单选题Do you wake up every day feeling too tired, or even upset? If so, then a new alarm clock could bejust for you. The clock, called Sleep Smart, measures your sleep cycle, and waits for you to be in your lightest phase of sleep (51) rousing you. Its makers say that should (52) you wake up feeling refreshed every morning. As you sleep you pass (53) a sequence of sleep states - light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement)sleep - that (54) approximately every 90 minutes. The point in that cycle at which you wake can (55) how you feel later, and may even have a greater impact than how much or little you have slept. Being roused during a light phase means you are more likely to wake up energetic. Sleep Smart (56) the distinct pattern of brain waves (57) during each phase of sleep, via a headband equipped (58) electrodes (电极) and a microprocessor. This measures the electrical activity of the wearer' s brain, in much the (59) way as some machines used for medical and research (60) , and communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. You (61) the clock with the latest time at (62) you want to be wakened, and it then duly (适时地) wakes you during the sleep phase before that. The (63) was invented by a group of students at Brown University in Rhode Island (64) , a friend complained of waking up tired and performing poorly on a test. "As sleep -deprived people ourselves, we started thinking of (65) to do about it," says Eric Shashoua, a recent college graduate and now chief executive officer of Axon Sleep Research Laboratories, a company created by the students to develop their idea.

单选题Call American Their names A great difference between American social customs and those of other countries is the way in which names are used. Americans have little concern for "rank", especially socially. Most Americans do not want to be treated in any especially respectful way because of their age or social rank ; it makes them feel uncomfortable. Many Americans even find the terms "Mr. ", "Mrs. " or "Miss" too formal. People of all ages may prefer to be called by their first names. "Don't call me Mrs. Smith. Just call me Sally. " Using only first names usually indicates friendliness and acceptance. However, if you do not feel comfortable using only first names, it is quite acceptable to be more for mal. Just smile and say that after a while you will use first names but you are accustomed to being more when you first meet someone. Very often, introductions are made using both first and last names: "Mary Smith, this is John Jones. " In this situation you are free to decide whether to call the lady "Mary" or "Miss Smith".Sometimes both of you will begin a conversation using last names, and after a while one or both of you may begin using first names instead. You have a choice : if you don't want to use first names so quickly, no one will think it impolite if you continue according to you own custom.

单选题Learning to Forgive To forgive may be divine, but no one ever said it was easy. When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your grudge . But forgiveness is possible, and it can be surprisingly beneficial to your physical and mental health. "People who forgive show less depression, anger and stress and more hopefulness," says Frederic Luskin, Ph. D. , author of Forgive for Good. "So it can help save on the wear and tear on our organs, reduce the wearing out of the immune system and allow people to feel more vital." So how do you start the healing? Try following these steps: Calm yourself. To defuse your anger, try a simple stress-management technique. "Take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature, or someone you love," Luskin says. Don"t wait for an apology. "Many times the person who hurt you has no intention of apologizing," Luskin says. "They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don"t see things the same way. So if you wait for people to apologize, you could be waiting an awfully long time." Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean reconciliation with the person who upset you or condoning of his or her action. Take the control away from your offender. Mentally replaying your hurt gives power to the person who caused you pain. "Instead of focusing on your wounded feelings, learn to look for the love, beauty and kindness around yon," Luskin says. Try to see things from the other person"s perspective. If you empathize with that person, you may realize that he or she was acting out of ignorance, fear, even love. To gain perspective, you may want to write a letter to yourself from your offender"s point of view. Recognize the benefits of forgiveness. Research has shown that people who forgive report more energy, better appetite and better sleep patterns. Don"t forget to forgive yourself. "For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge," Luskin says. "But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you don"t do it."

单选题A lot of people could fall ill after drinking contaminated water.

单选题The passage indicates that spending more money on disease prevention will mean

单选题She shows little regard for the feelings of others and does exactly what she wants to.

单选题{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} {{B}}Giving Up Smoking{{/B}} A number of devices are available to help a person quit smoking. Nicotine (尼古丁) patches are small, nicotine-containing adhesive (粘着性的) discs applied to the skin. The nicotine is slowly absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream (血流). Over time, the nicotine dose is reduced and eventually the desire for nicotine is eased. Nicotine gum (口香糖) works in a similar manner, providing small doses of nicotine when chewed (咀嚼). The benefits of giving up smoking include the immediate reduction of harm to the health of the smoker and easier admission to social activities and institutions that ban smoking. In a 1988 report, the U.S. Surgeon General declared cigarette smoking to be more harmful and expensive than the use of cocaine (可卡因), alcohol, or heroin. Recent evidence supports this claim. The United States government has collected a special tax on cigarettes for several decades. The rate rose from 8 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes in 1951 to 24 cents per pack in 1993. In other developed countries, the cigarette tax rate is much higher, ranging from 50 percent in Switzerland to 85 percent in Denmark. In the United States, the first direct action to check smoking was the regulation of a warning on cigarette packages by the Federal Trade Commission. This warning took effect in 1964 and was strengthened in 1969 to read: "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health." In 1971 all cigarette advertising was banned from radio and television, and cities and states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces.

单选题The weather is a constant subject of conversation in Britain.

单选题Human facial expression differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be Udeliberately/U controlled and modified.

