填空题Scientists working on a problem do not know and sometimes can't even guess what the final result will be. Late on Friday, 8 November, 1895, Professor Rontgen, a German physicist, was doing an experiment in his laboratory when he noticed something extraordinary. He had covered an electric bulb with black cardboard, and when he switched on the current he saw little dancing lights on his table. (46) ; how then could any ray penetrate? On the table there were some pieces of paper which had been covered with metal salts. (47) . Professor Rontgen took a piece of this paper and held it at a distance from the lamp. Between it and the lamp he placed a variety of objects, a books, a pack of cards, a piece of wood and a door key. The ray penetrated every one of them except the key. He called his wife into the laboratory and asked her to hold her hand between the lamp and a photographic plate. (48) , but she held up her hand for a quarter of an hour, and when the plate was developed there was a picture of the bones of her hand and of the ring on one finger. The mysterious ray could pass through the flesh and not through the bone or the ring. At a scientific meeting, Professor Rontegen called this new ray "the unknown", the X-ray. (49) , and soon there were X-ray machines in all the big hospitals. The most obvious use for this discovery was to enable doctors to see exactly how a bone was fractured. Other uses came later. It was found that these rays could be used to destroy cancer cells, just as they destroyed the healthy cells of the doctors who first used the machines. (50) , and the lungs could be X-rayed to show if there was any tuberculosis present. A. It was on this paper that the lights were shining B. She was very surprised by this request C. Now the bulb was completely covered D. It was a great invention E. Methods were found later by which ulcers in the stomach could be located F. Doctors quickly saw how this could be used

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means of the same result. Alterntively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or desiderative effect on those exposed to it. The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in What Is Art in 1986, has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aresthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan "art for art's sake." {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself. Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of apreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are? The analogy with laughter...which, in some views, is itself a species of aesthetic interestintroduces a concept without which there can be no serious discussion of the value of art: the concept of taste. {{U}}(49) {{/U}}. We thus begin to think in terms of a distinction between good and bad reasons for laughter. Amusement at the wrong things may seem to us to show corruption of mind, cruelty, or bad taste; and when it does so, we speak of the object as not truly amusing, and feel that we have reason on our side. Similarly, we regard some works of art as worthy of our attention and others as not. In articulating this judgment, we use all of the diverse and confusing vocabulary of moral appraisal; works of art, like people, are condemned for their sentimentality, coarseness, vulgarity, cruelty, or self-indulgence, and squally praised for their warmth, compassion, nobility, sensitivity, and truthfulness. Clearly, if aesthetic interest has a positive value, its only when motivated the good taste; it is only interest in appropriate objects that can be said to be good for us. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.[A] Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves.[B] All discussion of the value of art tends, therefore, to turn from the outset in the direction of criticism: Can there be genuine critical evaluation of art, a genuine distinction between that which deserves our attention and that which does not?[C] Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions.[D] Artistic appreciation, appreciation, a purely personal matter, calls for appropriate means of expression. Yet, it is before anything a process of "cultivation", during which a certain part of one's "inner self" is "dug out" and some knowledge of the outside world becomes its match.[E] If I am amused it is for a reason, and this reason lies in the object of my amusement.[F] Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 I Know Just How You Feel Do you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel: the first visual dictionary of the human heart. Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types -- anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin's small group. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions. The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism (孤独症), who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an "emotion". {{U}}(48) {{/U}} Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from "afraid" to "wanting". Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognise one when we see it on someone's face. "It was really clear when the actors had got it right," says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD. "Although they were given some direction," says Ms Collis, "the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}" For example, when someone feels contempt, you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down. Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called "action units". These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial shapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion. A. We thought of trying to describe each emotion,but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules for this. B. These particular muscles are difficult to control,and few people can do it. C. Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read emotional expressions. D. They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by "I feel" or "he looks" or "she sounds". E. He said that the expression of these feelings was universal and recognisable by anyone, from any culture. F. Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions,such as words, would have been far less effective.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个紧佳选项。 Icebergs 1 Icebergs are among nature's most spectacular (壮观的 ) creations, and yet most people have never seen one. A vague air of mystery envelops them. They come into being-somewhere-in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most case no one hears or sees. They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away (消融) just as unnoticed. 2 Objects of sheerest (最纯粹的) beauty they have been called. Appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly or in darker hues. They are graceful, stately, inspiring-in calm, sunlight seas. 3 But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are—in the night, in the fog, and in storms. Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them. Most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them. 4 Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago. The snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at aft, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries. As each year's snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones. With time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice. A. Formation of iceberg B. Iceberg is beautiful C. Color'of iceberg D. Iceberg is dangerous E. Iceberg is mysterious F. Classification of iceberg

