be taught "by electrical impulse while we sleep". C. One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. D. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. E. Everyone may look to the future for it is always promising. F. Actually, the article was written in 1958 and the question was, "What will life be like in 19787"

填空题What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. (1) Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose can't be used by the body on its own — it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body. Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, it's because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. (2) You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents' age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes. (3) When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It won't ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older. Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. (4) Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes, something else outside the person's body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with — this means you can't get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isn't caused by eating too many sugary foods, either. Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person's body — sometimes months or years. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. (5) A. Genes are something that you inherit from your parents, and they are in your body even before you're born. B. This sugar-fuel is called glucose. C. It may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes. D. You can't catch diabetes from people who have it, no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them. E. The glucose can't get into the cells of the body without insulin. F. When a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the person's body needs more than the pancreas can make.

填空题 Stanford University 1. Stanford University is sometimes called "the Harvard of the West". The closeness of Stanford to San Francisco, a city thirty-two miles to the north, gives the university a decidedly cosmopolitan (世界性的) flavor. 2. The students are enrolled mainly from the western United States. But most of the fifty states send students to Stanford, and many foreign student study here, as well. And standards for admission remain high. Young men and women are selected to enter the university from the upper fifteen percent of their high school classes. 3. Not only because of the high caliber (素质) of its students but also because of the desirable location and climate, Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the world's most respected scholars. The university staff has included many Nobel Prize winners in various fields. Stanford's undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business law, and medicine are especially well-regarded. 4. What is student life like on "The Farm"? Culturally, the campus is a magnet for both students and citizens of nearby communities. Plays, concerts, and operas are performed in the university's several auditoriums and in its outdoor theater, where graduations are also held. Several film series are presented during the school year. Guest lecturers from public and academic life frequently appear on campus. For the sports-minded, the Stanford campus offers highly developed athletic facilities. Team sports, swimming, and track and field activity are all very much part of the Stanford picture. So are bicycling and jogging. 5. In addition to financial support from alumni (校友), Stanford receives grants from the government and from private charities. In recent years, government grants have made. Possible advanced studies in the fields of history, psychology, education, and atomic energy. At present Stanford is carrying out all ambitious building program, financed in part by the Ford Foundation's 25 million grant. Recently added to the campus ale a new physics building. New school of business, new graduate school of law, new student union, and undergraduate library.

填空题A．develop new talentsB．learn organized courses voluntarilyC．great economic and social changesD．continued learningE．by self-studyF．in the 18th and 19th centuries

填空题 Mind Those Manners on the Subway So, there you are, just sitting there in the subway car, enjoying that book you just bought. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Or, the person sitting next to you takes out a nail clipper (指甲刀) and begins cutting his or her nails. Annoying? Many of us have to spend some time every day on public transportation. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}So, to make the trip more pleasant, we suggest the following. Let passengers get off the bus or subway car before you can get on. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Stand away from the doors when they are closing. Don't talk loudly on a bus or subway. Chatting loudly with your friends can be annoying to others. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Don't think your bags and suitcases (手提箱) deserve a seat of their own. Use a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze (打喷嚏). An uncovered sneeze can spread germs (细菌) ,especially in crowded places. Don't cut your nails or pick your nose on public transportation. Don't read over other people's shoulder. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}It can make people uncomfortable. They might think you're too stingy (小气的) even to buy a newspaper. Or they might think you're judging their behavior. A. Don't eat food in your car. B. Don't shout into your mobile phone on a bus or subway. C. We all know that some behaviors are simply unacceptable. D. Many people do this on subways, but it's really annoying. E. Getting off and on in an orderly manner can save time for all. F. Suddenly, you feel someone leaning over your shoulder reading along with you.

填空题A Baby"s Growth 1．To describe a baby"s growth, the old saying "one thing leads to another" should really read, "one thing leads to an explosion". The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world. 2．You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world. 3．If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell"s measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there. He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother"s face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further. His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination. 4．An early attachment to one object—a toy or a stuffed animal—is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby"s interests are going beyond himself. Most babies do not prefer one toy this early, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a "lovey". A "lovey" will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and "talked to". These "loveies" give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother. A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby"s extension of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a "lovey" is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题：(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}Friendly Relations with the People Around{{/B}}1. You depend on all the people closely around to give you the warm feeling of belongingness (归属) that you must have to feel secure. But, in fact, the members of all the groups to which you belong also depend on you to give that feeling to them. A person who shows that he wants everything for himself is bound (一定的) to be a lonely wolf.2. The need for companionship is closely related to the need for a sense of belongingness. How sad and lonely your life would be if you had no one to share your feelings and experiences. You may take it for granted that there always will be people around to talk to and to do things with you and for you. The important point, however, is that keeping emotionally healthy does not depend so much upon having people around you as upon your ability to establish relationships that are satisfying both to you and to them.3. Suppose you are in a crowd watching a football game. You don't know them. When the game is over, you will all go your separate ways. But just for a while you had a feeling of companionship, of sharing the feelings of others who were cheering for the team you wanted to win.4. An experience of this kind gives the clue (线索) to what companionship really is. It depends upon emotional ties of sympathy, understanding, trust, and affection. Companions become friends when these ties are formed.5. When you are thrown in a new circle of acquaintances (熟人), you may not know with whom you will make friends, but you can be sure that you will be able to establish friendships if you show that you really like people.

