填空题Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women There is a range of reasons why thin women think they"re too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, many results of a new study suggests. Researchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. 1 According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society"s "ideal" female body is moving toward an underweight physique. 2 To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index was at the low end of normal. 3 Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. 4 In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report 5 A The same was true of women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old. B Experiences" in childhood. Including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image. C "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one"s) own bodyweight may be established early in life", Kjaer and her colleagues write. D Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less. E If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it. F The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.

填空题Ford's higher-wage and lower-cost strategy was strongly ______.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 Trade Unions 1. Some scholars have associated trade unions with the medieval craft guilds(中世纪的行会), but there are important differences between the two. The guild members were master craftsmen who owned capital and often employed workers. Unions are known as associations of workers with similar skills. 2. In the past, individual workers had no control over the conditions of their working lives; political and economic power was concentrated in the hands of wealthy business owners. Workers found, however, that there was strength in uniting. From their earliest years, union objectives have been higher wages and improved working conditions. 3. Employers resisted, of course. They made great efforts to stop union organizing its activities. Union members were fired, workers were forced to sign contracts in which they promised not to join a union, and companies hired strikebreakers (破坏罢工者) and even gunmen to frighten organizers. 4. One of the earliest successful labor organizations in the United States was the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869. The Knights, which included both skilled and unskilled workers, attempted to organize all workers into one great union. Alter it successfully struck the Wabash railroad owned by Jay Gould in 1885, its popularity and power grew dramatically. In 1886 the Knights had 700,000 members. 5. The decline of the Knights of Labor, however, came quickly. The strike against Gould was gradually broken, and the Knights’ radical positions on social issues cost them public support. In the end, a lack of unity as well as the rapid inflow of unskilled immigrants weakened the union’s economic power, and the organization came to an end.

填空题Robots 1. The most sophisticated (先进的)Japanese robots, which have vision systems and work at very high speeds, are still based on American designs. Studies of robots, particularly computer control software, are considered to be generally less advanced in Japan than in America or Europe. 2. Although industrial robots were originally developed as devices for simply handling objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray-painting and assembling components. 3. In Britain, robot sales appropriately peaked in 1984, but have been declining ever since. This is partly because British wage rates are too low to make robots financially attractive and partly because engineers now have more experience with robots and are more aware of the difficulties of introducing them effectively. 4. It has been calculated that a robot uses on average about 100 times more energy than a human to do an equivalent job. 5. It is estimated that 20% of all comic book heroes in Japan are robots. This is an enormous number because comics are so popular that they make up a third of all material published in Japan. 6. The reliability of robots is measured in their M.T.B.F. or mean time between failures. This has risen from about 250 hours in the mid-1970s to about 10,000 hours today (equivalent to working 18 hours a day for two years.) One way robot manufacturers have increased reliability is to test every single component they buy, instead of the normal procedure of just testing a small sample. 7. The biggest single benefit of introducing robots claimed by Japanese companies is that they increase quality control. Once programmed, the robots can work more accurately and consistently than humans, who can get tired and bored. A. Ongoing Research B. Extension of Use C. Robot Heroes D. Greater Reliability E. Falling Demand F. Hidden Dangerh

填空题A Control of Respiration B Beauty of Fresh Cut Flowers C Role of Respiration D Most Important Aspect of Flower Care E Need for Clean Water F Ways of Stopping Respiration

填空题We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. "Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen? When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck?" ______ When we look back. doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back, it's too late.A. It's telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven't got a date for Saturday night.B. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.C. And if we don't really listen we miss the feeling behind the words.D. But there's a bit of envy in those words.E. Why do we go wrong about our friends—or our enemies?F. "And Paul-why didn't pick up that he was friendly just because I had a car?"