填空题How to Argue with Your Boss 1. Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss"s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss"s secretary, there are keys to timing: don"t approach the boss when he"s on deadline; don"t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don"t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation. 2. If you"re mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don"t let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then, maybe he will dismiss you. 3. Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it. 4. Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can"t put forward an immediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can"t get past the secretary. 5. To deal effectively with a boss, it"s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals. A. Keep Your Voice Low All the Time B. Put Yourself in the Boss"s Position C. Propose Your Solution D. Don"t Go In When You Are Angry E. Make the Issue Clear F. Never Give In

填空题What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. 1 Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose can"t be used by the body on its own—it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body. Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, it"s because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. 2 You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents" age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes. 3 When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It won"t ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older. Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. 4 Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes, something else outside the person"s body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with—this means you can"t get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isn"t caused by eating too many sugary foods, either. Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person"s body—sometimes months or years. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. 5 A. Genes are something that you inherit from your parents, and they are in your body even before you"re born. B. This sugar-fuel is called glucose. C. It may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes. D. You can"t catch diabetes from people who have it, no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them. E. The glucose can"t get into the cells of the body without insulin. F. When a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the person"s body needs more than the pancreas can make.

填空题Parkinson"s Disease 1. Parkinson"s disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson"s, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to. 2. No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson"s disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited. 3. Tremor may be the first symptom you notice. It is one of the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. More importantly, not everyone with a tremor has Parkinson"s disease. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinson"s affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation. In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinson"s may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble speaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills (dementia). 4. At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson"s disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.

填空题 Ebola Outbreak 1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are battling an Ebola outbreak. Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection. Scientists believe that humans contracted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals. It is now believed that bats are the primary carriers of the virus. 2 To date, there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. However, other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders. 3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries, your risk of contracting the virus is virtually zero. Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS, the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infected person. Specifically, Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids. Though the virus is transmittable, only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable. 4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them after a week of contracting the virus. Symptoms may appear as early as two days or as late as three weeks after initial infection. Symptoms include disgust, weakness and stomach pain. More uncommon symptoms include chest pain, bleeding and sore throat. 5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every, organ of the body. This causes an overstimulation of the body's inflammatory response, causing the flu-like symptoms. The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the body's normal clotting mechanism (凝血机制), making bleeding even more severe. Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注) ultimately lead to organ failure and death. 6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years. While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable, Ebola is one of the world's most fatal viral infections. Ebola's fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.

填空题The day her daughter was born, the writer's heart was mostly filled with ______.

填空题 A. disease prevention B. health education C. healthy behavior D. unhealthy behavior E. other health services F. many vaccines

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}Exercising Your Memory{{/B}}1 Aging does not mean a dramatic decline in memory power, unless you help it happen by letting your mind go.2 That's not to say that memory doesn't change throughout life. Researchers divide memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One system divides it up as short-term (less than one minute; remembering a telephone number while you dial, for instance), long-term (over a period of years) and very long-term memory (over a lifetime).3 Short-term memory isn't mastered until about age 7, but after that you never lose it. Long-term memory, however, involves more effort and skill and changes more through life. It's not until the early teens (十几岁) that most people develop a mature long-term memory.4 First, we must get information into our heads through learning. Learning strategies can get rusty (生锈) without constant use. High school and college students, who are forced to repeatedly exercise their long term memory abilities (at least long-term enough to get them through a final exam), usually do well on memory tests. The longer you stay in school, the more chance you get to polish your learning skills. It's no wonder that more highly educated people have more effective memory skills throughout life.5 Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active m reading, discussing, taking classes, thinking — and those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout (锻炼) is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity.6 The next part of a healthy long-term memory is retention (记忆力), the ability to store what you have learned. Memory researchers still do not know whether memories are lost—whether they still exist in the brain but our mental searching cannot turn them up, or have disappeared entirely as our brain ages.7 The third necessity for memory is recall, the ability to bring to mind the memories we have stored. Again, while aging has widely different effects on the recall abilities of different people, research indicates that the older we get, the longer it takes to recall facts. But slower recall is still recall. In fact, aging does not seem to have any effect on forgetting at all, which takes place at the same rate in younger and older people.

