填空题 Soot and Snow: a Hot Combination 1. New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. 2. Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight. 3. Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York. 4. Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land. 5. "Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon- dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted. 6. Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing rest of this century. 7. The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers' climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

填空题Why Do People Shrink? Did you ever see the movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids? It"s about a wacky dad (who"s also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! 1 For older people, shrinking isn"t that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only one inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less), and this kind of shrinking can"t be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. 2 There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) takes hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. 3 But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. 4 Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people—especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter hones to begin with—are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act? You aren"t as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That"s because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don"t worry, though. 5 A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter. B. Once you get a good night"s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you"re standing tall again. C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it"s not being replaced. D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. F. But why does shrinking happen at all?

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 The Arctic Ice is Thawing Father Christmas may have to move his "workshop" from the North Pole because global warming is thawing the ice beneath his feet and his reindeers, feet as well. His" workshop" is in dire straits. The "platform " for the "workshop" is melting, said Stefan Norris of the World Wildlife Fund Environmental Group's Arctic Program. An eight-nation report by 250 scientists published recently predicted the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer by 2100 because of a build-up of beat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, mainly from burning fossil fuels in cars or factories. The North Pole is getting more and more inhabitable to Father Christmas, {{U}}(46) {{/U}} . Young people learn that, Father Christmas' "workshop" produces millions of gifts delivered by him on a flying, reindeer-drawn sleigh. Hollywood movies like" The Polar Express" tried to make viewers believe that Father Christmas lives at the North Pole. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. The" Fortress of Solitude" is near the North Pole that could be under threat in a warmer world. Jan Boldt, spokesman of the Danish Ministry of Science, suggested ways to rescue Father Christmas. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}. Another alternative, he argued, would be building some electrical facilities to ensure the ice stays on the North Pole for him. "This should be a subject for the United Nations. "he said" Danmark could build windmills to provide Father Christmas with power. " Denmark says Fair Christmas's real home is Greenland, which will help, Denmark thinks, to strengthen its position in claiming the sovereignty over the Pole. {{U}}(49) {{/U}}. "Doesn't he already speak Danish?" Boldt said frostily when asked if Father Christmas would be forced to learn Danish if Denmark won international recognition of its claim to the Pole. Last month's Arctic report said the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe, partly because dark ground or water, once uncovered, soaks up more heat than ice or snow. Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. A. However, Nordic nations all reject it by claiming that their countries are his home. B. Therefore the North Pole is the most attractive place in the world. C. If Denmark's claim were accepted internationally, it would have the legal right to search for oil and gas at the North Pole. D. One of them would be building a giant floating ice rink for the workshop if the Pole thaws. E. Maybe Father Christmas has already moved to Rovaniemi. F. He may have to move from the North Pole within one children's lifetimes.

填空题A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. ______ They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.A. Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity.B. This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.C. The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man.D. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods.E. But it is no unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps.F. If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a "team game".

填空题American Families Despite social and economic differences among Americans, many American families have certain characteristics in common. Both the husband and wife were born in the United States, and their forefathers came from Europe. They have completed high school, and they belong to the middle class. They have a car, a television set, a washing machine, a refrigerator, a telephone, etc. They own their own home and spend about 55% of their income for housing and food. Clothing accounts for almost 10% of their income, medical care 6%, transportation 8% and taxes 15%. The rest of their income is used for such items as insurance, savings, gifts, and recreation. Most families consist of a mother, a father, and, at most, two children living at home. There may be relatives—grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins living in the same community, but American families usually maintain separate households. This family structure is known as the "nuclear family". It is unusual for members of the family other than the husband, wife, and children to live together. Marriage in the United States is considered a matter of individual responsibility and decision. Young people frequently fall in love and marry even if their parents disagree. American marriages are usually based on romantic love, rather than on social class, education, or religion. After their marriage, the young couple is free to decide where to live and when to start a family. Most young couples set up their own household immediately. In the early 1970s only 15% of all married couples were not living on their own—independently and by themselves. Most married people practise some kind of birth control. They plan the number of children they are going to have and when their children will be born. The practice of limiting the size of families has general approval. The birth rate has been declining steadily in recent years.

填空题 The Science of Sport1 At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, the Chinese athlete Liu Xiang equaled the world record for the 110 metres hurdles (跨栏) when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds. This record time had been set in 1993 by British sprinter (短跑运动员) Colin Jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to run as fast.2 Record-breaking in all track events is slowing down and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. Nevertheless, every four years, records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. So what's behind this never-ending improvement in performance? And how long can we keep breaking records? Is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds?3 Most experts agree that it isn't the athletes' bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. The individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed, but the help of science and technology can be significant. Research has brought a better understanding of the athlete's body and mind but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance.4 Scientists have shown that an athlete's body's needs vary according to the type of sport. This research has helped top sports people to adapt their training programme and diet better to their particular needs. Running the marathon and cycling, for example, are endurance (耐力) sports and require a different parathion (硝苯硫磷脂) to that of a 100-metre sprinter. In some sports, changes in techniques have significantly improved performance.5 But in any sport, a player's success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. Most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance. For example, the English football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players relax and not feel so nervous. Before a difficult match, tennis players are encouraged to use visualization (想象) techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice.6 But as science begins to dominate sport, are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition, the sporting challenge? What's more, are all these advantages fair?

