填空题 A. criticized by the media B. the low wage in the auto industry C. own a car D. produce cars in large numbers E. the 8-hour-shift practice F. combined technology and market

填空题UV Light Causes Skin Cancer Don"t laugh if you hear about kids hiding in their basement this summer. They might have been frightened by a recent report from Europe that liquid sunscreens don"t protect people from the sun"s harmful rays. Researchers kept track of 631 children, some of whom used sunscreen and 1 . The researchers found that the kids who used sunscreen got more sun-caused moles than did the kids who didn"t use sunscreen. Kids with sun-caused moles are more likely to develop skin cancer later in life. Did sunscreen harm the children? Probably not, the researchers concluded. They believe that the children relied too much on their sunscreen and stayed in the sun too long. Sunscreen is still safe to use, say skin experts, as tong as it is used sensibly. Solar Cares Using sunscreen sensibly is more important than ever. Why? Skin experts like Martin Weinstock believe that 2 . Earth"s ozone layer appears to be getting thinner. Ozone is a gas. In the upper atmosphere, ozone blocks much of the sun"s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Polluting chemicals are thought to be destroying the ozone in some places. Even though the world"s wealthy countries agreed to stop making polluting chemicals a few years ago, ozone is still disappearing. And that"s bad news, skin experts say, because UV light causes skin cancer, and skin cancer is the most common kind of cancer in the United States. More than a million new cases of skin cancer are showing up in the United States every year. Scientists are looking at kids to reverse that trend. Why? Because getting too much sun when you"re a kid seems to set the stage for getting skin cancer when (48. . According to Weinstock, three-quarters of all skin cancers might never develop if people under the age of 18 avoided overexposure to the sun. Glaring Facts What happens when skin meets sun? Light rays, which come in varying wavelengths, strike the skin. Visible light consists of wavelengths 3 . Ultraviolet light consists of waves too short to be seen. UV light comes in several varieties, among them UVB and UVA. UVB wavelengths are slightly shorter than UVA wavelengths. Scientists once thought that UVB light was harmful and that UVA light produced a healthful tan. But opinions have changed. Scientists still agree that UVB light causes sun burns. But now they suspect that both kinds of UV light damage the DNA of cells. Moreover, scientists believe that either UVA light or UVB light or both weaken the body"s disease-fighting immune system. The body becomes less capable of repairing damaged cells, and such cells may go on to divide uncontrollably. In other words, 4 Three Little Words To help people avoid getting harmed by the sun, the American Cancer Society has summed up its advice in three words. Slip, Slop and Slap. The words are short for "Slip on a shirt! Slop on the sunscreen! Slap on a hat!" A. they may become cancerous B. people can see C. you"re older D. UVA is different from UVB E sunlight is growing more hazardous F some of whom didn"t

填空题Earth Angels 1 Joying Brescia was 8 years old when she noticed that cigarette butts (烟头) were littering her hometown beach in Isle of Palms, South Carolina. When she learned that it takes five years for the remains of a cigarette to disintegrate (解体), she decided to take action. Joying launched a "No Butts on the Beach" campaign. She raised money and awareness about the need to keep the beaches clean. With the help of others, Joying also bought or received donations of gallon-size plastic ice-cream buckets. The buckets were filled with sand, and placed at all public-access areas of the beach. The buckets allowed people to dispose of their cigarettes before hitting the beach. Two years later, Joying says the buckets are full and the beach is nearly free of cigarette debris (残片). 2 People who live in or visit Steamboat Springs, Colorado, have Carter Dunham to thank for a new state wildlife refuge that preserves 20 acres of marshland and many species of wildlife. Carter and other students wrote a management plan for the area around the Yampa River. The plan was part of a class project when Carter was a freshman at Steamboat Springs High School. Working with the Colorado Division of Wildlife, Carter and his classmates mapped the area and species of animals living there. They also made decisions about, among other things, where fences and parking areas should be built. 3 Barbara Brown and her friends collect oil. It started as a project for their 4H Club after one of the girls noticed her father using motor oil to kill weeds on their farm in Victoria, Texas. They did some research and discovered that oil can contaminate ground water—a real danger, in rural areas, where people live off the water on their land. The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue. Now, the "Don"t Be Crude" program runs oil-collection sites—tanks that hold up to 460 gallons—where people in the community can dispose of their oil. 4 Five years ago, 11-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water. His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn"t have clean water, and that as little as $70 could build a well. "We really take water for granted," says Ryan, of Kemptville, Ontario, in Canada. "In other countries, you have to plan for it." Ryan earned the first $70 by doing extra chores (零工), but with the help of others, he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. His efforts led to the start of the Ryan"s Well Foundation, which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.