填空题 The Caribbean Islands What would you see if you took a cruise to the Caribbean Islands ? Palm trees and coconuts(椰子)? White beaches and clear, blue ocean? Colorful corals(珊瑚)and even more colorful fishes and birds? You bet. There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are famous for their arm, tropical climate and great natural beauty. The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean Some of the islands were formed by the eruption (爆发) of ancient volcanoes (火山) {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The Caribbean Islands are known by several names. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India. Later, Spain and France called the islands the Antilles. There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles Together, they account for about 90 percent of the land area of the Caribbean Islands. The rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller. Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers (小片) of exposed coral. You can see why pirates(海盗)such as the famous Blackbeard sailed these waters {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warn and sunny. Sandy beaches line the coasts of many islands. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each year. A. But life on the Caribbean Islands is not always painful. B. The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies, later changed to the West Indies. C. Others are low—lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean. D. They are Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. E. Many tourists arrive on cruise ships. F. There are countless small islands to bury treasure or hide on.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1、3、5、6段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 LED Lighting 1 An accidental discovery announced recently has taken LED lighting to a new level, suggesting it could soon offer a cheaper, longer-lasting alternative to the traditional light bulb. The breakthrough adds to a growing trend that is likely to eventually make Thomas Edison's bright invention obsolete. LEDs are already used in traffic lights, flashlights, and architectural lighting. They are flexible and operate less expensively than traditional lighting. 2 Michael Bowers, a graduate student at Vanderbilt University, was just trying to make really small quantum dots, which are crystals generally only a few nanometers big. Quantum dots contain any where from 100 to 1,000 electrons. They're easily excited bundles of energy, and the smaller they are, the more excited they get. Each dot in Bower's particular batch was exceptionally small, containing only 33 or 34 pairs of atoms. 3 When you shine a light on quantum dots or apply electricity to them, they react by producing their own light, normally a bright, vibrant color. But when Bowers shined a laser on his batch of dots, something unexpected happened. He was surprised when a white glow covered the table. The quantum dots were supposed to emit blue light, but instead they were giving off a beautiful white glow. 4 Then Bowers and another student got the idea to stir the dots into polyurethane and coat a blue LED light bulb with the mix. The lumpy bulb wasn't pretty, but it produced white light similar to a regular light bulb. 5 LEDs produce twice as much light as a regular 60 watt bulb and burn for over 50,000 hours. The Department of Energy estimates LED lighting could reduce U.S. energy consumption for lighting by 29 percent by 2025. LEDs don't emit heat, so they're also more energy efficient. And they're much harder to break. 6 Quantum dot mixtures could be painted on just about anything and electrically excited to produce a rainbow of colors, including white. The main light source of the future will almost surely not be a bulb. It might be a table, a wall, or even a fork. A. LED Lighting Is Not Mature B. LED Lighting Will Replace Traditional Lighting C. Almost Everything Could Be the Main Light Source in the Future D. LED Lighting Has Many Advantages E. Bowers Made an Unexpected Discovery F. LED Light Bulbs Look Lumpy

填空题Cars Are Good for the Environment Britain's motor industry is planning a major publicity campaign to counter what it sees as an official anti-car bias and to improve the environmental image of the cars, according to documents leaked to the pressure group, Friends of the Earth (FOE). (46) . The internal document which was produced last month by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, says that the "ultimate objective of the campaign must be to protect the long term commercial freedom of the motor industry and the lifestyle freedom of car users!". (47) . European car manufacturers have already agreed with the European Commission to reduce CO2 emissions from new cars by 25 per cent to target of 140 grams per kilometre by 2008. However, the document also reveals that the industry is some way from meeting the target. (48) To help control these emissions, the government has proposed replacing the flat rate annual tax on cars with a tax related to engine size so that owners of large gas-guzzler (耗油量大的汽车)would pay more than owners of small cars. (49) . Richard Barnet, the society's media manager, says: "We will work with the government to practise a practical system." (50) .A The campaign will highlight the motor industry's efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide(二氧化碳).B But the motor industry opposes taxes on persons owning cars preferring taxes on useC The five-year campaign could cost up to ￡12 millionD The reason why cars are good for the environment is obviousE But Ian Willmore of FOE says the industry "may pose as partners of the government, but its real intention is to frustrate serious attempts to reduce traffic levels"F For example, last year's new cars exceed an average of 192 grams per kilometre --some 37 percent above the target

填空题 Flying into History When you turn on the television or read a magazine, celebrities (名人) are everywhere. Although fame and the media play such major roles in our lives today, it has not always been that way. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Many historians agree that Charles Lindbergh was one of the first major celebrities, or superstars. Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1902, but he grew up in Little Falls, Minnesota. As a child, he was very interested in how things worked, so when he-reached college, he pursued a degree in engineering. At the age of 20, however, the allure (诱惑) of flying captured Lindbergh's imagination. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}Soon after, Lindbergh bought his own plane and traveled across the nation performing aerial stunts (空中特技). In 1924, Lindbergh became more serious about flying. He joined the United States military and graduated first in his pilot class. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} During the same time, a wealthy hotel owner named Raymond Orteig was offering a generous award to the first pilot who could fly nonstop from New York City to Paris, France. The Orteig Prize was worth $25,000-a large amount even by today's standards. Lindbergh knew he had the skills to complete the flight, but not just any plane was capable of flying that far for that long. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} On May 20,1927, Charles Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field in New York City and arrived the next day at an airstrip (简易机场) outside Paris. Named in honor of the sponsor, The Spirit of St. Louis carried Lindbergh across the Atlantic Ocean and into the record books. He became a national hero and a huge celebrity. When he returned to the United States, Lindbergh rode in a ticker-tape (热烈的) parade held to celebrate his accomplishment. He also received a Medal of Honor, the highest United States military decoration. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}A very popular dance was even named for Charles Lindbergh—the Lindy Hop. Today, The Spirit of St. Louis is pt at the Smithsonian Institute's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. A. He also received a Medal of Honor, the highest United States military decoration. B. Lindbergh used this additional training to get a job as an airmail pilot, flying out of St. Louis, Missouri. C. His childhood was not full of fond memories. D. Working with an aviation company from San Diego, California, and with financial help from the city of St. Louis, Lindbergh got a customized (定制的) airplane that could make the journey. E. Eighty years ago, radio and movies were just beginning to have that kind of effect on Americans. F. He quit school and moved to Nebraska where he learned to be a pilot.

