填空题What Makes Me the Weight I Am? There's no easy answer to this question. Your genetic makeup, the physical traits that get passed down to you from your parents, plays a big part in determining your size and weight. (1) But if your parents are smaller than average, you may want to rethink that professional basketball career! The same goes for your body type. Have you ever heard someone say a person is "big boned" ? It's a way of saying the person has a large frame, or skeleton. Big bones usually weigh more than small bones. (2) Like your height or body type, your genes have a lot to say about what your weight will be. But that's only part of the story. Being overweight can run in someone's family, but it may not be because of their genes. (3) And even though some kids gain weight more easily than others, when they eat right and exercise, most kids can be a healthy and happy weight that's right for them. It's true — the way you live can change the way you look. How much you weigh is a balance between the calories you eat and the calories you use. (4) If you spend your free time watching TV, your body won't use as many calories as it would if you played basketball, skated, or went for a walk. If you are in balance, your weight will stay right for you as you grow. But if you eat more and exercise less, you may become overweight. (5) A. That's why it's possible for two kids with the same height, but different weights, to both be the right weight. B. If you eat more calories than your body needs to use, you will gain too much weight. C. Poor eating and exercise habits also run in families and this may be the reason the members of a family are overweight. D. However, many overweight people have difficulty reaching their healthy body weight. E. On the other hand, if you eat less and exercise more, you may lose weight. F. If both your parents are tall, there is a good chance you'll be tall.

填空题Specially trained testers were employed to examine new drivers in______.

填空题Pain All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely. (46) Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system. (47) Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. (48) But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. (49) Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. (50) It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals.A. And others have painful attacks all the time.B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord (脊髓) to the brain, and back down again.C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it.D. They knew little about the process of pain itself.E. The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second.F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Do not underestimate(低估) the power of revision in the days and hours before and examination. The closer you are to the exam, the more chance you have of storing and retaining crucial information. But do not overdo it.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}An effective daily routine can help you through an exam period, so in the days leading up to your first ex- am, get into the habit of being up and ready to work by game. It can be a shock to the system after months of working to your own timetable to be mentally alert at that time if you have not prepared for it. On the day of the exam, have a good breakfast, pack two of everything you need (pens, pencils, erasers, etc. ), then make your way to the examination hall in good time.{{U}} (47) {{/U}} Once in your seat, simply pause for a few seconds and collect your thoughts. Close your eyes and take in a few slow, deep breaths to help you relax. When you turn over the test paper, spend a short period reading through all the instructions and questions, paying particular attention to key verbs such as "discuss", "compare" and "evaluate". {{U}}(48) {{/U}}It is always wise to allow 10 minutes at the end of the exam to give your- self time to go back over your answers. Once you have selected the questions you wish to tackle, begin by attempting the one you think is your strongest. It will give you more confidence when you see a well-answered question down on paper. Also remember to write clearly, and do not be afraid to express the unexpected: after all, examiners can get very bored marking stereotypical(千篇一律的) answers.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}If you do need something else to focus on to help you collect your thoughts, choose a fixture(固定设施) in the room, such as the ceiling or anything else that will not allow you to be distracted. Finally, once you have finished, never hang around outside afterwards to attend the discussion by other students{{U}} (50) {{/U}} A. Try not to be tempted to look at those around you, or at the clock. B. When you get home, read the examination paper through and look up the words you didn't understand. C. Sleep, exercise and relaxation are all just as important. D. Map out a quick plan of points you wish to make and how much time you should spend on each question. E. Go and have a well-earned rest--then prepare for your next exam. F. Do not arrive too early, though, as other people's anxiety can be contagious(传染性的), and you may suffer from undue panic.

填空题A parent should do as much as he or she can so as to give his or her child ______.

填空题A. should be encouraged rather than laughed atB. a sentimental displacement of feelingC. can have for people who never consented itD. is to weigh other' s interest against one' s ownE. it invites you to think that animals should be treated with no considerationF. human are different from animals in every respect

填空题People have always tried to "type" each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain's (坏人) or the hero's role. In fact, the words "person" and "personality" come from the Latin persona, meaning "mask. " Today, most televisionand movie actors do not wear masks.A. Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.B. Like the human face, human personality is very complex.C. But we can easily tell the "good guys" from the "bad guys" because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.E. Bookworms, conservatives, military types--people are described with such terms.F. We also tell people apart by how they behav

填空题Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation (动力). They have family problems, or they do not believe that they can find a job. ______ Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer.A. At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways.B. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living.C. Other poor people look for a job but cannot find one.D. In 1975 over 18million people in the United States received Welfare.E. As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too.F. Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem.