填空题While my family vacationed in Chincoteague, I learned many things about the wild ponies. The Chincoteague ponies come in all shapes, sizes and colors. Because of their diet, these ponies have very round bellies. When the ponies are in the wild, on Assateague, they live a difficult life. Because their diet is so high in salt, they must drink twice as much water as typical ponies. Though they live on an island, they cannot drink the salty ocean water; therefore, they must find fresh water inland to drink. Although these wild ponies have difficult lives, they have survived many hundreds of years in the wild.A. I was so glad I was able to see them in person.B. She wrote about wild ponies that live on the Island of Chincoteague.C. The ponies are a significant part of the history of the islands of Chincoteague and Assateague.D. They forage for food in the salty marshlands eating marsh grasses, seaweed and even poison ivy.E. You too can begin learning about these beautiful, wild horses by reading Misty of Chincoteague.F. Because it was so dark, no one in my family realized we had parked next to a paddock that held a herd of horses.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择 5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Every Dog Has Its Say{{/B}} Kimiko Fukuda, a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following "human" translation appears on its screen: "Please take me with you." "I realized that's how he was feeling," said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara. "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}In this way, the database scientifically matches a bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently, the dog barked a loud "bow wow". This is translated as "Don't come this way".{{U}} (56) {{/U}}. The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US＄120. It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away.A A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner.B Nobody really knows how a dog feels.C It was followed by "I'm stronger than you" as the dog growled (嗥叫) and sniffed (嗅) at the visitor,D More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer.E Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows.F Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let's play", "Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".

填空题 Screen Test 1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2. But the medical benefit of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women's cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain's National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help "optimize the technique" for breast cancer screening. 7. "There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That's why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme." A．Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B．Investigating the Effect of Screening C．Effects Predicted by Two Different Models D．Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E．Treatment of Cancers F．Factors That Trigger Cancers

填空题When people think about environmental activism, they probably don't think about hand lotion and lip-gloss. But The Body Shop, a multi-million dollar cosmetics company, has shown the world how a company can help consumers look good, smell good, and do good at the same time. The Body Shop sells natural products, recycles its packaging, and actively fights to protect the environment. Anita Roddick, The Body Shop's founder, opened her tiny cosmetics shop in Brighton, England, in 1976. ______A. Over the years, Roddick has seen the positive impact that one company's actions can have on the environment.B. But The Body Shop has shown the world how a company can help consumers look good, smell good, and do good at the same time.C. For example, during the Greenpeace" Save the Whales" campaign, the company introduced a new product, jojoba oil, which could be used in place of sperm whale oil.D. Many of The Body Shop's customers feel good knowing that the money they spend for a bottle of shampoo or a tube of hand cream might be used for a good cause.E. And recently, the company's head offices and more than one hundred of its stores start using renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, to cut down on the production of harmful carbon dioxide.F. At that time she had no idea that it would grow into an enormously successful business and a symbol of social responsibility.

填空题Brands The word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses (包含) other narrower terms. (46) A brand differentiates one seller's products from those of competitors. A brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. (47) A trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. (48) All trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. They may also include a pictorial design. Some people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand. One major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who ovens them-producers ormiddlemen. (49) The terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. (50) To say that the brand of poultry (家禽) feed marketed in three states by a small Birmingham, Alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of Penney's or Sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private. A. It is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand Dame. B. Thus trademark is essentially a legal term. C. However, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. D. A brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. E. Sunbeam, Florsheim, Spalding (athletic products), and Sara Lee are producers' brands, while Allstate, Shurfine, Sysco, Craftsman, and Penncrest are middlemen's brands. F. Among various methods of classifying brands, the one based on ownership is widely accepted.

填空题Dung to Death Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs". The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. (46) . Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. (47) . Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. (48) . With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. (49) . Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. (50) . His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously. There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment. A. They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. B. And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics he says. C. Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid D. But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people. E. His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal dead. F. They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.