填空题 Are Online Friends Real Friends? Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate. Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It's convenient, it's fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It's often easier to share thoughts and feeling online. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems. Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantages. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can't be sure of what they really like. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you're totally sure of who that person is. Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel "as strongly about their online buddies" as they do about their "offline" friends. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}In contrast, there are many people who believe that it's not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy, says, "it's good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}They say that it's hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don't share experiences in person. People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, "A social networking site should only be the 'add on' in any relationship." A. In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support. B. When you're not face to face, it's much easier to deceive people. C. Many people would agree. D. Researchers also found that it's not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends. E. Online friends may be of help in many ways. F. Online friends, or virtual friends, are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Price Planning{{/B}} A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing. The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer’s pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place, both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels. Many words are substitutes for the term price: admission fee, membership fee, rate, tuition, service charge, donation, rent, salary, interest, retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}: monetary and non-monetary charges, discounts, handling and shipping fees, credit charges and other forms of interest, and late-payment penalties. A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined. This is common with automobiles,{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price. From a broader perspective, price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of demand over supply, prices are usually bid up by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand,{{U}} (50) {{/U}}.A. a price contains all the terms of purchaseB. obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturerC. where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-inD. available for other itemsE. prices are usually reduced by sellersF. price means what one pays for what he wants

填空题Looking into the Future Bertrand Russell, a famous philosopher, said in 1944, "The one thing the study of the past teaches us is that the future is never how people imagine it will be. " In 1946, physicists predicted that within twenty years, most of the world's energy would be supplied by nuclear power. (46) In 1951, a famous surgeon said that he and his colleagues were confident that "by the end of the 1950s, a cure for most if not all cancers will have been found. " In 1954, an American economist predicted Americans would go on getting richer and richer. (47) . In the year 1969, an automation engineer working for Max Factor Cosmetics in Britain said that "within twenty or twenty-five years factories that today employ hundreds of workers will need only five or ten computer technicians to run them. " (48) . In the early 1970s, there were many predictions that before the end of the century most homes in the United States, Europe and Japan would have computers in them. (49) Long before 1980, it was predicted that instead of letting nature and luck choose their children's characteristics, people would have to decide which characteristics they wanted their children to inherit from them and previous generations in their families. (50) We may be able to have "undesirable" characteristics changed or destroyed through genetic therapy. Perhaps we may even begin to wish that Bertrand Russell was right when he said that history teaches us that the future is never like that future we imagine. A．"By the end of the century," he said, "there will be no poverty anywhere in the country." B．If this prediction comes true, we will be faced with a much greater responsibility than ever before. C．According to the same predictions, this would result in "an information explosion" as well as "radical and revolutionary changes in the way we work, learn, and do business. " D．When this prediction came true, more people would be killed than ever before. E．They were certain that this would not only be "far cleaner than coal and other fossil fuels but far safer and much cheaper. " F．He added that this "will lead to enormous social problems for unskilled manual workers in particular, who will be unable to find work. /

填空题Health Education1．Health education is the part of health care that is concerned with promoting healthy behavior. A person's behavior may be the main cause of a health problem, but it can also be the main solution. This is true for the teenager who smokes, the mother with the poorly nourished (营养)child, and the butcher (屠夫,卖肉的人)who gets a cut on his finger, By changing their beha～vior these individuals can solve and prevent many of their own problems.2．Health education does not replace other health services, but it is needed to promote the proper use of these services. One example of this is immunization (免疫) :scientists have made many vaccines (疫苗) to prevent diseases, but this achievement is of no value unless people to go receive the immunization.3．Health education encourages behavior that promotes health, prevents illness, cures disease, and contributes to recovery. The needs and interests of individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities are at the heart of health education programs. Thus there are many opportunities for practicing health education.4．Health education is not the same thing as health information. Correct information is certainly a basic part of health education, but health education must also address the other factors that affect health behavior such as availability (可获性) of resouces, effectiveness of community leadership, social support from family members, and levels of self-help skills. Health education therefore uses a variety of methods to help people understand their own situations and choose actions that will improve their health. Health education is incomplete unless it encourages involvement and choice by the people themselves.5．Also, in health education we do not blame people if they do not behave in a healthy way. Often unhealthy behavior is not the fault of the individual. In health education we must work with families, communities, and even regional and national authorities to make sure that resources and support are available to enable each individual to lead a healthy life.