填空题A. Urgent Need for Both Donors and Funds B. Shortage of Donors C. Desperate Leukaemia Patients D. Seriousness of the Current Situation E. Shortage of Funds F. Comparison Between Mainland and Hong Kong and Taiwan

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27—30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of disease, deformities, or injuries by operations. The doctor who performs the operation is called a surgeon. Every physician has some training in surgery and is qualified to perform simple operations. But surgeons are specially trained so that they have the judgment and skill to perform complicated operations.2. Modern surgery stresses accurate diagnosis of the disease and proper care of the patient before and after the operation. Thus, the surgeon not only needs to know how to perform an operation, but also must have a wide knowledge of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology. Five to eight years of training after medical school are necessary for physicians to qualify as surgeons.3. A surgical operation is complicated. Many people, medicines, equipment, and techniques help assure the greatest possible safety and comfort for the patient. The elimination of pain, the prevention of infection, and advanced means of diagnosis are all part of modern surgery. A qualified surgical team is essential to the success of both the operation and the patient' s recovery. This team usually consists of a surgeon, at least one assistant, an anesthesiologist, and one or more nurses.4. A surgeon uses many instruments in the course of an operation. These instruments include holders for needles and sponges, clamps to close off blood vessels, and retractors to hold back folds of skin. Sharp instruments include scissors and scalpels. Since the 1970' s, lasers have been used to make delicate cuts in body tissues. Doctors use the high- energy light of the laser to cut tissue by burning fine lines in the skin or other organs.5. A surgeon can remove a long section of diseased intestine and sew the remaining intestinal sections together. The body will function normally after the operation. A kidney, or even a major part of the stomach, can be removed by an operation. In heart surgery, a doctor may replace one of the heart valves with an artificial one. Extensive surgery on the lungs and ribs is often part of the treatment of cancer. Sometimes an en- tire diseased lung is removed. A neurosurgeon can remove brain tumors and repair head injuries. Transplanting organs involves taking a healthy organ from one person and using it to replace the diseased organ in another person. The kidney is a commonly transplant- ed organ. The transplanted tissue must closely match that of the patient, or the patient' s body will reject the new organ.6. In microsurgery, the surgeon operates while viewing the procedure through a microscope or magnifying glass. This technique enables physicians to perform operations on some of the tiniest body structures. For example, surgeons can rejoin extremely small blood vessels and nerves by using this technique. Such surgery has led to the successful reattachment of severed fingers, hands, and even arms and legs. Doctors also use micro- surgery to operate on the delicate structures in the eye, the kidney, the brain, and many other parts of the body.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind{{/B}} Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It is said that our body movements communicate about 50 per cent of what we really mean while words themselves only express 7 per cent. So, while your mouth is closed, just what is your body saying. Arms.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}If you keep your arms to the sides of your body or behind your back, this suggests you are not afraid of taking on whatever comes your way.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}If someone upsets you, just cross your arms to show you're unhappy! Head. When you want to appear confident, keep your head level. If you are monitor in class, you can also take on this position when you want your words to be taken seriously.{{U}} (3) {{/U}} Legs. Your legs tend to move around a lot more than normal when you are nervous or telling lies. If you are at interviews, try to keep them still! Posture. A good posture makes you feel better about yourself.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}This makes breathing more difficult, which in turn Can make you feel nervous or uncomfortable. Mouth. When you are thinking, you often purse your lips. You might also use this position to hold back an angry comment you don't wish to show.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}. Purse vt. 皱缩;皱拢 posture n. 姿势 receptive adj. 善于接受的, 能接纳的 A. If you ale feeling down, you normally don't sit straight, with your shoulders inwards. B. If you are pleased, you usually open your eyes wide and people can notice this. C. Outgoing people generally use their arms with big movements, while quieter people keep them close to their bodies. D. How you hold your arms shows how open and receptive you are to people you meet. E. However, it will probably still be noticed, and people will know you're not pleased. F. However, to be friendly in listening or speaking, you must move your head a little to one side.

填空题 Earthquake 1. Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe. Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of the quake itself. Other damage results from landslides or major fires which are initiated by the quake. 2. These are about a million quakes a year. Fortunately, however, not all of them are destructive. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale, which goes from upward. The highest scale recorded to date is 8.9. major damage generally occurs from quakes ranging upward from 6.0. 3. The actual cause of the quake itself is the breaking of rocks at or below the earth's surface. This is produced by pressure which scientists believe may be due to a number of reasons, two of which are the expansion and contraction of the earth's crust and continental drift. 4. In order to limit the damage and to prevent some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes, scientists are working on ways to enable accurate prediction. Special instruments are used to help people record, for example, shaking of the earth. Scientists are trying to find methods that will enable them to indicate the exact time, location and size of an earthquake. 5. Certain phenomena have been observed which are believed to be the signs of imminent earthquakes. These include strange behaviors of some animals, the changes in the content of mineral water, etc. The magnetic properties of rocks may also display special pattern before earthquakes happen. A. Earthquakes Forecast B. Historical Records of Earthquakes C. Intensities of Earthquakes D. Cause of Earthquakes E. Indications of Earthquakes F. Damaging Earthquakes

