填空题A. is found to be a great deal higher than that of seawaterB. was of little scientific valueC. may be older than that collected below 39 feet of iceD. might have come from MarsE. is to collect some briny lake water for analysisF. may return to life sooner than microbes frozen in the surface ice

填空题A. than more recent onesB. the killing efficiency for older eruptionsC. has remained controversialD. Wignall's calculations as acceptableE. has been mown to us allF. his ideas

填空题A. if there isn't enough dopamine m your bodyB. what affects muscles all through your bodyC. which cannot be cured yetD. if you have a fixed or blank expressionE. which may be the first symptom you noticeF. what causes Parkinson's disease

填空题Exercising Your Memory 1. Aging does not mean a dramatic decline in memory power, unless you help it happen by letting your mind go. 2. That"s not to say that memory doesn"t change throughout life. Researchers divide memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One system divides it up as short-term (less than one minute; remembering a telephone number while you dial, for instance) , long-term (over a period of years) and very long-term memory (over a lifetime). 3. Short-term memory isn"t mastered until about age 7, but after that you never lose it. Long-term memory, however, involves more effort and skill and changes more through life. It"s not until the early teens (十几岁) that most people develop a mature long-term memory. 4. First, we must get information into our heads through learning. Learning strategies can get rusty (生锈) without constant use. High school and college students, who are forced to repeatedly exercise their long-term memory abilities (at least long-tern1 enough to get them through a final exam), usually do well on memory tests. The longer you stay in school, the more chance you get to polish your learning skills. It"s no wonder that more highly educated people have more effective memory skills throughout life. 5. Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active—reading, discussing, taking classes, thinking — and those who do not. Giving the brain daily workout (锻炼) is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity. 6. The next part of a healthy long-term memory is retention (记忆力), the ability to store what you have learned. Memory researchers still do not know whether memories are lost—whether they still exist in the brain but our mental searching cannot turn them up, or have disappeared entirely as our brain ages. 7. The third necessity for memory is recall, the ability to bring to mind the memories we have stored. Again, while aging has widely different effects on the recall abilities of different people, research indicates that the older we get, the longer it takes to recall facts But slower recall is still recall. In fact, aging does not seem to have any effect on forgetting at all, which takes place at the same rate in younger and older people.

填空题More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are Widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. 2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep arid feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers. 3 These findings, which Dr. Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. 4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep, for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. 5 For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall hack to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. 6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bad. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake," he said.A. Kripke's Research ToolB. Dangers of Habitual Shortages of SleepC. Criticism on Kripke's ReportD. A Way of Overcoming InsomniaE. Sleep Problems of Long and Shoat SleepersF. Classification of Sleep Problems

填空题 Cars Are Good for the Environment Britain's motor industry is planning a major publicity campaign to counter what it sees as an official anti-car bias and to improve, the environmental image of the cars, according to documents leaked to the pressure group, Friends of the Earth (FOE). (46) . The internal document which was produced last month by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, says that the "ultimate objective of the campaign must be to protect the long term commercial freedom of the motor industry and the lifestyle freedom of car users". (47) . European car manufacturers have already agreed with the European Commission to reduce CO2 emissions from new cars by 25 per cent to target of 140 grams per kilometre by 2008. However, the document also reveals that the industry is some way from meeting the target. (48) . To help control these emissions, the government has proposed replacing the flat rate annual tax on cars with a tax related to engine size so that owners of large gas-guzzler(耗油量大的汽车)would pay more than owners of small cars. (49) . Richard Barnet, the society's media manager, says:"We will work with the government to practise a practical system." (50 .A The campaign will highlight the motor industry's efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)B But the motor industry opposes taxes on persons owning cars preferring taxes on useC The five-year campaign could cost up to ￡12 millionD The reason why cars are good for the environment is obviousE But Ian Willmore of FOE says the industry "may pose as partners of the government, but its real intention is to frustrate serious attempts to reduce traffic levels"F For example, last year's new cars exceed an average of 192 grams per kilometre —some 37 percent above the target

填空题Cancer Cancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body"s basic building blocks. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. The extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Benign (良性的) tumors are not cancer. They can often be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Malignant (恶性的) tumors are cancer. Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order. Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer. Many gene changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or exposure to carcinogens (致癌物) in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherited. Cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (化疗), hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods, depending on the type and location of the cancer, whether the disease has spread, the patient"s age and general health, and other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues, it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options, weighing the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects. Having cancer does not always mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer, the extent of the disease, and the patient"s tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones, organs, or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However, pain can generally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs recommended by the doctor.

