填空题Development in Newspaper Organization One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century 46 , which are known as wire services. Wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue (47) . Today the major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story. Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers (48) . A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and (49) . Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined (50) . Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.A. to play an important role in newspaper operationsB. was the growth of telegraph servicesC. and they usually enjoy great prestigeD. they are usually operated by a single ownerE. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costsF. owned by a single person or organization

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。{{B}}MyLifeatRenda{{/B}}Ilearnedveryquicklythatbeingateachingassistant(TA)attheUniversityofIowawouldbedifferentfrombeingateacheratRenminUniversity.{{U}}(46){{/U}}Eyesstaring,mouthsopen,studentsexaminedmybignose,whilewaswritingmynameontheblackboard.AtIowa,whenmyfirstclassesbegan,halfofmystudentsstillhadn'tarrived.Whenveryonefinallyfoundaseat,ringingcellphonesandloudyawns(哈欠)interruptedmyopeningremarks.ItisnotthatAmericanstudentsweredisrespectful.{{U}}(47){{/U}}Theywere,however,farmoreskepticalthanthestudentsIhadatRenda.ThetruthisIcouldn'tfaultthemfortheirskepticism.UndergraduatesatlargeUSuniversities—especiallyfreshmenandsophomores—oftenhaveseveralclassesasemesterhandledbyTAs.Insomecases,theTAsetsthecoursecontent.{{U}}(48){{/U}}Mosthavegoodintentions,butveryfewareaseffectiveasprofessors.Everyteacherhastoconfrontobstaclestolearning—nomatterwhattheculture.Studentswhotalkduringlectures,studentswhocheat,studentswhoquestionthegradetheygetforapaperorprojectdealingwiththeseisallpartofthejob.{{U}}(49){{/U}}.Thedifference,Ithink,isthatintheUSIhadtoswallowmoreofmypride.{{U}}(50){{/U}}Ihadaresponsibilitytoteachthem,ofcourse,butIhadtodosoindirectly—asaguidewhohimselfhadafewthingstolearnfromthestudents.A.BackatRenda,Ihadwalkedintomyfirstclassesfeelinglikeacelebrity.B.Inmystudents'minds,Ihadlittletoofferthem,exceptperhapssomesamplequestionsforthemid-termexam.C.Inothers,theTAworksasagraderanddiscussionleader.D.IencounteredtheseinChina,andIfacedthemintheUS.E.Ontheotherhand,beingtaughtbyagraduatestudentisnotnecessarilybad.F.Mostwerepolite,oratleast,indifferent.

填空题Friendly Relations with the People Around 1 You depend on all the people closely around you to give you the warm feeling of belongingness (归属感) that you must have to feel secure. But,in fact, the members of all the groups to which you belong also depend on you to give that feeling to them. A person who shows that he wants everything for himself is bound to be a lonely wolf. 2 The need for companionship is closely related to the need for a sense of belongingness. How sad and lonely your life would be if you had no one to share your feelings and experiences. You may take it for granted that there always will be people around to talk to and to do things with you and for you. The important point, however, is that keeping emotionally healthy does not depend so much on having people around you as upon your ability to establish relationships that are satisfying both to you and to them. 3 Suppose you are in a crowd watching a football game. You don't know them. When the game is over, you will go your separate ways. But just for a while you had a feeling of companionship, of sharing the feeling of others who were cheering for the team you wanted to win. 4 An experience of this kind gives the glue to what comPanionship really is. It depends upon emotional ties of sympathy, understanding, trust, and affection. Companionships become friends when these ties are formed. 5 When you are thrown in a new circle of acquaintances (熟人), you may not know with whom you will make friends, but you can be sure that you will be able to establish friendships if you show that you really like people.A. Close link between companionship and belongingnessB. How to satisfy other people's needsC. An example of a satisfying relationshipD. Difficulties in establishing friendshipsE. What companionship really isF. Making friends with new acquaintances

