填空题 Caring for the Old 1. The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of life's responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge, they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enjoyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of us well into our later years. 2. Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts and feelings, and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict us in earlier life fall away. 3. But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any other time in adult life, and the gap between need and care is often filled by dubious measures, such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old as with the young. 4. It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature, a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts, sometimes from a premonition of death or the fear of becoming dependent. 5. Dependency is a grim choice: insecurity and deprivation must be weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child, there should be nothing shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources. 6. The complexity and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments, which have the means to provide help, are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today, on the other hand, will have had many decades to interact with "the system" by the time they reach old age. 7. Many of us, including healthcare providers, assume that we know what old people and dying people want, but our assumptions are often a reflections of our own thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming we "know" what they want, we observe ourselves from being with them, and sharing their thoughts about the end of life. 8. We sometimes assume, wrongly, that old people are too confused or senile to be aware of the nearness of death. In consequence, communication between a dying and others is subject to extraordinary omissions and distortions. "Protecting" the dying from knowledge of their condition often serves to protect us from the uncomfortable prospect of talking about dying and death. Evasions like this only lead to increasing isolation at a time when emotional honesty and understanding are most needed. A. Knowing Better How to Enjoy Life B. Freedom in Expression C. Psychotherapy Effective with Some of the Old D. Period of Greater Emotional Distress E. Dependency. a Grim Choice F. Guiltiness. Dependency

填空题Some Unusual Celebrations Some holidays are well-known all around the world. Among them are New Year's Eve celebrations. Also common are days in honor of love and friendship,like Valentine's Day. Each country has its own special holidays, too, often to mark important events in its history. Schools, banks, and government offices all close on days like these. (46) A few of them are really very strange. Of course, they are not strange to the people who celebrate them. Perhaps that is because the celebrations have long traditions. Consider April Fool's Day, for example. No one knows when or why it began. Today it is celebrated in many countries—France, England, and Australia, among others. On this day,people play practical jokes. (47) The ones who laugh are the ones playing the jokes. The people they fool often get angry. Does celebrating this day make sense to you? Dingus Day in Poland seems strange,too. On this day,it is traditional for boys to pour water over the heads of girls. Here is the strangest part:They do it to girls they like. Other unusual celebrations take place in a single city or town. A holiday called La Tomatina is celebrated in Bunol,Spain. Every year,in late August,big trucks carry more than 200,000 pounds of tomatoes into this little town. (48) For two hours,people in the streets throw tomatoes at each other. Everyone ends up red from head to toe. August 10 marks the start of the Puck Fair,an Irish festival with a very unusual tradition. People from the town of Killorglin go up into the mountains and catch a wild goat. (49) There are also some celebrations that are really strange. In the United States, sometimes one person gets an idea for a new holiday and tries to get others to accept it. Whose idea was Public Sleeping Day? That one is on February 28. It may seem strange, but it sounds like more fun than the one on February 9. (50) Do you like the idea of inventing a new holiday? If you do,then you will want to mark March 26 on your calendar. That is Make Up Your Own Holiday Day. A. Some of the days people celebrate, however,are less serious. B. That is supposed to be Toothache Day. C. Some people have fun imagining new holidays. D. Then begins the world's biggest food fight. E. Jokes are supposed to be funny,but these jokes do not make everyone laugh. F. They bring him back to town, put a crown on his head, and make him king for three days.

填空题All of US Have Felt Pain We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely pain rarely. 1 Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body"s warning system. 2 Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. 3 But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. 4 Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain, one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. 5 It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals. A. And others have painful attacks all the time. B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord(脊髓)to the brain, and back down again. C. It tells us that "we are injured and should do something about it." D. They knew little about the process of pain itself. E. The other message moves at a speed of only 13 meters a second. F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题A. sad and lonelyB. emotionally healthyC. without real love for themD. a sense of security healthyE. a lonely wolfF. without pity

