填空题Obviously, recruiting voluntary bone marrow donors in mainland China is ______.

填空题Death Control A very important world problem—in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems 26 —is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and resources. This enormous increase of population will create immense problems. By 2000, unless something desperate happens, there Will be as many as 7,000,000,000 people on the surface of the earth. So this is a problem which you are going to see in your lifetime. Why is this enormous increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of 27 . Have you heard of birth control? Death control is something rather different. Death control recognizes the work of the doctors and the nurses and the hospitals and the health services in keeping alive people who, 28 , would have died of some of the incredibly serious killing diseases, as they used to do. Squalid conditions, which we can remedy by an improved standard of living, caused a lot of disease and dirt. Medical examinations at school catch diseases early and ensure healthier school children. Scientists are at work stamping out malaria and other more deadly diseases. If you are seriously ill there is an ambulance to take you to a modem hospital. Medical care helps 29 . We used to think seventy was a good age. Now eighty, ninety, it may be, are coming to be recognized as a normal age for human beings. People are living longer because of this death control, and 30 , so the population of the world is shooting up. A. fewer children are dying B. a few years ago C. what is coming to be called death control D. which face us at the present time E. making it possible for people to live longer F. to keep people alive longer

填空题 Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply without control, destroy healthy tissue, and endanger life. About 100 kinds of cancer attack human beings. The disease is a leading cause of death in many countries. In the United States and Canada, only diseases of the heart and blood vessels kill more people. Cancer occurs in most species of animals and in many kinds of plants, as well as in human beings. 2. Cancer strikes people of all ages but especially middle-aged persons and the elderly. It occurs about equally among people of both sexes. The disease can attack any part of the body and may spread to other parts. However, the parts most often affected are the skin, the digestive organs, the lungs, the male prostate, and the female breasts. 3. Scientists do not know exactly why cancer develops. Most experts agree that people develop cancer mainly through repeated or prolonged contact with one or more cancer-causing agents, called carcinogens. These agents include the tars in tobacco smoke, a variety of other chemicals, and certain kinds of radiation. In many cases, cancer can be prevented if a known agent is avoided or eliminated. The elimination of cigarette smoking, for example, would prevent most cases of lung cancer and about a third of all cases of cancer. Scientists also believe that some people may inherit a tendency to develop cancer. 4. Without proper treatment, most kinds of cancer are fatal. Only a doctor can diagnose cancer. But in many cases, a doctor is consulted only after the disease is far advanced. A person should therefore be alert to any physical change that may be a symptom of cancer. Early detection greatly increases the chances of a cure. 5. Cancer shows no symptoms in its beginning stages. But symptoms may appear before the disease spreads. The American Cancer Society lists seven such warning signals. They are: (1) Change in bowel or bladder habits; (2) A sore that does not heal; (3) Unusual bleeding or discharge; (4) Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere; (5) Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing; (6) Obvious change in wart or mole; (7) Nagging cough or hoarseness. A person who has any of these symptoms longer than two weeks should consult a physician promptly.

填空题 Ginseng Shows Benefits in Cancer Treatment Flaxseed slowed the growth of prostate tumors in men, while ginseng helped relieve the fatigue that cancer patients often feel, U.S. researchers reported on Saturday in two of the first scientifically rigorous looks at alternative medicine. The studies reflect doctor's efforts to explore the risks and benefits of foods and supplements that are routinely taken by their patients with little scientific proof they help. Americans spend between $36 billion and $46 billion a year on complementary and alternative therapies, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. "Patients are taking these compounds but we need to know if they are doing any good or any harm," said Dr. Bruce Cheson of Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, who led a panel on alternative therapies at a meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. In the flaxseed study, researchers at Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina and colleagues evaluated the seed's role as a food supplement in 161 men who were scheduled to undergo surgery for prostate cancer. "The growth rate was decreased in the men who got flaxseed," said Dr. Nancy Davidson, an oncologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore who is president elect of ASCO. "I think this is fascinating." Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lignins, a fiber found on the seed coat. "We were looking at flaxseed because of its unique nutrient profile," said Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, a researcher in Duke's School of Nursing, who led the study. Half of the men in the study added 30 grams of flaxseed daily to their diets for about 30 days. Half of the flaxseed group also went on a low-fat diet. After the surgery, the cancer ceils in both the flaxseed groups grew about 30 to 40 percent slower than the control group. But Wendy Demark-Wahnefried is not ready to prescribe flaxseed. "It's a healthy food. It has a lot of vitamins and a lot of fiber. But we can not definitely say at this point you should take flaxseed because it is protective against prostate cancer," she said, adding that flaxseed now needed to be studied to see if it can prevent prostate cancer. In the ginseng trial, Debra Barton of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and colleagues tested three different doses of the herb on patients with a variety of cancers who were expected to live at least six months. Twenty-five percent of patients taking a 1,000mg dose and twenty-seven percent of patients taking a 2,000mg dose said their fatigue symptoms were "moderately better" or "much better". Only 10 percent of those taking a 750mg dose reported an improvement, which was about the same as the placebo group. Patients in the trial took Wisconsin ginseng from a single crop that was tested for uniform potency. It was powered and given in a capsule form. "I wouldn't have predicted this, I have to admit," Davidson said in an interview. "We might want to test this in a large scale." The flaxseed study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the ginseng study was supported by U.S. Public Health Service grants. A．The Motivation of Flaxseed Study B．The Study on Ginseng Displays Its Good Promise C．The Doctor's Responsibilities Led them to Carry Out These Two Studies D．Ginseng Is as Good to Cancer Patients as Flaxseed E．The Methods and Results of the Study on Flaxseed F．A Different Opinion on the Use of Flaxseed