单选题 Thirst for Oil Worldwide every day, we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet's surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year, we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle, this will change, and we will need to cure our addiction to oil. Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution, when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used, mostly in power stations, to cover one quarter of our energy needs, but its use has been declining since we started pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel, but could make a comeback, as supplies are still plentiful; its reserves are five times larger than oil's. Today petroleum, a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol, diesel oil and various other chemical substances, provides around 40% of the world's energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles. The U.S. consumes a quarter of all oil, and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. The majority of oil comes from the Middle East, which has half of known reserves. But other significant sources include Russia, North America, Norway, Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refugel could be a major new U.S. source, to reduce reliance on foreign imports. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years, though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when demand exceeds supply. As conventional reserves become more difficult to access, others such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtained from coal. Since we started using fossil fuels, we have released 400 billion tonnes of carbon, and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 13℃. Among other horrors, this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all Arctic ice.

单选题Soldiers have to Uobey/U orders.

单选题Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be deliberately controlled and modified.

单选题People who eat breakfast are seldom in a bad mood．

单选题Infections 'Speed Memory Loss' Infections outside the brain may speed memory decline in Alzheimer' s disease, UK researchers say. The Southampton University researchers studied 222 elderly people with Alzheimer' s for six months, and they found that getting infections in places like the chest or urinary tract (尿道) could lead to higher level of an inflammatory (引发炎症的) protein called turnout necrosis factor (TNF) in the blood, and double memory loss. There were 110 of the 222 subjects who developed a total of 150 infections, in areas such as the chest, stomach and intestines (肠) and the urinary tract, which led to the production of TNF proteins. These are collectively known as acute systemic inflammation events (SIEs). Subjects with one or more SIEs during the six months follow - up had two times the rate of cognitive decline from their baseline score at the start of the study compared with those who had no SIE. And those patients who had high baseline levels of TNF and then suffered an SIE over the following six months had a 10 fold increase in the rate of cognitive decline compared to those who were SIE free. Dr Susanne Sorensen, Head of Research, Alzheimer' s Society said: We know there might be a link between inflammatory processes and Alzheimer' s but this is not yet fully understood. "In the meantime it' s important that older people, people with dementia treat any infection seriously and seek medical help in time. "Professor Clive Holmes at the University of Southampton, who led the research, said they had looked at patients with mild, moderate and severe Alzheimer's disease. "The worse the infection the worse the affect on the memory, but this is only an association at the moment. " One might guess that people with a more rapid rate of cognitive decline are more susceptible to infections or injury, but we found no evidence to suggest that people with more severedementia (痴呆) were more likely to have infections or injuries. "If further work proves that TNF is causing more brain inflammation it may be possible to use drugs that block TNF to help dementia sufferers. " Professor Holmes said although common illnesses like colds and slight wounds could also set up an inflammatory response in the body, the data from his study did not support the idea that even these could cause memory loss.

单选题The ice is not thick enough to {{U}}bear{{/U}} the weight of a tank．

单选题All the following complaints are said to have increased among children aged 12 to 16 EXCEPT

单选题When he spoke, she had an unpleasant {{U}}insight{{/U}} into what life would be like as his wife.

单选题Treatment Guidelines on Hoarseness If using your voice is difficult, then you know what dysphonia is. The more common name for this disorder is hoarseness. Experts say about one in three people will become hoarse at some point in their lives. Infections, smoking and using your voice too much, too loudly or just incorrectly can all cause hoarseness. It happens more commonly in women, children, the elderly and those who use their voice a lot in their jobs. Experts say hoarseness costs several billion dollars a year in lost productivity from people missing work. Now, doctors have the first treatment guidelines from the American Academy of Otolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. The new guidelines recognize that most eases are not serious and go away within a few days. But hoarseness can also be a sign of something worse. Doctor Richard Rosenfeld helped develop the guidelines. He calls for attention to the fact that hoarseness is not just a symptom. It occurs as a result of something underlying which can be potentially serious. "If you have hoarseness with tobacco or alcohol use, that would be a significant risk factor for cancer or other problems of the throat that could be serious. If you have any sort of a mass or growth in your neck at the same time, that would be very suspicious. The same is true if hoarseness begins after an accident, or injury. Or if you are also losing weight for no reason. Or if you are trying to rest your voice but it keeps getting worse. "he says. If hoarseness continues or the cause is unknown, doctors should perform an examination called a laryngoscopy. This is done in the doctor's office to look down the throat at the voice box and vocal chords. The guidelines urge doctors not to use other imaging methods like CT or MRI scans until they have done this. The guidelines also suggest ways to avoid getting hoarse. Drink lots of water. Avoid tobacco smoke and other irritants. And for people who use their voices a lot, like singers or professional speakers, get voice training and use an amplifier.

单选题I am not certain whether he will come. A. sure B. determined C. sorry D. glad

单选题American Marriage and Family More surprising, perhaps, than the current difficulties of traditional marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving. As Skolnick notes, Americans are a marrying people: relative to Europeans, more of us marry and we marry at a younger age. Moreover, after a decline in the early 1970s, the rate of marriage in the United States is now increasing. Even the divorce rate need to be taken in this pro marriage context: some 80 percent of divorced individuals remarry. Thus marriage remains, by far, the preferred way of life for the vast majority of people in our society. What has changed more than marriage is the nuclear family. Twenty-five years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife, and two or three children. Now, there are many marriages in which couples have decided not to have any children. And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wife's previous marriages, of the husband's, or both. Sometimes these children spend all of their time with one parent from the former marriage; sometimes they are shared between the two former spouses(配偶). Thus, one can find every type of family arrangement. There are marriages without children; marriages with children from only the present marriage; marriages with "full-time" children from both the present and former marriages; marriages with "full-time" children from the present marriage and "part-time" children from former marriages. There are stepfathers, stepmothers, half-brothers, and half-sisters. It is not all that unusual for a child to have four parents and grandparents! These are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in the midst of all this, there remains one constant: most Americans spend most of their adult life married.