填空题A. in the development of air transportationB. the earliest passenger flights were successfully operatedC. to make travel easy and pleasant for the passengersD. to provide different servicesE. the shortage of qualified pilotsF. travelling by air was very cheap

填空题Anti-Aging Secrets: Four Ways to Stay Young The aging process is not easy for anyone. While some people accept getting older and do everything within their power to keep the mind and body active, others adopt a negative attitude and give in to the effects of aging. However, the key to feeling young is maintaining a young mental state. Moreover, simple lifestyle changes can make you feel years younger. Keeping the mind active is the best medicine against aging. Studies have shown that persons who remain active following retirement live longer. Brainpower and physical fitness go hand-in-hand. When minds are sharpened or active, we are more likely to be physically active. Even if aging results in slight memory loss or a little confusion, brain exercises such as crossword puzzles (填字游戏) can improve memory. Some persons are naturally introverted (内倾性格的) or shy, which can result in isolation. If you want to live a long life, avoid isolation. Maintaining healthy relationships has lasting benefits. Establishing strong relationships could lower blood pressure, promote relaxation, ease pain, and may even strengthen the immune system (免疫系统). Too much stress can quickly age people. Completely ridding (使摆脱) our lives of stress is impossible. On the other hand, we can adopt simple techniques for better coping with life"s problems, including reducing chaos, setting realistic goals, and relaxing. If you think that you are old, you feel old. Try to be cheerful and avoid developing a negative attitude towards life. Sometimes, this involves changing our association. Surrounding yourself with complainers will start to influence your attitude to life. We all experience hardships. Rather than focusing on the unpleasant, reflect on the positive things about life.

填空题 Medicine is the science and art of healing. It is a science because it is based on knowledge gained through careful study and experimentation. It is an art because it depends on how skillfully doctors and other medical workers apply this knowledge when dealing with patients. 2. The goals of medicine are to save lives, to relieve suffering, and to maintain the dignity of ill individuals. For this reason, medicine has long been one of the most respected professions. Thousands of men and women who work in the medical profession spend their lives caring for the sick. When disaster strikes, hospital workers rush emergency aid to the injured. When epidemics threaten, doctors and nurses work to prevent the spread of disease. Researchers in the medical profession continually search for better ways of fighting disease. 3. Human beings have suffered from illnesses since they first appeared on the earth. Throughout most of this time, they knew little about how the human body works or what causes disease. Treatment was based largely on superstition and guesswork. 4. However, medicine has made tremendous progress in the last several hundred years. Today, it is possible to cure, control, or prevent hundreds of diseases. People live longer than they did in the past as a result of new drugs, machines, and surgical operations. Medical progress in the control of infectious diseases, improvements in health care programs for mothers and children, and better nutrition, sanitation, and living conditions have given people a longer life expectancy. 5. As medicine has become more scientific, it has also become more complicated. In the past, doctors cared for patients almost single-handedly. Patients received treat-ment at home for most kinds of illnesses. Today, doctors no longer work by themselves. Instead they head medical teams made up of nurses, laboratory workers, and many other skilled professionals. The care provided by such teams cannot generally be started at home. As a result, clinics and hospitals have become the chief centers for medical care in most countries.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题：(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的位置上。 {{B}} Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists{{/B}} 1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud simply declared it to be neurotic. 2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset(思想倾向) as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer. 3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the US State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them. 4. The points more on the pessimism scale-that was the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic"-were enough to boost a person's chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania. 5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in SanFrancisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation. 6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts, tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly. 7. There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset (最初) and the effect remains the same. 8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. "Sublimating (vi.升华) and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light," said California. 9. German science journal Bild der Wissenschaft, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on "the right attitude" to having a tumor. 10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely. 11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of US cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakeable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premiers Tour de France. 12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Caregie Mellon University in Pittsburgh: 420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold. 13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends, neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three of fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Farmers' Markets Charlotte Hollins knows she faces a battle. The 23-year-old British farmer and her 21-year-old brother Ben are fighting to save the farm from developers that their father worked on since he was 14.{{U}} (46) {{/U}} "You don't often get a day off. Supermarkets put a lot of pressure on farmers to keep prices down. With fewer people working on farm it can be isolating, "she said, "There is a high rate of suicide and farming will never make you rich!" Oliver Robinson, 25, grew up on a farm in Yorkshire. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} "I'm sure dad hoped I'd stay," he said. "I guess it's a nice, straightforward life, but it doesn't appeal. For young, ambitious people, farm life would be a hard world. " For Robinson, farming doesn't offer much" in terms of money or lifestyle. "Hollins agrees that economics stops people from pursuing farming rewards: "providing for a vital human need, while working outdoors with nature. " Farming is a big political issue in the UK. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}The 2001 foot and mouth crisis closed thousands of farms, stopped meat exports, and raised public consciousness of troubles in UK farming. Jamie Oliver's 2005 campaign to get children to eat healthily also highlighted the issue. This national concern spells (带来) hope for farmers competing with powerful supermarkets. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} "I started going to Farmers' Markets in direct defiance (蔑视) of the big supermarkets. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} It's terrible," said Londoner Michael Samson. A. But he never considered staying on his father and grandfather's land. B. While most people buy food from the big supermarkets, hundreds of independent Farmers' Markets are becoming popular. C. While confident they will succeed, she lists farming's many challenges: D. Young people prefer to live in cities. E. I seriously objected to the super sizing of everything--what exactly DO they put on our apples to make them so big and red? F. "Buy British" campaigns urge(鼓励) consumers not to buy cheaper imported foods.