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1) 第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2) 第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Organ Donation and Transplantation 1. Organ donation (捐献) and transplantation (移植) refers to the process by which organs or tissues from one person are put into another person's body. 2. The number of people needing a transplant continues to rise faster than the number of donors. A- bout 3,700 transplant candidates are added to the national waiting list each month. Each day, about 77 people receive organ transplants. However, 18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can't take place because of the shortage of donated organs. 3. There are no age limits on who can donate. Newborns as well as senior citizens have been organ donors. If you are under age 18, you must have a parent's or guardian's consent (同意). If you are 18 years or older, you can show you want to be an organ and tissue donor by signing a donor card. 4. Many people think that if they agree to donate their organs, the doctor or the emergency room staff won't work as hard to save their life. This is not true. The transplant team is completely separate from the medical staff working to save your life. The transplant team does not become involved with you until doctors have determined that all possible efforts to save your life have failed. 5. If you need an organ transplant, your doctor will help you get on the national waiting list. Your name will be added to a pool of names. When an organ donor becomes available, all the patients in the pool are compared to that donor. Factors such as blood and tissue type, size of the organ, medical urgency (紧急) of the patient's illness, time already spent on the waiting list, and distance between donor and recipient (授受者) are considered. A. Quality of donated organs B. Benefits of organ donation C. Distribution of donated organs D. Quality of donor medical care E. Age limits for organ donation F. Status of organ donation and transplantation

填空题Read with Greater Speed Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain. At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects. 1 Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study,37 struggling readers received special tutoring. Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (音素). 2 By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year. As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students" brains. 3 This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive. A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests. 4 However, some researchers still doubt the study. 5 A. Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters. B. The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling. C. The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters. D. Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn"t show the same progress. E. The pictures showed an increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side. F. They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.

填空题Rainmaking 1. The idea of rainmaking is almost as old as man, but it was not until 1946 that man succeeded in making rain. In ancient times, rainmakers had claimed to bring rain by many methods: dancing singing, killing animals (including humans). 2. For a long time, men have understood where rain comes from. Water from the surface of oceans and lakes becomes part of the air, where it forms clouds from which rain falls. But exactly what starts the formation of raindrops was not known until quite recently. A man named John Aitken proved that drops of water gather around tiny bits of dust or other matter. The centers of the drops are so small that the human eye cannot see them. Without such centers, it seems raindrops do not form. 3. During World War Ⅱ , Dr. Irving Langmir, and his assistant Schaefer, were hired by the General Electric Company to study how and why ice forms on the wings of airplanes. They went to a mountain in New Hampshire, where snowstorms are common and cold winds blow. They were surprised to find that often the temperature of the clouds surrounding them was far below the freezing point, and yet ice did not form in the clouds. 4. After the War, Schaefer experimented with a machine that created cold, moist air similar to the air found in clouds. To imitate the moist air of a cloud. Schaefer would breathe into the machine. Then he would drop into the freezer a bit of powder , sugar , or some other substance. For weeks and months he tried everything he could imagine. Nothing happened. No crystals of ice were formed. None of the substances would serve as the center of a snow crystal or raindrops. 5. One July morning, Schaefer was dropping in bits of various substances and watching the unsuccessful results. Finally, a friend suggested that they go to eat lunch and Schaefer went with him. As usual, he left the cover of the freezer up, since cold air sinks and would not escape from the box. 6. Returning from lunch, Schaefer found that the temperature of the freezer had risen to a point higher than that required for ice crystals to remain solid. There were two choices now. He could close the cover and wait for the freezer itself to lower the air temperature, or he could make the process occur faster by adding dry ice a gas in solid form that is very, very cold. He chose the latter plan. As he dropped the steaming white dry ice into the freezer, he happened to breathe out a large amount of air. And there, before his eyes, it happened! He had made ice crystals, not by adding centers to the moisture, but by cooling the breath so much that the liquid had to form crystals! Then he began to blow his breath into the freezer and drop large pieces of dry ice through it to create crystals which became a tiny snowstorm failing slowly to the floor of his laboratory. 7. After planning carefully, Schaefer made an experiment by dropping dry ice from his plane to the clouds below him. As was expected, snow formed and fell from the bottom of the cloud. Schaefer succeeded. He made history.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression{{/B}} New research by German scientists shows that author Charles Dickens was onto a good thing1 when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. The author of Oliver Twist and David Copperfield would walk for hours in the 1860s as an antidote to intense feelings of sadness which alternated with restless euphoria.{{U}} (46) {{/U}} Aerobic exercise like rapid walking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported the scientists led by Dr. Fernando Dimeo. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The team found that in 10 of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. The team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} The intensity of the training programme was stepped up4 as the heart rate adapted. A measurement of depression severity was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period. The researchers in Berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt "substantially less depressed". {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Two were slightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged. Depression levels overall fell by a thirds and on the self-assessed scores by 25 per cent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. The study was small but the extent of the improvement was said by scientists to be impressive. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} Nineteenth century doctors would have called Dickens's condition melancholia since the psychological condition of depression was unknown. Dickens biographer Peter Ackroyd says the author's son Charles remembers his father's "heavy moods of deep depression" and many times of "intense nervous irritability", something modern psychologists would certainly recognize.A. The number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment.B. Long and brisk walks are not necessarily beneficial to every person.C. They studied 12 people with severe depression that had lasted an average of nine months.D. The outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be .obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said.E. This is also the advice that experts from the Free University in Berlin are giving today.F. According to the regime, intense activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes.