填空题Most doctors are too optimistic in predicting how long dying patients have to live, and this has a negative effect on the care they receive in their final days, American researchers said Friday. A study by scientists at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Illinois showed that of the survival estimates for 486 terminally ill patients given by 343 doctors, (46) . (47) , and in some cases doctors predicted patients had five time longer to live than proved to be the case. "Doctors are inaccurate in their prognoses(预后)for terminally ill patients and the error is systematically optimistic," professor Nicholas Christakis and Dr Elizabeth Lamont said in a report in The British Medical Journal. The researchers added that doctors who knew their patients best were more likely to get it wrong. " (48) ...the type of systematic bias toward optimism that we have found in doctors' objective prognostic assessments may be adversely(不利地)affecting patient care," the researchers added. Instead of receiving three months of hospice care, which is considered to be the ideal, (49) . Patients who thought they had longer to live also opted for more aggressive treatment instead of palliative(治标的)care, the report said. The researcher suggested doctors should get second opinions from colleagues, (50) , before giving a prognosis. "Reliable prognostic information is a key determinant in both doctors' and patients' decision making," they said.A. many patients received only one month's care because of the optimistic prognosis.B. Although some error is unavoidableC. a lot of patients are eager to leave the hospital.D. only 20 percent were accurateE. particularly if they know a patient well.F. Sixty three percent of the predictions overestimated the time patients had left.

填空题The university offers a rich variety of ______.

填空题Mind Those Manners on the Subway So, there you are, just sitting there in the subway car, enjoying that book you just bought. 1 Or, the person sitting next to you takes out a nail clipper (指甲刀) and begins cutting his or her nails. Annoying? Many of us have to spend some time every day on public transportation. 2 So, to make the trip more pleasant, we suggest the following. Let passengers get off the bus or subway car before you can get on. 3 Stand away from the doors when they are closing. Don"t talk loudly on a bus or subway. Chatting loudly with your friends can be annoying to others. 4 Don"t think your bags and suitcases (手提箱) deserve a seat of their own. Use a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze (打喷嚏). An uncovered sneeze can spread germs (细菌), especially in crowded places. Don"t cut your nails or pick your nose on public transportation. Don"t read over other people"s shoulder. 5 It can make people uncomfortable. They might think you"re too stingy (小气的) even to buy a newspaper. Or they might think you"re judging their behavior. A. Don"t eat food in your car. B. Don"t shout into your mobile phone on a bus or subway. C. We all know that some behaviors are simply unacceptable. D. Many people do this on subways, but it"s really annoying. E. Getting off and on in an orderly manner can save time for all. F. Suddenly, you feel someone leaning over your shoulder reading along with you.

填空题A. 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the jobB. determine exactly when simple drag use becomes abuseC. the 1920s until the 1960sD. the 1960s until the 1970sE. signals passing through the nervous systemF. describe the phenomenon of drug use

填空题The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet...We are surrounded by the word "diet" everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically(身体上). Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale (秤) instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word "diet" in food labels. On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don"t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients (营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous. Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.

填空题The Joy of Living Alone More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner. 1 According to a recent US census (人口普查), 25 percent 0f all households in the US are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely. 2 The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It"s now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain one person household. 3 However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, "Once you do it, you can"t ever go back to living with others." David C"Debaca, agrees. 4 Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please. 5 The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A．There"s more pressure to get married nowadays. B．The growing number of women with good j obs has done much tO increase the number of people living alone. C．However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D．It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream. E．In fact, a quai-ter of the 23 million single people in the US are under the age of 35. F．He says, "I like being by myself."