填空题What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. (46) Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose can't be used by the body on its own-it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body. Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, it's because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. (47) . You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents' age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes , or adult-onset diabetes. (48) . When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It won't ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older. Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. (49) Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes, something else outside the person's body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with-this means you can't get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isn't censed by eating too many sugary foods, either. Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person's body-sometime months or years. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. (50) A. Genes are something that you inherit from your parents , and they are in your body even before you're born.B. This sugar-fuel is called glucose.C. It may be possible beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes.D. You can't catch diabetes from people who have it, no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them.E. The glucose can't get into the cells of the body without insulin.F. When a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the person's body needs more than the pancreas can mak

填空题下的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段第段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Lung Cancer 1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible cause, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are thepresence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars. 2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers—21 to 30 cigarettes per day—the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect. 3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed. 4 A common form of lung cancer is broncho-genic carcinoma, so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting spaces between lung and the outside, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy. 5 Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths. A. Common Secondary Lung Cancers B. The Advantages Brought about by Routine Chest Checkup C. Relationship Between Mortality Rate from Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits D. Operable and Inoperable Lung Cancers E. The Increasing Death Rate from Lung Cancer and Possible Causes F. An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Humans live in a world where many other living things compete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, ,or pathogens, are often broadly called germs, which cause many diseases to be able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs{{U}} (46) {{/U}} Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some —such as those that cause the common cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis—are breathed in{{U}} (47) {{/U}}Still others—such as those that cause bacillary dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever— get in the body through contaminated food, water, or utensils. Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector. Kinds of disease Infectious, or communicable, diseases are those that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Or, its eggs are passed on{{U}} (49) {{/U}} The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it. Noninfectious, or noncommunicable, diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body's defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system. {{U}} (50) {{/U}}These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems. A. A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body. B. Ordinarily, the body's defense system can ward off these invaders. C. Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. D. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. E. Others—such as those that cause venereal diseases—enter through sexual contact of human bodies. F. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages.

填空题The Dangers of Second-hand Smoke Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer. However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. 1 No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that second-hand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people"s cigarettes. 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to second-hand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker"s health. 3 They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic (有毒的) chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of us breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid second-hand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid second-hand smoke. 4 Research shows that children who are exposed to second-hand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke. People are becoming very aware of the dangers of second-hand smoke. 5 A. Recently, though, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers. B. The Gilsons have been married for 35 years. C. This smoke is called second-hand smoke. D. However, second-hand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young. E. As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. F. In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题Screen Test 1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women's cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain's National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help "optimise the technique" for breast cancer screening. 7. "There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of the current data, for every 1.0 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That's why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme. /

填空题A. fall asleep againB. become more energetic the following dayC. sleep less than 7 hoursD. confirm those serious consequencesE. suffer sleep problemsF. sleep more than 8 hours

填空题 Ways to Reduce Exposure to Air Pollution 1. A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power plant disaster. The report was published by the UK's Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out. 2. Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source—exhaust fumes (废气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward (顶风的) side of the street where exposure of pollutants (污染物) can be 50 percent less than on the downwind (顺风的) side. 3. Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker (双层电车) can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic (有毒的) than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles (粒子) thrown up by wheels hitting the rails, while diesel (柴油机) and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants. 4. When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb (路缘) while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly. 5. There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.

填空题3. With Genetic Gift, 2 Monkeys Are Viewing a More Colorful World Dalton and Sam are male squirrel monkeys, about a foot tall. (46) Dalton and Sam lead a more protected life in the laboratory of Jay and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington, Seattle. Recently, the Neitzes endowed them with a new genetic gift : the ability to see the world with full color vision. Male squirrel monkeys have only two of the color pigments (色素) known as opsins (视蛋白), unlike people who have three. The Neitzes, with Katherine Mancuso and other colleagues, used the technique of gene therapy to introduce the gene for the missing red pigment into the cone cells of the monkeys' retinas (视网膜). (47) It was somewhat surprising that the monkeys' brains could take advantage of a third opsin. The retina, however, seems to work by recording the difference between the signals from neighboring cones, the cells that detect color. (48) New World male monkeys like Dalton and Sam are chromatically challenged because their ancestors split off from Old World primates before full color vision evolved. At the time of the split, primates had only two visual pigments, one that is particularly sensitive to blue light and another that responds best to either green or red, depending on which variant of the gene is inherited. (49) The gene for the red or green opsin was duplicated, allowing individuals to see red and green instead of just one or the other. New World monkeys never developed the duplicated gene, but many females have full color vision nevertheless. The reason is that the red/green opsin gene lies on the X chromosome, so females who inherit a different version from each parent have both red and green opsins along with the blue opsin on another chromosome (染色体). (50) A. But males, with only one X chromosome, inherit just one variant of the red/green opsin - the green in the case of Dalton and Sam.B. Several months after the therapy, Dalton and Sam were able to see a world in which red hues (颜色) were visible and oranges no longer looked like lemons, the researchers say in the current issue of Nature.C. Their ancestors lived by eating fruit and insects in the forest canopy (树荫) of Central and South America.D. After the split, which began with the opening of the Atlantic between Africa and South America some 150 million years ago, the Old World primates benefited from a genetic accident.E. So the extra opsin gene given to Dalton and Sam would have changed the signal from affected cones and hence the message forwarded from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain.F. The monkey experiment would help researchers understand the circuitry used by the primate brain to analyze color.