填空题Global Warming 1. Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. 2. This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN"s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 3. IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols (浮质) of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0. 2℃. So the 0.6℃ of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃ without aerosols. 4. But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher—aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters, cutting increases by 1.8℃. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed. 5. As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means "dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change", the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.

填空题How We Form First Impression 1. We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits. 2. The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person"s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously processes information—the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals "mean. " 3. If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new, it says, "new-potentially threatening. " Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, "This is new. I don"t like this person. " Or else, "I"m intrigued. " Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures-like your other friends; so your brain say, "I like this person. " But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong. 4. When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people—their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character—we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks. 5. However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person"s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR{{/B}} Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arrest. The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victim's mouth and repeated presses on the chest. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} However, a new Japanese study questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in the British medical magazine, The Lancet. Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest, in all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen. More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patient's survival. But, they said those people treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} The American Heart Association changed its guidelines for CPR chest presses in 2005. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that appeared with the study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this would save lives. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} Cardiac arrest kills more than 300,000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get m a medical center.A So far, we have not known exactly yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really useless in CPR.B Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability.C CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain.D His studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease.E It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given.F No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} Pain{{/B}} All of US have felt pain. We have headaches. Some of US suffer pain rarely cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}. Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know, if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains{{U}} (3) {{/U}}But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have signals learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals. A. And others have painful attacks all the time. B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord (脊髓) to the brain, and back down again. C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it. D. They knew little about the process of pain itself. E. The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second. F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题A. Importance of immunization B. Relationship with other health services C. Creation of necessary conditions for healthy behavior D. Encouraging unhealthy behavior E. Encouragement of behavior good for your health F. Addressing a variety of behavior-affecting factors

填空题Reinventing the Table An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. 1 But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves. "I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students, " he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. 2 But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which. "Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what"s going on with the elements, " says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge 3 4 He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one-for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance. He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. 5 A. There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871. B. Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have. C. "I imagine this would be good for undergraduates. " D. Railsback has listed some elements more than once. E. And the size of element"s symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth"s crust. F. The traditional periodic table was well drawn.

填空题A. imaginativelyB. recentlyC. carefullyD. unscientificallyE. accidentallyF. satisfactorily

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child or even an animal, such as a pigeon--can learn to recognize faces.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone's personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that individual different from others. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}. But describing someone's personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe a "nice face" looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a "nice person", you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth. {{U}} (48) {{/U}}. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people's behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types--people are described with such terms.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain's (坏人)or the hero's role. In fact, the words "person" and "personality" come from the Latin persona, meaning "mask".{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. But we can easily tell the "good guys" from the "bad guys" because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions. A. There are many words to describe how a person thinks feels and acts. B. Like the human face, human personality is very complex. C. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. D. We recognize a person by his or her appearance. E. We all take this ability for granted. F. People have always tried to "type" each other.