填空题 Transport and Trade 1. Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale. 2. The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the global. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance. 3. Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods, which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year, can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living. 4. By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living. 5. Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade. A. Higher Living Standard B. Importance of Transport in Trade C. Various Means of Transport D. Birth of Transport-related Industries and Trade E. Role of Information in Trade F. Public Transportation

填空题Wash Your Hands The World Bank, the United Nations and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease. Doctors say，many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms (寄生虫), influenza (流行性感冒), the common cold, hepatitis (肝 炎), meningitis (脑膜炎) and infectious diarrhea (腹泻). Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people. The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean. The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water. They say you do not have to use special antibacterial soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds. The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse (冲洗) the hands with water and dry them.

填空题What"s Lacking in "sicko"? When it comes to economic decision, there are always trade-offs (取舍). Gain one thing and you lose something else 1 . The central argument of Michael Moore"s movie "Sicko"—that the cure to the nation"s health care problems is a single-payer system-is hardly novel and is certainly worth consideration, whether or not you agree with it. But in comparing the American system with single-payer plans of other countries-Britain, France, Canada and Cuba-Mr. Moore left out the tradeoffs, characterizing those countries as health care paradises. 2 Kurt Loder, the film critic who is best known as the anchor (主持人) of "MTV News," wrote a critique (批评) of the film for MTV"s website. "Sicko," he said, "does a real service" in portraying (描绘) victims of American insurance companies-like the people who died because their only treatment options were considered "experimental" and therefore not covered 3 . When "governments attempt to regulate the balance between a limited supply if health care and an unlimited demand for it, they"re inevitably forced to ration treatment," Mr. Loder asserted 4 Mr. Loder cited the short film "Dead Meat," which presents anecdotes (轶事) of failure in the Canadian single-payer system in its one-sidedness, "Dead Meat" might have made for a nice double feature with "Sicko," and left movie-goers with a more complete understanding of the complications of deciding on a health care system 5 . This all makes an otherwise "emotionally compelling film not necessarily an intellectually satisfying one," wrote Darren Barefoot, a Canadian blogger (博客作者). A. Mr. Moore also decided to ignore problems in other countries, like France"s high taxes and Britain"s cash-short hospitals. B. But the film as a whole, he concluded, is "breathtakingly meretricious (似是而非的)," in large part because of its characterizations of other countries" health care systems. C. The problems have been noticed-and criticism is coming not just from Mr. Moore"s detractors (诋毁者). D. He ticked off a number of negative statistics to counter the positive ones offered by Mr. Moore. E. Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness. F. This is particularly true in health care, a market in which scarce (稀罕的) goods are ridiculously expensive, but needed by everybody.

填空题The Story of Lani Five-year-old Lani still takes seven medicines with her breakfast every morning. "She"s very good about it" says her father David. Lani is alive today because of her father David, in more than one way; when she was one year old she received part of her father"s liver in a liver-transplant operation. Lani was born with a liver illness. 1 Doctors advised that a transplant was the only way in which she would live. The operation lasted 12 hours and needed two teams, one for the father and one for the daughter. 2 In these cases, the donor"s liver grows to normal size in about eight weeks. And the child"s liver becomes smaller. Lani spent three weeks in hospital after the operation. Because the receiver"s body tries to reject the new organ, the patient has to be given special drugs. 3 Although David left hospital after 10 days, he didn"t return to work until after three months. In order to reach the liver, the doctors have to cut through the stomach wall, which is strong and full of muscle. It therefore takes a long time to recover after this operation. 4 So far, only 16 of these liver-transplant operations have been carried out in Britain. 5 Doctors say, "If possible, we prefer to take a liver from a dead don not, usually a parent." Lani still has to look after her health, and she gets more tired than other children of the same age, but doctors hope that she will continue to get stronger and stronger. A. She had one operation when she was six weeks old, which was not successful. B. While these drugs are given, it is important that the patient does not catch any illness, trot even a cold. C. In this operation a piece of liver, weighing about 250～300 grams, was removed from the father and transplanted into the daughter. D. David quickly recovered from the operation. E. However, they are more common in North America and Japan. F. David was finally able to ride his bike again after about a year.

填空题It is wise of us to avoid _____ .