填空题A. Formation of icebergB. Iceberg is beautifulC. Color of icebergD. Iceberg is dangerousE. Iceberg is mysteriousF. Classification of iceberg

填空题How to Learn Language Successfully 1. Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. 2. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guesters who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. 3. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every world. 4. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 5. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above.

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Looking to the Future When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said : machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would radiate(发射电磁波，辐射) light and change color with the push of a button. Food would be replaced by pills. School would be taught by electrical impulse while we sleep. Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000? Actually {{U}}(46) {{/U}} and the question was "what will life be like in 1987" The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately. By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen, scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. But can they? One expert on cities wrote. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} , but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in "airbuses", large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents "almost unheard of". Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate, it would, because; he was writing in 1957. His subject was "The city of 1982". If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it's probably because {{U}}(48) {{/U}}. But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, has been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. In October of that year, {{U}}(49) {{/U}}, ruining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers. One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. In 1957, H. J. Rand of the Rand Corporation was asked about the year 2000, "Only one thing is certain", he answered. "Children born today {{U}}(50) {{/U}} " A. The stock market had its worst losses ever B. will have reached the age of 43 C. the article was written in 1958 D. Cities of the future would not be crowded E. The prediction of the future is generally accurate F. future study is still a new field

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择 5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} False Fear of Big Fish{{/B}} Many people believe sharks (鲨鱼) are dangerous and will always try to hurt or even kill humans. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. A shark exhibition at the National Aquarium (水族馆) in Baltimore, US, proves this. Visitors can touch young sharks, see their eggs develop and watch a dozen different species swim smoothly around a huge tank. Most people fail to realize that shark attacks don't happen very often. Humans are more likely to be killed by lightning than by a shark. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} There, kids can learn, from an early age, not to fear sharks. "People fear what they don't know," said Nancy Hotchkiss, an organizer of the exhibition. "Sharks have been around for 400 million years and play an important role in the ocean's food chain. We want people to discover that sharks are amazing animals that need our respect and protection." {{U}}(48) {{/U}} A study, published in January in the US magazine, Science, found that almost all recorded shark species have fallen by half in the past eight to 15 years. Thousands of sharks are hunted in Asia for special foods, such as shark fin (鱼翅) soup. And many others get caught in nets, while fishermen are hunting other fish. {{U}} (49) {{/U}}. "Some fishing methods are actually cleaning out the ocean for sharks," said Dave Schofield, the manager of the aquarium's ocean health programme. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.A. They can watch them develop inside their eggs and feel the skin of the older swimmers.B. A shocking 100 million sharks are killed every year around the world by humans.C. In fact, 94 per cent of the world's 400 species are harmless to humans.D. It is a worrying situation and some areas have put measures in place to protect these special fish.E. And to make this point clear, the museum has set up a special touching pool for children.F. More than half of the sharks caught are smaller than 1 metre long.

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务；(1)第23～26题要求．从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}Compact Disks{{/B}} 1 If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recored onto the CDs as special numbers --a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide. 2 A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music. 3 Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes. 4 There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be' recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc -- Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can h01d the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs. 5 CDs were first sold to the public in 1982, These CDs still play. well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them. 6 Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs,

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Sleeping Giant Right now, an eruption is brewing (酝酿) in Yellowstone National Park (黄石国家公园). Sometime during the next two hours, the park's most famous geyser(间歇泉), Old Faithful, will begin gurgling (潺潺地流) boiling water and steam. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} Old Faithful is not only a spectacular sight; it's also a constant reminder that Yellowstone sits on one of the largest volcanoes in the world. If you have never heard of Yellowstone's volcano, you are not alone.{{U}} (47) {{/U}} Yet it has erupted three times during the last 2 million pears. And one of those eruptions spewed (喷涌) enough volcanic ash and other debris to blanket half the United States. Yellowstone's volcano is sometimes called a "super volcano", or extremely large and explosive calderas(破火山口)volcano. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} This super volcano formed over a hot spot, an extremely hot area in Earth's mantle(地幔). John Valley, a volcano professor, said that as the crust moves across a hot spot, the hot spot melts a section of the plate moving over it, forming "one volcano after another". The Yellowstone hot spot melts thick continental(大陆的) crust, which may cause catastrophic (灾难性的) eruptions. According to experts, the eruptions that created each of the three calderas in and around Yellowstone National Park were larger than any other volcanic eruption in recorded history. The most recent eruption, which happened 640,000 years ago, produced at least 1, 000 cubic kilometers of ash and debris and blanketed most of the western half of the United States. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Geological evidence shows Yellowstone has blown its stack every 700,000 years or so. "If nature were truly that regular and reliable, we would be due for another eruption soon," said Valley. "However, these processes are subject to variability(可变性的), so we don't really know when the next eruption will happen. " {{U}} (50) {{/U}}It is the volcanic energy that powers the geysers and hot springs, creates the mountains and canyons(峡谷) and generates the unique ecosystems that support Yellowstone's diverse wildlife. A. Three calderas make up more than a third of Yellowstone National Park. B. The first Yellowstone eruption, 2 million years ago, released more than double that amount of ash and debris. C. The volcano is so inconspicuous (不显眼的) that few people know it exists. D. Then, an enormous fountain will shoot high into the air. E. While the active geologist processes at Yellowstone do pose some risk to the public, they also make it a unique treasure. F. Yellowstone National park at trams the interest of geologists the world over.