填空题Science and Technology There is a difference between science and technology. 6 Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships between observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that serve to organize these facts and relationships; technology has to do with tools, techniques, and procedures for applying the findings of science. 7 Progress in science excludes the human factor. Scientists, who seek to understand the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of accuracy and certainty, cannot pay attention to their own or other people"s likes or dislikes or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. 8 But even an unpleasant truth is more than likely to be useful; besides we have the choice of refusing to believe it! But hardly so with technology; we do not have the choice of refusing to hear the sound produced by a supersonic (超音速的) aircraft flying overhead; we cannot refuse to breathe polluted air. 9 The purpose of technology is to serve people—people in general, not merely some people; and future generations, not merely those who presently wish to gain advantage for themselves. 10 Many people blame technology itself for widespread pollution, resource depletion (枯竭) and even social decay in general—so much so that the promise of technology is "obscured". That promise is a cleaner and healthier world. If wise applications of science and technology do not lead to a better world, what else will? (2003年) A. Another distinction between science and technology has to do with the progress in each. B. Unlike science, progress in technology must be measured in terms of the human factor. C. What scientists discover may shock or anger people—as did Darwin"s theory of evolution. D. Science and technology are different. E. We are all familiar with the improper use of technology. F. Science is a method of answering theoretical questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems.

填空题A Popularity and use of natural gas B Natural gas reserves and supply C Natural gas prices D Clean fuel of choice E Disadvantages of natural gas F Natural gas consumption

填空题Sleep Sleep is part of a person"s daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles. 1 When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm (节律) of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes. 2 For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. 3 Then about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. 4 Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. 5 It is during REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep-only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later. A. The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. B. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. C. In stage 4 sleep people tend to dream. D. The lower your stage of sleep, the slower your brain waves will be. E. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep. F. This is called stage 1 sleep.

填空题Early Ideas About the Universe 1．Early man got his ideas about the universe by looking at the stars as you do. He observed carefully, and learned many things about the sun, the moon, and the stars. 2．Suppose you were asked to collect evidence about the sun as early man did. You might go out morning after morning and see it come up in the east. Even on cloudy mornings, you would observe that the darkness goes away and the world becomes light. You might not see the sun but would be sure it is there, because you notice that the earth warms up. As you continued, the sun climbs higher in the sky each day during part of the year. It stays in the sky longer. The earth gets warmer. Things begin to grow. It is spring and then summer. 3．After a while the sun stays in the sky for shorter and shorter periods. Many plants begin to die. Leaves fall. Winter comes. Year after year this is repeated and you cannot tell exactly why it happens. But you realize that the sun seems to make the difference. Primitive (原始的) man felt that since the sun was so powerful it must be a god. It may seem silly to us now to worship (崇拜) a sun-god, but primitive man was right about the importance of the sun to life on Earth. 4．You have been told that the world is round. But suppose no one had ever taught you that the world was like a huge ball. Would you have ever thought of it yourself? You cannot see the curve (曲线) of the earth at once. You would have no idea of how big it was. That"s why early man believed that the earth was small and fiat. Such ideas appeared from the evidence they had. 5．If you watch the stars night after night, you will see them rise and set. As you look at the sky, it is not difficult to imagine that you are in the center of a vast collection of twinkling (闪烁) lights. Some early astronomers (天文学家) believed the sky was a crystal shell or series of crystal shells, one inside the other. They believed this because that is what the night sky looked like. For many centuries, men believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun, the moon, and the stars circled around it.