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}Napping to a Healthier Heart?{{/B}} 1. Researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. The test measures levels of a protein in the blood. The researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke. 2. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo of the University of California in San Francisco led the team. For about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease. The researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called NT-proBNP. Patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a heart attack, heart failure or stroke. 3. The researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. The study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure5 that the results are also true for women. They say the patients with the highest levels of NT-proBNP were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure. 4. Other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart patient should affect that person's treatment. They also would like to know if more aggressive treatment could reduce the patient's chance of a heart attack or stroke. The study appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association. 5. Could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? An unrelated study earlier this month in the Archives of Internal Medicine suggests that the answer may be yes. In countries like the United States, afternoon naps are mostly for children. But they are common for adults in Mediterranean countries. And these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. So scientists in the United States and Greece wondered if naps could play a part. Twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by Harvard University and the University of Athens. Those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps. 6. The researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. They say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. But they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women.

填空题A. you don't have to carry your laptop alongB. the information will be shown digitally on the penC. FedEx has special software to store your informationD. it works like an ordinary penE. you simply place the pen into its computer-connected cradleF. the movement of your pen is recorded digitally inside the pen

填空题People who live in different places may belong to ______.

填空题 Lowering the Risk of Heart Disease Like millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a history of heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. (46) I grew up with heart disease. It was there, but I didn't take it seriously. When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol (胆因醇) level was measured for the first time. It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me -- an extremely high level that put me at a very high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. He sent me to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to be screened for participation in a clinical trial. (47) . At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level and the nature of the experiment. This test involves putting a tube through a leg artery (动脉) up to the heart. (48) . Learning about the risks of the experiment as well as the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol level scared the life out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life. For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol. (49) But equally important, I got a taste of what it is like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick. This was hard to take. This experience taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. And with my family history, it could not be ignored. (50) .A The death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured. B Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what I ate.C I was three years old at that time.D There is net enough oxygen in the blood.E It was a heart attack just waiting to happen.F The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease.

填空题A. must be very boringB. some kind of recreationC. participating in themD. to relax oneselfE. to choose one's own way of relaxingF. Good physical and mental health

填空题After they have driven for a year, young California drivers can get a full driving licence if they have no record of ______.

填空题Screen Test 1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women"s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain"s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help "optimize the technique" for breast cancer screening. 7. "There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That"s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme."

填空题Organ Donation and Transplantation Organ donation (捐献) and transplantation (移植) refers to the process by which organs or tissues from one person are put into another person"s body. The number of people needing a transplant continues to rise faster than the number of donors. About 3,700 transplant candidates are added to the national waiting list each month Each day, about 77 people receive organ transplants. However, about 18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can"t take place because of the shortage of donated organs. There are no age limits on who can be an organ donor. Newborns as well as senior citizens have been organ donors. If you are younger than 18, you must have a parent"s or guardian"s consent (同意). If you are 18 years or older, you can show you want to be an organ and tissue donor by signing a donor card. Many people think that if they agree to donate their organs, the doctor or the emergency room staff won"t work as hard to save their life. This is not true. The transplant team is completely separate from the medical staff working to save your life. The transplant team does not become involved with you until doctors have determined that all possible efforts to save your life have failed. If you need an organ transplant, your doctor will help you get on the national waiting list. Your name will become part of a pool of names. When an organ donor becomes available, all the patients in the pool are compared to the donor. Factors such as blood and tissue type, size of the organ, medical urgency (紧急) of the patient"s illness, time already spent on the waiting list, and distance between donor and recipient (接受者) are considered.

填空题Friendly Relations the People Around You depend on all the people closely around you to give you the warm feeling of belongingness (归属) that you must have to feel secure. But, in fact, the members of all the groups to which you belong also depend on you to give that feeling to them, a person who shows that he wants everything for himself is bound (一定的) to be a lonely wolf. The need for companionship is closely related to the need for a sense of belongingness. How sad and lonely your life would be if you had no one to share your feelings and experiences. You may take it for granted that there always will be people around to talk to and to do things with you and for you. The important point, however, is that keeping emotionally healthy does not depend so much on having people around you as upon your ability to establish relationships that are satisfying both to you and to them. Suppose you are in a crowd watching a football game. You don"t know them. When the game is over, you will go your separate ways. But just for a while you had a feeling of companionship, of sharing the feeling of others who were cheering for the team you wanted to win. An experience of this kind gives the clue (线索) to what companionship really is. It depends upon emotional ties of sympathy, understanding, trust, and affection. Companionships become friends when these ties are formed. When you are thrown in a new circle of acquaintance (熟人), you may not know with whom you will make friends, but you can be sure that you will be able to establish friendships if you show that you really like people.

填空题Parkinson's Disease 1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson's, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to. 2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited. 3 Tremor may be the first symptom you notice. It is one of the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. More importantly, not everyone with a tremor has Parkinson's disease. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation. In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble speaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills (dementia). 4 At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.A. Tips for Patients with the DiseaseB. Common Treatment for the DiseaseC. Means of Diagnosis of the DiseaseD. Typical Symptoms of the DiseaseE. Possible Causes of the DiseaseF. Definition of Parkinson's Disease

填空题US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 1. The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions. 2. The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly, including the United States, last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies. 3. For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4. The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5. The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far, 109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.