填空题 A. suffer from a stroke B. will be affected C. change their lifestyles D. will take place E. occurs at the back of his/her brain F. controls various body functions

填空题How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf. This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. (1) . In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies. Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to "hear" music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. (2) . He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: "my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to 'hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. " How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both "out there" and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. (3) . However, it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces. When Michael Edgar first "switched on" his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, " The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once. The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices "coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. " But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. (4) . He said, " l play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head. " Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives. (5) . Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life. A. No man-made device could replace the ability to hear. B. When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano. C. Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant. D. Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21. E. Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf. F. Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness "heightened" his achievement as a composer.

填空题 (46) . If there is one which I take leave to doubt then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings people just like their elders. (47) : the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is. When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain that I was a new boy in a huge school, (48) . For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking. (49) .They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but ! do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for elders as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, (50) .A. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one.B. People are always talking about "the problem of youth".C. and I will argue with him as an equal, if I think he is wrongD. and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.E. I find young people exciting.F. It is very enjoyable to teach young children.

填空题U. S. European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled Insulin A. form of insulin for people with diabetes to take by mouth is expected to be sold within a few months. The new medicine is called Exubera. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission both recently approved it for adults. It could make life easier for many diabetics who require daily injections of insulin to control their blood sugar levels. But it will not replace all insulin injections. And it is not for everyone. People who smoke or have stopped smoking for less than six months should not take Exubera. (1) Three drug companies — Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis and Nektar Therapeutics — developed the inhaled insulin. (2) Experts say about fifteen percent of diabetics who need insulin do not take it. The treatment can involve several injections each day. Insulin is a hormone that the body uses to change food into energy. Failure to control blood sugar levels can lead to serious problems, including blindness and loss of blood flow to the feet. It can also lead to heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. Insulin has been sold as a drug since the nineteen twenties. This is the first new way to take it. Exubera uses a powder breathed into the lungs through a mouthpiece. Pfizer will study the long-term effects. It says some patients have reported a mild cough while using the inhaled insulin. (3) Many people do not know they have diabetes. There are two forms. Most diabetics have the Type Two form. Their body does not make enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. (4) Most Type Two diabetics do not take insulin. Their medicines can be taken by mouth. Diet, exercise and weight control are also important. Type One diabetes often begins in childhood. (5) Officials say diabetics with either type could use inhaled insulin, either before or after a meal. But Type One diabetics and some with Type Two would still need a longer-lasting injection at least once a day. A. With this type the body is unable to produce insulin. B. Pfizer recently bought the rights to sell it worldwide. C. The control of their blood sugar levels is most important for patients with diabetes. D. It is common in people who are overweight and not active. E. Some patients with lung disease should not take it either. F. People are advised to have their lungs examined before using Exubera, and at least once a year after that.

填空题A. The Importance of Health InsuranceB. The Definition of Health InsuranceC. The Purpose of Each Kind of Health InsuranceD. In Some Countries There Are No Health CareE. Health Insurance Covers a Lot of CostsF. The Advantages of Health Insurance

填空题The Dangers of Second-hand Smoke Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer. However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. 1 No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that second-hand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people"s cigarettes. 2 The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to second-hand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker"s health. 3 They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic (有毒的) chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of us breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid second-hand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid second-hand smoke. 4 Research shows that children who are exposed to second-hand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke. People are becoming very aware of the dangers of second-hand smoke. 5 A. Recently, though, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers. B. The Gilsons have been married for 35 years. C. This smoke is called second-hand smoke. D. However, second-hand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young. E. As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. F. In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题A. remote places attract the travellers with promises of excitementB. has changed a lotC. was uncertain and dangerousD. international travelE. JetsF. confusing and frustrating