填空题 Leukemia is a kind of cancer in which abnormal white blood cells grow in an uncontrolled manner. These abnormal cells interfere with the production of normal white blood cells, which fight infection. Leukemia is a disease of the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs. Consequently, leukemia also affects the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body, and platelets, blood cells that help stop bleeding. Signs of leukemia include repeated infection, anemia, and frequent bleeding. 2. The cause of most human leukemia is unknown. Researchers have discovered a leukemia virus in cats, and they have identified a virus that appears to cause a rare type of leukemia in people. Other possible causes include exposure to radiation and harmful chemicals. 3. Doctors classify leukemia according to the type of white blood cell affected. Two of the main blood cell types affected by. leukemia are myeloid and lymphoid. Myeloid cells fight bacterial infections. Lymphoid cells detect and respond to the presence of foreign substances in the body. All kinds of leukemia can be either acute of chronic. 4. Acute leukemias often develop suddenly. Abnormal, immature white blood cells multiply rapidly, and the number of normal cells decreases sharply. Acute myeloid leukemia most often occurs among adults. The treatment for this leukemia is chemotherapy, the use of chemicals that are more toxic to cancer cells than to normal cells. Seventy percent of patients enter remission. During remission, the blood cells and the bone marrow temporarily return to normal. Researchers are trying to develop methods of prolonging remission in acute myeloid leukemia patients. The treatment of acute leukemias is intensive and may endanger the patient's life. The use of powerful antibiotics and of blood transfusions has increased the chances of surviving the intensive therapy. 5. Chronic leukemias develop more slowly than acute leukemias. In chronic leukemias, the abnormal white blood cells appear mature, and they resemble normal white blood cells. In the early stages of the disease, these abnormal cells even function normally to some extent. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia among adults. The average age of people suffering from this disease is the early 70's. The disease may take as long as 10 years to develop completely. Chronic myeloid leukemia is a less common form of leukemia that occurs primarily among adults. Doctors generally use drugs to treat chronic leukemia patients.

填空题Intellectual Disability People with intellectual disability form one of the largest single disability groups in a community. Intellectual disability refers to a general slowness to learn and function within society, and the identification of intellectual disability is usually based on an assessment of a person"s performance in a variety of tests. An individual"s level of performance, as assessed, can change with time and circumstances. With skilled training and opportunity for development, people with intellectual disability have much greater potential for acquiring skills and for participation in community life than previously had been thought possible. In many western societies, five categories of intellectual disability have traditionally been used in order to indicate the perceived degree of difficulty an individual has with learning. All five may occur in either children, adolescent or adult, and show as mild, moderate, severe, profound or multiple intellectual disability. For the majority of intellectual disabilities, there is no identifiable cause but there are some causes that are well documented. They include: brain damage at birth due to lack of oxygen—prolonged labor during childbirth; brain damage before birth due to factors such as rubella (风疹), drug or diet-related problems; damage after birth due to illnesses such as encephalitis (脑膜炎) or accident; hereditary defects in the genes；abnormal chromosome count resulting in, for example, Down Syndrome (唐氏综合症). Like everyone else, people with an intellectual disability need a rewarding job, a satisfying place to live and a good social life. But they may need extra support to achieve these things. Good support services are based on the principle of normalization—which means enabling people to be part of the community like everyone else. With the introduction of the intellectually disabled into communities, there is a need to promote awareness of communication. Although many people may have little experience in talking with an intellectually disabled person, there are common guidelines that can simplify the interaction. Firstly, it is useful to remember that people with disabilities have feelings. Speaking in the same friendly manner as you would to anyone else is also recommended. Being prepared to wait a little longer for replies during a conversation with an intellectually disabled person would undoubtedly benefit the exchange.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。{{B}}RisingTuitionintheUS{{/B}}EverySpring,USuniversityadministratorsgathertodiscussthenextacademicyear'sbudget.Theyconsiderfacultysalaries,utilitycostsfordormitories,newbuildingneedsandrepairstooldones.Theyrunthenumbersandconclude-itseems,inevitably-that,yetagain,thecostoftuitionmustgoup.AccordingtotheUS'sCollegeBoard,thepriceofattendingafour-yearprivateuniversityintheUSrose81percentbetween1993and2004.{{U}}(46){{/U}}In2005and2006,thenumberscontinuedtorise.Accordingtouniversityofficials,collegecostincreasesaresimplytheresultofbalancinguniversitycheckbooks."TuitionincreasesatCedarvilleUniversityaredeterminedbyourrevenueneedsforeachyear,"saidtheuniversity'spresident,DrBillBrown."Studenttuitionpaysfor78percentoftheuniversity'soperatingcosts."Brown'sschoolisaprivateuniversitythatenrollsabout3,100undergradsandisconsistentlyrecognizedbyannualcollegerankingguideslikeUSNewsandWorldReport'sandThePrincetonReview's.{{U}}(47){{/U}}Tuitionatprivateuniversitiesissetbyadministrationofficialsandthensentforapprovaltotheschool'sboardoftrustees(董事).{{U}}(48){{/U}}Thisboardoversees(监管)allofastate'spublicinstitutions.JohnDurham,assistantsecretarytotheboardoftrusteesatEastCarolinaUniversity(ECU),explains!hatstatelawsaysthatpublicinstitutionsmustmaketheirservicesavailablewheneverpossibletothepeopleofthestateforfree.DurhamsaidthatNorthCarolinaresidentsonlypay22percentofthecostoftheireducation.{{U}}(49){{/U}}StateresidentsattendingECUpayaboutUS$10,000fortuition,roomandboardbeforefinancialaid.Amidthenewsaboutcontinuedincreasesincollegecosts,however,thereissomegoodnews.Tuitionincreaseshavebeenaccompaniedbyroughlyequalincreasesinfinancialaidatalmosteveryuniversity.Toreceivefinancialaid,USstudentscompleteaformalapplicationwiththefederalgovernment.Thefederalgovernmentthendecideswhetheranapplicantiseligible(有资格的)forgrantsorloans.{{U}}(50){{/U}}A.Theapplicationisthensenttothestudent'suniversity,wheretheschoolitselfwilldecidewhetherfreemoneywillbegiventothestudentandhowmuch.B.Atpublicuniversities,however,tuitionincreasesmustalsobeapprovedbyastateeducationcommittee,sometimescalledtheboardofgovernors.C.TheschoolcurrentlychargesUS$23,410ayearfortuition.D.ManyAmericanpeoplearesimplyunabletopaythegrowingcostoffood.E.That'smorethandoubletherateofinflation.F.Thestategovernmentcoverstherest.