填空题Police use radar on highways to ______

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题：(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的位置上。 {{B}}Museums in the Modern World{{/B}} Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days. Action and democracy are words used in descriptions of museums now. At a science museum in Ontario, Canada, you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at 17th century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modem Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As these examples show, museums are reaching out to new audiences, particularly the young, the poor, and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is increasing. More and more, museums directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a computer. He can experiment with glass blowing and papermaking. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to the best advantage. Many museums now provide educational services and children's departments. In addition to the usual displays, they also offer film showings and dance programs. Instead of being places that one should visit, they are places to enjoy. One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time. Another cause is the rising percentage of young population. Many of these young people are college students or college graduates, they are better educated than their parents. They see things in a new and different way. They are not content to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in. The same is true of science and history. In the US, certain groups who formerly were too poor to care about anything beyond the basic needs of daily life are now becoming curious about the worldaround them. The young people in these groups, like young people in general, have benefited from a better education than their parents received. All these groups, and the rest of the population as well, have been influenced by television, which has taught them about places and other times. The effect of all this has been to change existing museums and to encourage the building of new ones. In the US and Canada alone, there are now more than 6,000 museums, almost twice as many as there were 25 years ago. About half of them are devoted to history, and the rest are evenly divided between the arts and sciences. The number of visitors, according to the American Association of museums, has risen to more than 700 million a year. In fact, the crowds of visitors at some museums are creating a major problem, admission to museums has always been either free or very inexpensive, but now some museums are charging entrance fees for the first time or raising their prices. Even when raised, however, entrance fees are generally too low to support a museum, with its usually large building and its highly trained staff.

填空题How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical (经验的，实证的) basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation. Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room"s ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook. In additions to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant"s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention. Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design & Planning Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots. Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim (暗淡的) light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax. So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. "We have a very limited number of studies, so we"re almost looking at the problem through a straw (吸管)," architect David Allison says. "How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That"s what we"re all struggling with."

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23—26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1—4段每段选择1个正确的小标题：(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Earth Angels{{/B}} 1 Joying Brescia was 8 years old when she noticed that cigarette butts (烟头) were littering her hometown beach in lsle of Palms, South Carolina. When she learned that it takes five years for the remains of a cigarette to disintegrate, she decided to take action. Joying launched a "No Buffs on the Beach" campaign. She raised money and awareness about the need to keep the beaches clean. With the help of others, Joying also bought or received donations of gallon-size plastic ice-cream buckets. The buckets were filled with sand, and placed at all public-access areas of the beach. The buckets allowed people to dispose of their cigarettes before hitting the beach. Two years later, Joying says the buckets are full and the beach is nearly free of cigarette debris (残片). 2 People who live in or visit Steamboat Springs, Colorado, have Carter Dunham to thank for a new state wildlife refuge that preserves 20 acres of marshland and many. species of wildlife. Carter and other students wrote a management plan for the area around the Yampa River. The plan was part of a class project when Carter was a freshman at Steamboat Springs High School. Working with the Colorado Division of Wildlife, Carter and his classmates mapped the area and species of animals living there. They also made decisions about, among other things, where fences and parking areas should be built. 3 Barbara Brown and her friends collect oil. It started as a project for their 4H Club after one of the girls noticed her father using motor oil to kill weeds on their farm in Victoria, Texas. They did some research and discovered that oil can contaminate ground water-a real danger in rural areas, where people live off the water on their land. The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue. Now, the "Don't Be Crude" program runs oil-collection sites-tanks that hold up to 460 gallons-where people in the community can dispose of their oil. 4 Five years ago, 11-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream: for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water. His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn't have clean water, and that as little as $70 could build a well. "We really take water for granted," says Ryan, of Kemptville, Ontario, in Canada. "In other countries, you have to plan for it." Ryan earned the first $70 by doing extra chores (零工), but with the help of others, he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. His efforts led to the start of the Ryan's Well Foundation, which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.