填空题A. Patterns of drug abuseB. TreatmentC. Drug testing in the workplaceD. Classification of psychoactive drugsE. Definition

填空题Early Ideas about the Universe Early man got his ideas about the universe by looking at the stars as you do. He observed carefully, and learned many things about the sun, the moon, and the stars. Suppose you were asked to collect evidence about the sun as early man did. You might go out morning after morning and see it come up in the east. Even on cloudy mornings, you would observe that the darkness goes away and the world becomes light. You might not see the sun but would be sure it is there, because you notice that the earth warms up. As you continued, the sun climbs higher in the sky each day during part of the year. It stays in the sky longer. The earth gets warmer. Things begin to grow. It is spring and then summer. After a while the sun stays in the sky for shorter and shorter periods. Many plants begin to die. Leaves fall. Winter comes. Year after year this is repeated and you cannot tell exactly why it happens. But you realize that the sun seems to make the difference. Primitive (原始的) man felt that since the sun was so powerful it must be a god. It may seem silly to us now to worship (崇拜) a sun-god, but primitive man was right about the importance of the sun to life on earth. You have been told that the world is round. But suppose no one had ever taught you that the world was like a huge ball. Would you have ever thought of it yourself? You cannot see the curve (曲线) of the earth at once. You would have no idea of how big it was. That"s why early man believed that the earth was small and flat. Such ideas appeared from the evidence they had. If you watch the stars night after night, you will see them rise and set. As you look at the sky, it is not difficult to imagine that you are in the center of a vast collection of twinkling (闪烁) lights. Some early astronomers (天文学家) believed the sky was a crystal shell or series of crystal shells, one inside the other. They believed this because that is what the night sky looked like. For many centuries, men believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun, the moon, and the stars circled around it.

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 Even after centuries of scientific research, no one knows for sure why human beings (plus a few other primates, including chimpanzees, apes, and orangutans) laugh.2. Even if scientists still do not know why we laugh, they have learned a lot about it. For example: The sound of laughter is created when you inhale deeply and then release the air while your diaphragm moves in a series of short, spasmodic contractions. The typical laugh is made up of pulses of sound that are about 1/15th of a second long and 1/5th of a second apart.3. One of the most interesting things researchers have learned is the powerful healing effect of laughter. Well, actually they' re re-learning it after centuries of neglect: In the Middle Ages, doctors "treated" their patients by telling them jokes, but modem medicine discounted the curative properties of laughing. That began to change in 1979, when editor Norman Cousins wrote Anatomy of an Illness, in which he credited watching humorous videos with helping him reduce pain and recover from ankylosing spondylitis (类风湿性脊椎炎), a lifethreatening degenerative spinal disease. The book inspired researchers to look into whether laughter really could aid in healing and recovery from illness.4. In 1995, two researchers at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine had 10 medical students watch a 60-minute videotape of Gallagher, a stand-up comedian famous for smashing watermelons and other objects with a sledgehammer. The researchers found that after watching the video, where was a measurable decrease in stress hormones, including epinephrine and dopamine, in the students' blood, plus an increase in endorphins-the body' s natural painkillers. But the most changes were found in the students' immune systems. These included · Increased levels of gamma interferon, a hormone that "switches on" the immune system, helps fight viruses and regulates cell growth. · Increased numbers of "helper T-cells," which help the body coordinate the immune system's response to illness · More "Compliment 3," a substance that helps antibodies destroy infected and damaged cells · An increase in the number and activity of "natural killer (NK) cells," which the body uses to attack foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected by viruses5. Some of the levels even began to change before the students watched the video-just from the expectation that they were about to laugh. "Say you' re going to your favorite restaurant," Dr. Berk explains. "You can visualize the food; you can almost taste it. You are already experiencing the physiology of enjoying it. Your immune system [also] remembers. By using humor to combat stress, you can condition yourself to strengthen your immune system."6. Chimpanzees, apes and a few other primates laugh, but no other animals do Chimps' laugh sounds like rapid panting, but unlike humans, they are unable to regulate or control the air as they breathe out. This lack of ability to control airflow is same thing that deprives them of speech. Chimps and gorillas that have learned sign language have been known to sign one another for laughs