填空题The Story of Lani Five-year-old Lani still takes seven medicines with her breakfast every morning. "She"s very good about it," says her father David. Lani is alive today because of her father David, in more than one way; when she was one year old she received part of her father"s liver in a liver transplant operation. Lani was born with a liver illness. 1 Doctors advised that a transplant was the only way in which she would live. The operation lasted 12 hours and needed two teams, one for the father and one for the daughter. 2 In these cases, the donor"s liver grows to normal size in about eight weeks. And the child"s liver becomes smaller. Lani spent three weeks in hospital after the operation. Because the receiver"s body tries to reject the new organ, the patient has to be given special drugs. 3 Although David left hospital after 10 days, he didn"t return to work until after three months. In order to reach the liver, the doctors have to cut through the stomach wall, which is strong and full of muscle. It therefore takes a long time to recover after this operation. 4 So far, only 16 of these liver-transplant operations have been carried out in Britain. 5 Doctors say, "If possible, we prefer to take a liver from a dead donor, usually a parent." Lani still has to look after her health, and she gets more tired than other children of the same age, but doctors hope that she will continue to get stronger and stronger. A. She had one operation when she was six weeks old, which was not successful. B. While these drugs are given, it is important that the patient does not catch any illness, not even a cold. C. In this operation a piece of liver, weighing about 250—300 grams, was removed from the father and transplanted into the daughter. D. David quickly recovered from the operation. E. However, they are more common in North America and Japan. F. David was finally able to ride his bike again after about a year.

填空题The Drink Your Body Needs Most 1. Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water. And our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物) to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs. 2. We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸) , and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is all obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. 3. A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane. 4. It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don"t need.

填空题What a parent Is most concerned with upon the birth of a child is ______.

填空题 The Drink Your Body Needs Most 1. Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water, and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物) to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs. 2. We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is all obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. 3. A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8 ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane. 4. It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don't need.

填空题Representatives of Callahan Media Associates (CMA) announced today that the news agency would attempt to buy the National Broadcasting System (NBS), the second largest television and radio network in the United States. Ronald Callahan, son of Jessica Callahan, who started CMA, told reporters that he expects his company's offering price to be high enough to win out over other offers.A. Her success in raising the news reporting standards as well as making the Herald into a profitable business gained Callahan the attention and respect of the British news establishment.B. Philip agreed that Callahan and CMA had done a lot to help American newspapers become more financially secure, but he expressed fears that the new management was going to make news coverage on NBS irresponsible.C. He indicated that NBS executives had already discussed reorganization plans that might result from a CMA takeover.D. Callahan had never visited the United States before she came to Miami and became the publisher of the Miami Journal almost eight years ago, but she had been reading the newspaper for several years, and she said that she liked the paper's style.E. A native of the United Kingdom, Jessica Callahan began to buy newspapers, magazines, and radio stations in the United States eight years ago.F. But by the time she was 35, she had become a publisher and started CMA, which is now one of the largest media organizations in the worl

填空题______ In the first place, Britain had the money necessary to finance the larger enterprises. England's supremacy on the seas had encouraged commerce, and Englishmen had been amassing wealth through there commerce and industry. The newly rich class in that country were not the aristocratic (贵族) group, but merchants and businessmen who were willing to devote themselves to industry and scientific agriculture. The wealth of France, on the other hand, was largely in the hands of the nobility, and they were not willing to do the necessary work to develop industry.A. Great Britain had undertaken very early the manufacturing of inexpensive and more practical products for which there would be ever -growing demand from the people.B. There was coal in northern France, too, but France was late in tapping such resources because really everyone depended directly or indirectly on farming for his living.C. On the other hard, France produced articles in the luxury class.D. This had not been the case in France, which was still chiefly an agricultural country with peasants bound to their masters in many ways so they could not easily move to the cities.E. So she was ready for methods that would make it possible to manufacture in large quantities.F. There were several reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain ratherthan in France, the other great powers of the day.