填空题The boundaries of a speech community may be different from ______.

填空题China Seek Donors to Narrow Bone Marrow(骨髓)Gap China has launched a campaign to recruit more bone marrow donors, amid a shortage of funds as well as of sibling donors who could help the growing number of patients in need of life-saving transplants, state media reported on Monday. The Chinese Red Cross began the national campaign over the weekend to find donors for some 4 million patients suffering from leukaemia (白血病), thalassanemia (地中海贫血) and other blood diseases and awaiting bone marrow transplants, the official China Daily said. Every year China has 40,000 new leukaemia patients, most of them under 35 and 50 per cent of them children, the newspaper said. Other reports have linked China"s growing childhood leukaemia to solvents and building materials used in interior decoration. With a tiny pool of bone marrow donors, weakened by the absence of sibling donors for most children because of China"s one-child policy, doctors rely on donors from Taiwan to save many young leukaemia patients, the Belling Evening News said last weekend. Tatwan, with a population of 22 million, has 210,000 registered donors compared with fewer than 30,000 donors among mainland China"s 1.3 billion people, the newspaper said. Yet the lack of registered donors may reflect a lack of funding for testing and recording data on potential donors rather than a lack of volunteers, the newspaper said. China needs a pool of at least 100,000 donors but testing them would cost more than 50 million yuan (6 million dollars), it said. The Hong Kong Marrow Match Foundation said it has helped "a handful" of patients in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities. "The number of requests is increasing" from mainland China, including direct calls to the charity from desperate patients or relatives, said the foundation"s donor coordinator Marven Chin. But the cost of extracting bone marrow from one of the foundation"s 40,000 registered donors and flying it by courier has to be borne by the patients, and many of them have to be aided financially, Chin said.

填空题 Read with Greater Speed Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain. At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study, 37 struggling readers received special tutoring. Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (音素). {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year. As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students' brains. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive. A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} However, some researchers still doubt the study. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} A. Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters. B. The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling. C. The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters. D. Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn't show the same progress. E. The pictures showed an increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side. F. They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.

填空题ZYBAN Tablets (药片) ZYBAN is a prescription (处方) medicine to help people quit smoking. Studies have shown that more than one third of people quit smoking for at least one month while taking ZYBAN. For many patients, ZYBAN reduces withdrawal symptoms (脱瘾过程中产生的症状) and the strong wish to smoke. ZYBAN should be taken as directed by your doctor. The usual recommended dosing (剂量) is to take one 150-mg tablet in the morning for the first 3 days. On the fourth day, begin taking one 150-mg tablet in the morning and one 150-mg tablet in the early evening. Doses should be taken at least 8 hours apart. For most patients, treatment will last 7 to 12 weeks. Because results vary, it may take longer for some people. Possibly up to 6 months depending on the individual. If you"ve been smoking for a long time, ZYBAN will help to reduce withdrawal symptoms. It"s important to remain on ZYBAN for at least 7 to 12 weeks in order to quit for good. Your doctor should determine when to stop taking ZYBAN. It takes about 1 week for ZYBAN to reach the right levels in your body to be effective. So, to increase your chance of quitting as much as possible, you should not stop smoking until you have been taking ZYBAN for 1 week. You should set a date to stop smoking during the second week you"re taking ZYBAN. The side effects (副作用) associated with ZYBAN are generally mild and often disappear after a few weeks. The most common side effects are dry mouth and difficulty in sleeping. If you have difficulty sleeping, avoid taking your medicine too close to bedtime.