填空题The Bilingual Brain When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. (1) They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. (2) . The other consisted of people who, like Kim. learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain — Broca's area, which is believed to control speech production, an Wernicke's area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. (3) People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language. (4) Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A. second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. (5) A. But their use of Broca's area was different. B. One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children. C. How does Hirsch explain this difference? D. We use special parts of the brain for language learning. E. And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class. F. Their work led to an important discovery.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} What Makes Me the Weight I Am?{{/B}} There's no easy answer to this question. Your genetic makeup, the physical traits that get passed down to you from your parents, plays a big part in determining your size and weight.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}But if your parents are smaller than average, you may want to rethink that professional basketball career! The same goes for your body type. Have you ever heard someone say a person is "big boned"? It's a way of saying the person has a large frame, or skeleton. Big bones usually weigh more than small bones.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. Like your height or body type, your genes have a lot to say about what your weight will be. But that's only part of the story. Being overweight can run in someone's family, but it may not be because of their genes.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}And even though some kids gain weight more easily than others, when they eat right and exercise, most kids can be a healthy and happy weight that's right for them, it's true--the way you live can change the way you look. How much you weigh is a balance between the calories you eat and the calories you use. {{U}} (4) {{/U}}If you spend your free time watching TV, your body won't use as many calories as it would if you played basketball, skated, or went for a walk. If you are in balance, your weight will stay right for you as you know. But if you eat more and exercise less, you may become overweight.{{U}} (5) {{/U}} A. That's why it's possible for two kids with the same height, but different weights, to both be right weight. B. If you eat more calories than your body needs to use, you will gain too much weight. C. Poor eating and exercise habits also run in families and this may be the reason the members of a family are overweight. D. However, many overweight people have difficulty reaching their healthy body weight. E. On the other had, if you eat less and exercise more, you may lose weight. F. If both your parents are tall, there is a good chance you'll be tall.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. Studies have shown that pregnant women who drink coffee are more likely than other women to give birth to small babies. There also is evidence that some coffee drinkers get headaches when they are denied coffee{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. Drinks with caffeine make brain cells more active. Now, a new American study demonstrates what may be a good effect connected to drinking coffee. It found a link between drinking coffee and a decrease in the risk of gallbladder disease in men. The findings are reported in The Journal of the American Medical Association. The gallbladder is an organ in the body that stores bile.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. Someone with gallbladder disease may experience severe pain in the stomach after eating fatty foods. Cholesterol in the bile can form painful gallstones. Lack of physical activity and being overweight are the two main causes of gallstone disease. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts organized the study. They say coffee has several effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. The new study involved 46,000 men. The men were all doctors or health care specialists between the ages of 40 and 75 years old. None of them bad a history of gallbladder disease. {{U}} (50) {{/U}}. The researchers found that more than 1,000 of the men reported having gallstone disease. More than 80 percent of those men required an operation to remove the gallbladder. A. For years, scientists have argued about the health effects of drinking coffee B. Bile helps the body break down fat in food C. Doctors have found a method to cure the disease D. The men were observed for 10 years E. That is because coffee contain caffeine F. Earlier studies had offered conflicting results, however

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, Contact: The first four minutes, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:"{{U}} (46) {{/U}}"A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves. " On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. " {{U}} (48) {{/U}}We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. " But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. {{U}} (49) {{/U}}For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading , writing, and mathematics.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}That is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone.

填空题Higher wages enabled many people to ______.

填空题There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. ______ The problem is how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?A. If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play safe".B. I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience.C. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability.D. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.E. There are far too many spelling errors and technical abilities in writing.F. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous languag

填空题Read with Greater Speed Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain. At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects. 1 Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study,37 struggling readers received special tutoring. Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (因素). 2 By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year. As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students" brains. 3 This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive. A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests. 4 However, some researchers still doubt the study. 5 A. Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters. B. The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling. C. The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters. D. Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn"t show the same progress. E. The pictures showed an increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side. F. They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.

填空题Every Dog Has Its Say Kimiko Fukuda,a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. 1 When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget(装置). The following" human" translation appears on its screen:" Please take me with you. I realized that"s how he was feeling." said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world"s first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. 2 "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara. We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs? Bowlingual has two parts. 3 The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. 4 In this way, the database scientifically matches a bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda"s house recently, the dog barked a loud" bow wow". This translated as" Don"t come this way". 5 The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US $ 120. It tail store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog"s emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog"s collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. It was followed by" I"m stronger than you" as the dog growled (嗥叫) and sniffed (嗅) at the visitor. D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like" Let"s play". "Look at me" or "Spend more time with me".

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 1. Moods, say the experts, are emotions that tend to become fixed, influencing one's outlook for hours, days or even weeks. That's great if your mood is a pleasant one, but a problem if you are sad, anxious, angry or simply lonely. 2. Perhaps the best way to deal with such moods is to talk them out; sometimes, though, there is no one to listen. Modern pharmacology(药物学)offers n abundance of tranquilizers(镇静剂), antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs. What many people don't realize, however, is that scientists have discovered the effectiveness of several non-drug approaches to make you loose from an unwanted mood. These can be just as useful as drugs, and have the added benefit of being nonpoisonous. So next time you feel out of sorts, don't head for the drug-store--try the following approach. 3. Of all the mood-altering self-help techniques, aerobic(增氧健身的)exercise seems to be the most efficient cure fox a bad mood. "If you could keep the exercise, you'd be in high spirits," says Kathryn Lance, author of Running for Health and Beauty. 4. Researchers have explained biochemical and various other changes that make exercise compare favorably to drugs as a mood-raiser. Physical exertion such as housework, however, does little. The key is aerobic exercise——running, cycling, walking, swimming or other repetitive and sustained activities that boost the heart rate, increase circulation and improve the body's utilization of oxygen. Do them for at least 20 minutes a session three to five times a week.

填空题A. by the quake itselfB. not be preventedC. to cause damage of property and loss of livesD. of a possible earthquakeE. the unusual behaviors of some animalsF. the strange behaviors of human beings