填空题 The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World 1. Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease. 2. The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets (小滴) in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows—but never gets as big as the other droplet—and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke. 3. The technique exploits the fact that surface tension—the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating—becomes more important at small scales. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water. 4. Although the amount of energy produced is small—20 microwatts—it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor. The whole setup is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a Toyota Camry's 225 horsepower V6 engine. 5. In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micrometer, which was 100 microns across, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl's group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory. 6. Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom by atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells. A．An Introduction of a Toyota's 225 Horsepower V6 Engine B．A Description of the Nanomotor in Terms of Power and Size C．Surface Tension D．Previous Inventions of Nanoscale Products E．The Working Principle of the Nanomotor F．Possible Fields of Application in the Future

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1) 第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择一个正确的小标题；(2) 第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子。 1．Women's rights are guarantees of political, social, and economic equality for women in a society that traditionally gives more power and freedom to men. Among these rights are control of property, equality of opportunity in education and employment, right of voting, and freedom of marriage. Today, complete political, economic, and social equality with men re-mains to be achieved. 2．Male control was obvious from the time of the earliest written historical records, probably as a result of men's role in hunting and warfare. The belief that women were naturally weaker and inferior to men was also found in god-centered religions. Therefore, in most traditional societies, women generally were at a disadvantage. Their education was limited to learning domestic skills, and they had no access to positions of power. A woman had no legal control over her person, her own land and money, or her children. 3．The Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, which caused economic and social progress, provided a favorable climate for the rise of women's rights movement in the late 18th and 19th century. In 1848 more than 100 persons held the first women's rights convention in New York, and the feminists demanded equal rights, including the vote. 4．In the late 1960s women made up about 40 percent of the work force in England, France, Germany, and the United States. This figure rose to more than 50 percent by the mid-1981s. A commission under the President was established in 1960 to consider equal opportunities for women. Acts of Congress entitled them to equality in education, employment, and legal rights. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act, initially-intended only for blacks was extended to women. 5．The obiectives of the women's movement included equal pay for equal work, federal sup-port for day-care centers, recognition of lesbian(女性同性恋) rights, making abortion legal, and the focus of serious attention on the problems of forced sex relations, wife and child beating, and discrimination against older and minority women. A．Goals B．History of Women's Rights Movement C．Start of Women's Rights Movement D．Traditional Status of Women E．Rights of Women F．Development

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}Cloning (克隆): Future Perfect?{{/B}}1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell. Since Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997, research into cloning has grown rapidly. In May 1998, scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two identical calves (牛犊) using cloning technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully. But the debate over cloning humans really started when. Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement: "We will have managed to clone a human being within the next two years," he told the world.2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention, most of it negative. In Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the US the President announced: "We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in the US Will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning. They are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten important research. In March, The New England Journal of Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken. Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it, human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world? The public has been bombarded (轰炸) with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as cartoons. Such information is often misleading, and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next.5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning humans. It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like. But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds, the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners (赞成克隆的人).

补全短文Sleep Sleep is part of a persons daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles._________(46). When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for first few minutes._________(47). For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep._________(48 ). Then, about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness, you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long._________(49). The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep._________(50). Provided that you do not wake up during the first REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep—only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later. A. But instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. B. The lower your stage of sleep, the slower your brain waves will be. C. Your brain is still working when you are sleeping. D. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. E. It is during REM sleep that most dreams seem to occur. F. This is called stage 1 sleep.

补全短文The Function of Adrenocorticotriopin Some people can quite accurately time the end of their night''s sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state of consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attentional guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking. The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is therefore not confined to daily rhythms._________(46). _________(47). Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇) increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal system in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part reflects anticipation of the stress’ of the waking phase. _________( 48 ). We made recordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and Cortisol. Lights were turned off at midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at eight 6:00 ( ''short sleep’, on one night) or 9:00(''long sleep'', on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (''surprise'') under the pretence of a technical problem._________(49). We interviewed the volunteers at the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting with short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition. The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep_________(50). The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration. A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to be embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormones. B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were studied during three nights. C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleep. D. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hours. E. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may also facilitate spontaneous waking. F. About 10 million Americans consult doctors sleep problems each year.