填空题Mergers The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. (46) With the deregulation of natural gas, the nation's 20 interstate pipeline companies became fearful of cutthroat competition. (47) In 1985 Internorth of Omaha paid $2.3 billion for Houston Natural Gas Corporation, thereby gaining control of the world's longest pipeline. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales to $10 billion. On occasion, mergers have occurred between smaller companies in an industry dominated by a few giant firms. These smaller companies claim that they need to merge to become more efficient and effective in competing against the biggest corporations. (48) The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department has not always agreed with them. Four major waves of mergers have taken place in this country. The first started in 1887, just prior to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and ended in 1904. It involved such giants as United States Steel and Standard Oil trying to create monopolies in their industries. From the end of World War I until the 1930s,large firms swallowed smaller firms to create oligopolies. The monopoly has no chance and the oligopoly little chance of succeeding today under present antitrust policy. The third major merger movement began in the 1960s,reached a peak in 1969,and then gradually declined. Many of the acquisitions involved giant firms in one industry buying up large companies in totally unrelated industries. Such mergers are called conglomerate mergers (49) Mergers in the last ten years were in the thousands. More important is the value of the transactions, which has risen sharply. The number of mergers and acquisitions apply only to those valued at $100 million or more. The petroleum industry had mergers and acquisitions valued at close to $ 80 billion between 1981 and 1984. (50) A. Some felt that they could increase their efficiency and improve their market flexibility by merging.B. They maintain that such action increases competition instead of reducing it.C. Other industries experiencing large takeovers were banking and finance, insurance, mining and mineral, and processed foods.D. Fierce competition on the international market results in combinations of small firms.E. A classic example is Mobil Oil Corporation's purchase of the huge retail chain Montgomery Ward ＆ Company.F. A merger occurs when two or more companies get together to form one company.

填空题The Drink Your Body Needs Most 1. Our bodies are estimated to be about 60 to 70% water. Blood is mostly water, and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物) to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs. 2. We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is an obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. 3. A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane. 4. It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don"t need.