填空题A. donated organsB. the national waiting listC. a donor cardD. senior citizensE. all possible effortsF. the most suitable candidate

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Mind Those Manners on the Subway{{/B}} So, there you are, just sitting there in the subway car, enjoying that book you just bought.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}Or, the person sitting next to you takes out a nail clipper (指刀) and begins cutting his or her nails. Annoying? Many of us have to spend some time every day on public transportation.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}So, to make the trip more pleasant, we suggest the following: Let passengers get off the bus or subway car before you can get on.{{U}} (48) {{/U}} Stand away from the doors when they are closing. Don't talk loudly on a bus or subway. Chatting loudly with your friends can be annoying to others.{{U}} (49) {{/U}} Don't think your bags and suitcases (手提箱) deserve a seat of their own. Use a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze (打喷嚏). An uncovered sneeze can spread germs (细菌), especially in crowded places. Don't cut your nails or pick your nose on public transportation. Don't read over other people's shoulder.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}It can make people uncomfortable. They might think you're too stingy (小气的) even to buy a newspaper. Or they might think you're judging their behavior.A. Don't eat food in your car.B. Don't shout into your mobile phone on a bus or subway.C. We all know that some behaviors are simply unacceptable.D. Many people do this on subways, but it's really annoying.E. Getting off and on in an orderly manner can save time for all.F. Suddenly, you feel someone leaning over your shoulder reading along with you.

填空题As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period. (46) . He agreed that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society. Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples. (47) . Muller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena. For example, an expression like "maiden dawn" for "sunrise" resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her. Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution, put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the dies tan past. (48) . In Primitive Culture (1871), Tyler organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages. Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The golden bough. According to Frazer's scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces(magic.,later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation(science.. The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1989), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith's work, Frazer came to whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance. (49) . This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth. Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core-whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves. (50) .A. German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India—the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology.B. The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.C. Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths-like dreams-condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.D. This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tyler.E. The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths(instead of fabula, meaning "fable")to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.F. German scholar Karl Outfield mullet followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Health Education{{/B}}1 Health education is the part of health care that is concerned with promoting healthy behavior. A person's behavior may be the main cause of a health problem, but it can also be the main solution. This is true for the teenager who smokes, the mother with the poorly nourished (营养) child, and the butcher (屠夫，卖肉的人)who gets a cut on his finger. By changing their beha～vior these individuals can solve and prevent many of their own problems.2 Health education does not replace other health services, but it is needed to promote the proper use of these services. One example of this is immunization (免疫) :scientists have made many vaccines (疫苗) to prevent diseases, but this achievement is of no value unless people to go receive the immunization.3 Health education encourages behavior that promotes health, prevents illness, cures disease, and contributes to recovery. The needs and interests of individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities are at the heart of health education programs. Thus there are many opportunities for practicing health education.4 Health education is not the same thing as health information. Correct information is certainly a basic part of health education, but health education must also address the other factors that affect health behavior such as availability (可获性) of resouces, effectiveness of community leadership, social support from family members, and levels of self-help skills. Health education therefore uses a variety of methods to help people understand their own situations and choose actions that will improve their health. Health education is incomplete unless it encourages involvement and choice by the people themselves.5 Also, in health education we do not blame people if they do not behave in a healthy way. Often unhealthy behavior is not the fault of the individual. In health education we must work with families, communities, and even regional and national authorities to make sure that resources and support are available to enable each individual to lead a healthy life.

填空题The Drink Your Body Needs Most1 Our bodies are estimated to be about 60 to 70% water. Blood is mostly water, and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物)to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs.2 We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is an obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty.3 A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane.4 'It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don't need.