填空题A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger WomanB. Investing the Effect of ScreeningC. Effects Predicted by Two Different ModelsD. small Risk of Inducing Cancers from RadiationE. Treatment of CancersF. Factors That Trigger Cancers

填空题Semco At 21，Ricardo Semler became boss of his father's business in Brazil，Semco，which sold parts for ships．Semler Junior worked like a madman，from 7:30 a.m.，until midnight every day．One afternoon， while touring a factory in New York，he collapsed．The doctor who treated him said，“There's nothing wrong with you．But if you continue like this．you'll find a new home in our hospital．”Semler got the message．He changed the way he worked．In fact，he changed the way his employees worked too． He let his workers take more responsibility so that they would be the ones worrying when things went wrong．He allowed them to set their own salaries，and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessary，like receptionists and secretaries． (46) “Everyone at Semco．even top managers，meets guests in reception，does the photocopying，sends faxes，types letters and dials the phone．” He completely reorganized the office：instead of walls，they have plants at Semco，so bosses can't shut themselves away from everyone else． (47) As for uniforms，some people wear suits and others wear T-shirts． Semler says，“We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who sits there reading the newspaper hour after hour．He doesn't even pretend to be busy．But when a Semco pump on the other side of the world fails and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the sea，Rubin springs into action． (48) That's when he earns his salary．No one cares if he doesn't look busy the rest of the time．” Semco has flexible working hours；the employees decide when they need to arrive at work．The employees also evaluate their bosses twice a year． (49) It sounds perfect，but does it work?The answer is in the numbers：in the last six years，Semco's revenues have gone from $35 million to $212 million．The company has grown from eight hundred employees to 3,000．Why? Semler says it's because of“peer pressure”．Peer pressure makes everyone work hard for everyone else． (50) In other words，Ricardo Semler treats his workers like adults and expects them to act like adults．And they do． A．Also，Semco lets its workers use the company's machines for their own projects，and makes them take holidays for at least thirty days a year． B．Most managers spend their time making it difficult for workers to work． C．This saved money and brought more equality to the company． D．And the workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want． E．He knows everything there is to know about our pumps and how to fix them． F．If someone isn't doing his job well，the other workers will not allow the situation to continue．

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{U}} (46) {{/U}}Your AAA computer also supports a second diskette drive that uses 5.25-inch diskettes, or 3.5-inch diskettes, depending upon the type of drive installed. There are two common types of disk drives: a hard disk drive (sometimes called a fixed disk drive) and a diskette drive (sometime called a floppy disk drive).{{U}} (47) {{/U}}(Some models might not have a hard disk drive. ) With a hard disk, your computer can store large amounts of information (called files) in one convenient place. Using a hard disk, your computer can save and retrieve information much faster than with a diskette drive.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. Each disk drive has a letter assigned to it, so you can tell your computer where to find information.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}If you have a hard disk drive, it is called drive C. If your computer has a hard disk drive, drive C, then you can store your operating system and other programs on the hard disk.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}If your programs and information files (data files) are well organized, then your computer can find and retrieve the information much faster. Check your operating system documentation for information about how to set a directory. If your computer has no hard disk, then you must use the diskette drive to load your programs and to store your information. Your operating system and application program documentation have information about using disk disk drives and making program diskettes and data diskettes. A. For example, if your computer has two diskette drives, one is called drive A, the other is called drive B. B. The hard disk drive is built into your computer. C. The key to using your hard disk effectively is the way you store your information. D. The 5.25-inch diskette is thin and flexible. E. The AAA computer comes with a diskette that uses 3.5-inch diskettes. F. A diskette drive uses a removable diskette, which has less storage space than a hard disk.

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}"Happy Birthday to You"{{/B}} The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won't stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it's soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular 'culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America."{{U}} (2) {{/U}} The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why it spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}"Happpy Birthday to You," for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to. speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Pads by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once marie fun of in cartoons are back again in Pads as the latest fashion.{{U}} (4) {{/U}} The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock 'n' roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in American as well, as being "low-class," and then as % danger to our nation's youth."{{U}} (5) {{/U}}And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the US. A. As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B. But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C. American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D. The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E. American food has become popular around the world too. F. This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.

填空题Soot and Snow: a Hot Combination 1. New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. 2. Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun"s energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight. 3. Soot in areas with snow and ice may play all important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA"s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York. 4. Hansen found soot"s effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land. 5. "Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot"s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world"s climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twine as much global warming as a carbon dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted. 6. Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing rest of this century. 7. The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers" climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

填空题A．a necessity B．an emergency C．a number of new headaches D．family arguments E．big and light palm-sized models F．countless new facilities