填空题A. The Organization of An ArticleB. Check Your Reading SpeedC. A Way to Increase Your Reading SpeedD. Check Your UnderstandingE. Read Something Every DayF. Read Extensively

填空题Ford's higher-wage and lower-cost strategy was. strongly ______.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 Antibiotics are drugs produced by certain microbes. Antibiotic substances are obtained from bacteria and fungi that live in the air, soil, and water. Most antibiotics are used by physicians to fight various diseases caused by harmful microbes. A few are used to treat certain cancers. Antibiotics are sometimes called" wonder drugs 'because they can cure many diseases that once were often fatal. The number of deaths that are caused by pneumonia and scarlet fever has declined drastically since people began using antibiotics.2. There are more than 70 clinically useful antibiotics, Antibiotics fight pathogenic microbes and cancer cells by interfering with their normal cell processes. In most cases, this interference can occur in one of three ways: prevention of cell wall formation, disruption of the cell membrane, and disruption of chemical processes.3. The contents of bacterial cells are enclosed in a membrane that is surrounded by a rigid wall that prevents the cells from splitting open. Penicillins and some other antibiotics destroy pathogenic microbes by hindering the formation of this wall. Human cells do not have nor need rigid cell walls and so are not damaged by these antibiotics.4. Some antibiotics, including nystatin, disrupt the cell membrane of certain microbes. This membrane controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell. If the membrane is disrupted, vital nutrients may escape from the cell, or poisonous substances may enter and kill the cell. But the membranes of human cells are not affected because these antibiotics disrupt cell membranes that contain elements found only in microbial cells.5. All cells produce proteins and nucleic acids, which are vital to the life of any organism. Some antibiotics fight disease by interfering with the chemical processes by which these substances are produced. For example, streptomycin prevent certain kinds of microbes from producing proteins, and rifampin interferes with the formation of nucleic acids. Human cells produce proteins and nucleic acids in much the same way that microbial cells do. But these processes differ enough so that some antibiotics interfere with chemical activities in microbial cells but not in human cells.

填空题Waste Not, Want Not 1 Bob and Clara Darlington, who own and run a farm in the North of England, have always looked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow. Their SUCCESS began when they established a shop on their farm, so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them. 2 The business was an immediate SUCCESS, and soon scored top marks in a competition set up by the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country. The Association's inspectors found the Darlingtons' shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetable. 3 Clara Darlington is a trained chef and, in addition to a range of home-grown foods and other local produce, she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen. A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added, with everything that visitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop. 4 Clara admits that starting the business was expensive, and she has worked very hard, but maintains that if the product is good, the public recognize this and buy it. "I aim to offer the highest quality to our customers, whether they come in for a loaf of bread, or take a whole dinner-party menu. I take it as a compliment if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves." 5 So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop. Clara, not wishing to see them get thrown away, decided to turn them into soup. 6 The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produce different varieties. She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail, doing presentations of the soups. As a result, they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores.A. Time well spent is rewardedB. Professional recognition is obtainedC. A necessary alternative to farmingD. Professional skills are exploitedE. Continuing investment in high standardsF. Ensuring that nothing gets wasted

填空题Female leaders face up to crisis 1 During the recession (经济衰退), German Chancellor Angela Merkel, 55, announced a 50-billion-euro stimulus package (经济刺激计划) for her country earlier this year, saying it would boost growth and protect jobs in Europe's biggest economy. The package includes 17-18 billion euros in investment in roads and schools and 9 billion euros in tax cuts for companies and individuals. Critics slarmmed (猛烈抨击) the measure as too little, too late to haul Germany out of a recession. 2 At the end of last year, US President-elect Obama picked Mary Schapiro, 53, a regulator he said was "both smart and tough," to head the Securities and Exchange Commission (证券交易委员会). Soon after taking the post, she merged the regulatory operations of the National Association of Securities Dealers and the New York Stock Exchange to reduce costly duplications. 3 On the first day of last month, Johanna Sigurdardottir, 66, was sworn in as the first female premier of Iceland. Her first act was to rework the cabinet, shrinking it from 12 to 10 seats. "All the ministers in my cabinet must work fast, take firm action and accept responsibility for their actions," Sigurdardottir said, according to the New York Times. 4 Argentine President Cristina Fernandez, 56, is considered a tough female politician. To boost the economy during the international financial crisis, she announced an investment plan at the end of last year worth 71 billion Argentine pesos (135 billion yuan). The investment is mainly intended for the construction industry, schools and houses.A. The Ministers in the CabinetB. German ChancellorC. The First Female Premier of IcelandD. Argentine PresidentE. US PresidentF. Head the Securities and Exchange Commission