补全短文Food And Cancer Medical experts have suspected for many years that there is a strong link between what a person eats and cancer._________(46). A team of Chinese and American scientists did the study. They are from American National Cancer Institute and the Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute published the results of the study. About thirty thousand people between the ages of 40 to 69 took part in the study. They were from the northern central Chinese area of Linxian. Most of them took vitamins and minerals every day for five years. _________(47). Researchers believe that fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate. Researchers divided those into eight groups. Seven of the groups received different mixtures of vitamins and minerals daily. The amounts of the vitamins and minerals were 1 to 2 times greater than what American health officials say is needed._________(48). Those who seemed to gain the most received a mixture of a form of vitamin A called β-carotene, vitamin E and the mineral selenium. The vitamin and mineral are believed to prevent damage to cells caused by cancer-causing substances. Researchers reported a 13 percent drop in cancer rates in those who took β-carotene, vitamin E and selenium. They also found a 10 percent drop in the number of deaths caused by strokes from bursting blood vessels. _________(49 ). They note that the people in Linxian eat foods that lack necessary vitamins and minerals. Chinese officials will continue to record the health records of the people in Linxian for many years. For now officials reportedly are considering using the results of the study._________(50). A. The eighth group received sugar pills that had no effect. B. Fungus and molds in local food may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate in Linxian. C. Linxian was chosen because the people there have an extremely high rate of cancer of stomach and esophagus(食道). D. Scientists warn drat it is too soon to know if the effect would be the same among people in other counties. E. They say a new study provide the first evidence that vitamins could reduce a person''s chance of developing cancer. F. They want to find a way to improve the health of people in Linxian and other small towns in China.

补全短文Why do people shrinks Did you ever see the movie Honey, I shrunk the kids? It''s about a wacky dad (who''s also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! (46)______ For older people, shrinking isn’t that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only one inch or so off of their adult height ( maybe a little more, maybe less ) , and this kind of shrinking cant be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. (47)______ There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) take hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start t? collapse into one another. (48)______ But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue ( which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. (49)______ Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people—especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with—are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act? You aren’t as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That''s because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don’t worry, though. (50)______ A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter. B. Once you get a good night''s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you''re standing tall again. C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it''s not being replaced. D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. F. But why does shrinking happen at all?

补全短文Broken: Dreams of Rural Peace It was dusk in Tubney Woods, deep in rural Oxfordshire. The birds were singing at the end of another perfect day. The woman living at the edge of the forest could stand it no longer. She phoned the local noise pollution officer. "It''s the rooks (秃鼻乌鸦)," she said. "I can''t bear that awful cawing (呱呱地叫) noise. Can you do something about it?" The call was no surprise to officials at the Vale of White Horse District Council. _________ (46). The countryside, as every country-dweller knows, can be a hellishly (可怕地) noisy place. Last week David Stead, a West Yorkshire farmer, appeared in court in Wakefield accused of allowing his cocks to break noise regulations by crowing (打鸣) at dawn, waking a neighbour. _________ (47). Six months ago Corky, a four-year-old cock, was banned from crowing after complaints in the Devon village of Stoke. Complaints about noise reasonable or not—are at record levels in country areas. Environmental health officers say this is partly because of an increase in noisy activity. However, a significant number of complaints come from newcomers to the countryside. There are many sources of rural noise._________ (48 ). Mechanised grain driers, usually switched on for three weeks in September, can produce a maddening low-frequency hum. Mike Roberts, chief environmental health officer at Vale of White Horse, said noise often sounded worse in the countryside than in cities. With less background sound, unwelcome noises can seem louder and travel further. The oddest complaints, however, are the ones council officials can do nothing about. Vale of White Horse officials have been asked to silence not only nesting rooks. Pigeons and pheasants (雉鸡) have also caused concern. In Kent, council officials have been asked to silence baby lambs. _________ (49) . Another insisted he could hear an alien spaceship landing over the garden fence. "We get regular complaints. They usually come from retired people who have just moved into the country. We send them a polite letter. " And the lady who complained about the rooks? She was politely told she would have to put up with it. "_________ (50)" said Mr. Roberts. "In the end, she accepted there .was nothing much she could do—except move out. " It is not recorded who won, the lady or the rooks. A. Mr. Stead said they were only doing what comes naturally. B. We asked her what we were supposed to do, shoot the birds, or chop the trees down? C. They have heard every kind of complaint. D. One man rang to say he was kept awake by the splashing of a fountain in the garden next door. E. The council will ask the fanner to move it. F. Farm machinery is a common cause.